Indian English - Revision history

Adarshatva at 10:17, 14 June 2026

2026-06-14T10:17:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:47, 14 June 2026
Line 54:		Line 54:
	== Status ==		== Status ==

	After gaining [[Indian Independence Act 1947\|independence]] from the [[British Raj]] in 1947, English remained an official language of ~~the new [[Dominion of India]] and later the~~ [[~~Republic of~~ India]]. After the [[partition of India]], [[Pakistani English]] and [[Bangladeshi English]] were considered separate from Indian English.~~{{Citation needed\|date=October 2025}}~~		After gaining [[Indian Independence Act 1947\|independence]] from the [[British Raj]] in 1947, English remained an official language of [[India]]. After the [[partition of India]], [[Pakistani English]] and [[Bangladeshi English]] were considered separate from Indian English.

	In the 21st century, only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, report English as their first language,<ref>[[Census of India]]'s [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ \|date=14 May 2007}}, Issue 25, 2003, pp. 8–10, (Feature: Languages of West Bengal in Census and Surveys, Bilingualism and Trilingualism).</ref><ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm "Family-wise Grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-scheduled Languages".] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207163559/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm \|date=7 February 2013 }} – [[2001 Census of India]]</ref><ref>Tropf, Herbert S. (2005).		In the 21st century, only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, report English as their first language,<ref>[[Census of India]]'s [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ \|date=14 May 2007}}, Issue 25, 2003, pp. 8–10, (Feature: Languages of West Bengal in Census and Surveys, Bilingualism and Trilingualism).</ref><ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm "Family-wise Grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-scheduled Languages".] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207163559/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm \|date=7 February 2013 }} – [[2001 Census of India]]</ref><ref>Tropf, Herbert S. (2005).
	{{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080308101143/http://www.lilaproject.org/docs/India%20and%20its%20Languages%20v1.0.pdf "India and its Languages".]}}. Siemens AG, Munich.</ref><ref>For the distinction between "English Speakers" and "English Users", see TESOL-India (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages), [http://tesol-india.ac.in/EnglishTeachingIndustry/en/india-worlds-second-largest-english-speaking-country "India is World's Second Largest English-Speaking Country".] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204102506/http://tesol-india.ac.in/EnglishTeachingIndustry/en/india-worlds-second-largest-english-speaking-country \|date=4 December 2010}}. The article explains the difference between the 350 million number mentioned in a previous version of this Bharatpedia article and the current number: {{blockquote\|Bharatpedia's India estimate of ~~350 million~~ includes two categories – 'English speakers' and 'English users'. The distinction between speakers and users is that Users only know how to read English words, while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English and form their own sentences to converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider China's numbers. China has over 200 million people who can read English words but by this definition only a few ~~million~~ are English speakers.}}</ref> and around 30% of the [[Demographics of India\|Indian population]] can speak English to some extent.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Flows \|first=Capital \|title=The Problem With The English Language In India \|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/06/the-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india/ \|access-date=2016-06-06 \|website=Forbes \|language=en \|archive-date=21 November 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121151756/https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/06/the-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>		{{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080308101143/http://www.lilaproject.org/docs/India%20and%20its%20Languages%20v1.0.pdf "India and its Languages".]}}. Siemens AG, Munich.</ref><ref>For the distinction between "English Speakers" and "English Users", see TESOL-India (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages), [http://tesol-india.ac.in/EnglishTeachingIndustry/en/india-worlds-second-largest-english-speaking-country "India is World's Second Largest English-Speaking Country".] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204102506/http://tesol-india.ac.in/EnglishTeachingIndustry/en/india-worlds-second-largest-english-speaking-country \|date=4 December 2010}}. The article explains the difference between the 350 million number mentioned in a previous version of this Bharatpedia article and the current number: {{blockquote\|Bharatpedia's India estimate of 3.5 crore includes two categories – 'English speakers' and 'English users'. The distinction between speakers and users is that Users only know how to read English words, while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English and form their own sentences to converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider China's numbers. China has over 200 million people who can read English words but by this definition only a few lakh are English speakers.}}</ref> and around 30% of the [[Demographics of India\|Indian population]] can speak English to some extent.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Flows \|first=Capital \|title=The Problem With The English Language In India \|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/06/the-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india/ \|access-date=2016-06-06 \|website=Forbes \|language=en \|archive-date=21 November 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121151756/https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/06/the-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>

	According to the [[2001 Census of India\|2001 Census]], 12.18% of Indians knew English at that time. Of those, approximately ~~200~~,000 reported that it was their first language, ~~86 million~~ reported that it was their second, and ~~39 million~~ reported that it was their third.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/sanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition/article6630269.ece\|title=Sanskrit and English: there's no competition\|author=Rukmini S\|date=24 November 2014\|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]\|archive-date=27 June 2018\|access-date=9 April 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091940/http://www.thehindu.com/data/sanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition/article6630269.ece\|url-status=live}}</ref>		According to the [[2001 Census of India\|2001 Census]], 12.18% of Indians knew English at that time. Of those, approximately 2,00,000 reported that it was their first language, 8.6 crore reported that it was their second, and 3.9 crore reported that it was their third.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/sanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition/article6630269.ece\|title=Sanskrit and English: there's no competition\|author=Rukmini S\|date=24 November 2014\|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]\|archive-date=27 June 2018\|access-date=9 April 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091940/http://www.thehindu.com/data/sanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition/article6630269.ece\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	According to the 2005 [[India Human Development Survey]],<ref>{{cite web\|title=EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills\|url=http://www.ef.com/epi/\|website=www.ef.com\|access-date=29 November 2016\|archive-date=11 March 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311143755/http://www.ef.com/epi/\|url-status=live}}</ref> of 41,554 surveyed, households reported that 72% of men (29,918) spoke no English, 28% of them (11,635) spoke at least some English, and 5% of them (2,077, roughly 17.9% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke fluent English. Among women, 83% (34,489) spoke no English, 17% (7,064) spoke at least some English, and 3% (1,246, roughly 17.6% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke English fluently.<ref>{{cite book\|title = Human development in india\|publisher= Oxford University Press\|year = 2010\|url = http://ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf\|author1 = Desai, Dubey\|author2 = Joshi, Sen\|author3 = Sharif, Vanneman\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151211124532/http://www.ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf\|archive-date = 11 December 2015\|df = dmy-all\|isbn=978-0-19-806512-8}}</ref> According to statistics from the District Information System for Education (DISE) of the [[National University of Educational Planning and Administration]] under the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]], enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14. The number of English-medium school students in India increased from over ~~15 million~~ in 2008–09 to ~~29 million~~ by 2013–14.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Number-of-children-studying-in-English-doubles-in-5-years/articleshow/49131447.cms\|title=Number of children studying in English doubles in 5 years \|website=The Times of India\|date=28 September 2015 }}</ref>		According to the 2005 [[India Human Development Survey]],<ref>{{cite web\|title=EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills\|url=http://www.ef.com/epi/\|website=www.ef.com\|access-date=29 November 2016\|archive-date=11 March 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311143755/http://www.ef.com/epi/\|url-status=live}}</ref> of 41,554 surveyed, households reported that 72% of men (29,918) spoke no English, 28% of them (11,635) spoke at least some English, and 5% of them (2,077, roughly 17.9% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke fluent English. Among women, 83% (34,489) spoke no English, 17% (7,064) spoke at least some English, and 3% (1,246, roughly 17.6% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke English fluently.<ref>{{cite book\|title = Human development in india\|publisher= Oxford University Press\|year = 2010\|url = http://ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf\|author1 = Desai, Dubey\|author2 = Joshi, Sen\|author3 = Sharif, Vanneman\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151211124532/http://www.ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf\|archive-date = 11 December 2015\|df = dmy-all\|isbn=978-0-19-806512-8}}</ref> According to statistics from the District Information System for Education (DISE) of the [[National University of Educational Planning and Administration]] under the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]], enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14. The number of English-medium school students in India increased from over 1.5 crore in 2008–09 to 2.9 crore by 2013–14.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Number-of-children-studying-in-English-doubles-in-5-years/articleshow/49131447.cms\|title=Number of children studying in English doubles in 5 years \|website=The Times of India\|date=28 September 2015 }}</ref>

	According to the [[2011 Census of India\|2011 Census]], ~~129 million~~ Indians (10.6%) spoke English. ~~259~~,678 (0.02%) Indians reported English as their first language.<ref name="auto"/> It concluded that approximately ~~83 million~~ Indians (6.8%) reported English as their second language, and ~~46 million~~ (3.8%) reported it as their third language, making English the second-most spoken language in India.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>		According to the [[2011 Census of India\|2011 Census]], 12.9 crore Indians (10.6%) spoke English. 2,59,678 (0.02%) Indians reported English as their first language.<ref name="auto"/> It concluded that approximately 8.3 crore Indians (6.8%) reported English as their second language, and 4.6 crore (3.8%) reported it as their third language, making English the second-most spoken language in India.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>

	India ranks 52 out of 111 countries in the 2022 [[EF English Proficiency Index]] published by the [[EF Education First]]. The index gives the country a score of 496 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 6th out of 24 Asian countries included in the index.<ref>{{cite web\|title=EF English Proficiency Index – India\|url=http://www.ef.com/epi/regions/asia/india/\|website=www.ef.com\|access-date=2 August 2021\|archive-date=21 November 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121104205/https://www.ef.com/epi/regions/asia/India/\|url-status=live}}</ref>		India ranks 52 out of 111 countries in the 2022 [[EF English Proficiency Index]] published by the [[EF Education First]]. The index gives the country a score of 496 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 6th out of 24 Asian countries included in the index.<ref>{{cite web\|title=EF English Proficiency Index – India\|url=http://www.ef.com/epi/regions/asia/india/\|website=www.ef.com\|access-date=2 August 2021\|archive-date=21 November 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121104205/https://www.ef.com/epi/regions/asia/India/\|url-status=live}}</ref>

Adarshatva at 10:13, 14 June 2026

2026-06-14T10:13:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:43, 14 June 2026
Line 5:		Line 5:
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]		\| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
	\| speakers = ~~250~~,000		\| speakers = 2,50,000
	\| speakers2 = [[second language\|L2]] speakers: 83 million<br />[[third language\|L3]] speakers: 46 million<br /> 128 million total speakers (2011)		\| speakers2 = [[second language\|L2]] speakers: 83 million<br />[[third language\|L3]] speakers: 46 million<br /> 128 million total speakers (2011)
	\| ref = <ref name="auto">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/status\|title=LANGUAGE - INDIA, STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES (Table C-16)\|website=censusindia.gov.in\|access-date=14 May 2019\|archive-date=12 May 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512071350/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/status\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html\|title=POPULATION BY BILINGUALISM AND TRILINGUALISM (Table C-17)\|website=censusindia.gov.in\|access-date=14 May 2019\|archive-date=13 November 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113211224/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/in/languages\|title=India - Languages\|website=Ethnologue\|access-date=14 May 2019\|archive-date=1 April 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401120331/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages\|url-status=live}}</ref>		\| ref = <ref name="auto">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/status\|title=LANGUAGE - INDIA, STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES (Table C-16)\|website=censusindia.gov.in\|access-date=14 May 2019\|archive-date=12 May 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512071350/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/status\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html\|title=POPULATION BY BILINGUALISM AND TRILINGUALISM (Table C-17)\|website=censusindia.gov.in\|access-date=14 May 2019\|archive-date=13 November 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113211224/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/in/languages\|title=India - Languages\|website=Ethnologue\|access-date=14 May 2019\|archive-date=1 April 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401120331/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages\|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 16:		Line 16:
	\| fam6 = [[Anglic languages\|Anglic]]		\| fam6 = [[Anglic languages\|Anglic]]
	\| fam7 = [[English language\|English]]		\| fam7 = [[English language\|English]]
	\| fam8 = ~~[[South Asian English]]~~		\| fam8 =
	\| ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-European language\|Proto-Indo-European]]		\| ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-European language\|Proto-Indo-European]]
	\| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Germanic language\|Proto-Germanic]]		\| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Germanic language\|Proto-Germanic]]
Line 50:		Line 50:
	'''Indian English''' ('''IndE''',<ref>{{Citation \|last=Bhatt \|first=Rakesh M. \|title=Indian English: syntax \|date=2020-12-31 \|work=A Handbook of Varieties of English \|pages=2208–2222 \|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110197181-133/html \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|publisher=De Gruyter \|doi=10.1515/9783110197181-133 \|isbn=978-3-11-019718-1\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> '''IE''') or '''"English (India)" (en-IN)''' is a group of [[dialect]]s of the [[English language]] spoken in the [[India\|Republic of India]] and among the [[Indian diaspora]] and is native to India.<ref name="English in India">{{cite web \|title=Case Studies - Asian English \|url=https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/minority-ethnic/asian/ \|website=British Library \|publisher=University of Leeds \|access-date=30 May 2019 \|archive-date=27 May 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527212959/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/minority-ethnic/asian/ }}</ref> English is one of the two languages used by the [[Government of India]] for communication, and is enshrined in the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name = "Languages in the Constitution of India">{{cite book \|title=The Constitution of India \|date=1 December 2007 \|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India \|pages=212–267 \|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf \|access-date=30 May 2019 \|archive-date=9 September 2014 \|ref=Constitution of India - Languages}}</ref> English is also an [[Languages with official status in India\|official language]] in eight states and seven [[union territories]] of India, and the additional official language in five other [[States of India\|states]] and one union territory. [[India]] has one of the world’s largest [[English-speaking world\|English-speaking communities]].<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Costa \|first=Daniel \|title=Indian English - A National Model \|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1244241 \|journal=Journal of English as an International Language \|date=December 2019 \|volume=14 \|issue=2 \|pages=16–28}}</ref> Furthermore, English is the sole official language of the [[Judiciary of India]], unless the state [[Governor (India)\|governor]] or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the [[President of India]] has given approval for the use of regional languages in courts.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/court-language-is-english-says-supreme-court/articleshow/50080870.cms\|title=Court language is English, says Supreme Court\|date=7 December 2015\|work=The Economic Times\|access-date=16 July 2018\|archive-date=11 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215120/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/court-language-is-english-says-supreme-court/articleshow/50080870.cms\|url-status=live}}</ref>		'''Indian English''' ('''IndE''',<ref>{{Citation \|last=Bhatt \|first=Rakesh M. \|title=Indian English: syntax \|date=2020-12-31 \|work=A Handbook of Varieties of English \|pages=2208–2222 \|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110197181-133/html \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|publisher=De Gruyter \|doi=10.1515/9783110197181-133 \|isbn=978-3-11-019718-1\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> '''IE''') or '''"English (India)" (en-IN)''' is a group of [[dialect]]s of the [[English language]] spoken in the [[India\|Republic of India]] and among the [[Indian diaspora]] and is native to India.<ref name="English in India">{{cite web \|title=Case Studies - Asian English \|url=https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/minority-ethnic/asian/ \|website=British Library \|publisher=University of Leeds \|access-date=30 May 2019 \|archive-date=27 May 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527212959/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/minority-ethnic/asian/ }}</ref> English is one of the two languages used by the [[Government of India]] for communication, and is enshrined in the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name = "Languages in the Constitution of India">{{cite book \|title=The Constitution of India \|date=1 December 2007 \|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India \|pages=212–267 \|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf \|access-date=30 May 2019 \|archive-date=9 September 2014 \|ref=Constitution of India - Languages}}</ref> English is also an [[Languages with official status in India\|official language]] in eight states and seven [[union territories]] of India, and the additional official language in five other [[States of India\|states]] and one union territory. [[India]] has one of the world’s largest [[English-speaking world\|English-speaking communities]].<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Costa \|first=Daniel \|title=Indian English - A National Model \|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1244241 \|journal=Journal of English as an International Language \|date=December 2019 \|volume=14 \|issue=2 \|pages=16–28}}</ref> Furthermore, English is the sole official language of the [[Judiciary of India]], unless the state [[Governor (India)\|governor]] or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the [[President of India]] has given approval for the use of regional languages in courts.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/court-language-is-english-says-supreme-court/articleshow/50080870.cms\|title=Court language is English, says Supreme Court\|date=7 December 2015\|work=The Economic Times\|access-date=16 July 2018\|archive-date=11 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215120/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/court-language-is-english-says-supreme-court/articleshow/50080870.cms\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	Before the dissolution of the [[British Empire]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]], the term ''Indian English'' broadly referred to ''[[~~South Asian~~ English]]'', also known as ''[[British Raj\|British Indian]] English''.		Before the dissolution of the [[British Empire]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]], the term ''Indian English'' broadly referred to ''[[Indian English]] spoken in the Indian subcontinent'', also known as ''[[British Raj\|British Indian]] English''.

	== Status ==		== Status ==

Adarshatva at 09:59, 14 June 2026

2026-06-14T09:59:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:29, 14 June 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Variety of English language}}		{{Short description\|Variety of English language}}
	{{Distinguish\|text=[[Hinglish]], [[Benglish]], [[Tanglish]], [[Kanglish]], [[Tenglish]], [[Urdish]], [[Manglish (Malayalam and English)\|Manglish]], or [[Nenglish]] macaronic languages}}		{{Distinguish\|text=[[Hinglish]], [[Benglish]], [[Tanglish]], [[Kanglish]], [[Tenglish]], [[Urdish]], [[Manglish (Malayalam and English)\|Manglish]], or [[Nenglish]] macaronic languages}}
	~~{{For\|pre-1947 Indian English\|South Asian English}}~~
	{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2019}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\| region = [[~~South Asia~~]]		\| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
	\| speakers = 250,000		\| speakers = 250,000
	\| speakers2 = [[second language\|L2]] speakers: 83 million<br />[[third language\|L3]] speakers: 46 million<br /> 128 million total speakers (2011)		\| speakers2 = [[second language\|L2]] speakers: 83 million<br />[[third language\|L3]] speakers: 46 million<br /> 128 million total speakers (2011)

TeresitaBunch: quick fix

2026-03-16T06:18:21Z

quick fix

Show changes

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

2023-08-14T01:05:08Z

Removed empty portal template using script

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:35, 14 August 2023
Line 232:		Line 232:

	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|India\|Languages}}~~
	* [[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English]]		* [[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English]]
	* [[Indian English literature]]		* [[Indian English literature]]

172.70.218.34: /* External links */

2022-07-27T21:22:33Z

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:52, 28 July 2022
Line 307:		Line 307:

	[[Category:Indian English\| ]]		[[Category:Indian English\| ]]
			[[Category:National symbols of India]]
	[[Category:Languages of India]]		[[Category:Languages of India]]
	[[Category:Dialects of English]]		[[Category:Dialects of English]]
	[[Category:English language]]		[[Category:English language]]

>GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5

2021-07-05T11:31:35Z

Rescued 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5

Show changes

CleanupBot: /* References */clean up

2021-05-02T08:16:01Z

References: clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:46, 2 May 2021
Line 13:		Line 13:
	[[Category:Languages of India]]		[[Category:Languages of India]]


	~~{{simple-Wikipedia}}~~

	{{simple-Wikipedia}}		{{simple-Wikipedia}}

WikiDwarfBOT: /* References */Replace {{Source}} tag

2021-05-01T09:51:42Z

References: Replace {{Source}} tag

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:21, 1 May 2021
Line 8:		Line 8:
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

	~~{{Source\|I\|S}}~~

	[[Category:Dialects of English]]		[[Category:Dialects of English]]
	[[Category:Languages of India]]		[[Category:Languages of India]]


			{{simple-Wikipedia}}

	{{simple-Wikipedia}}		{{simple-Wikipedia}}

WikiDwarfBOT: /* References */Replace {{Source}} tag

2021-04-30T14:58:01Z

References: Replace {{Source}} tag

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:28, 30 April 2021
Line 8:		Line 8:
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

	~~{{Source\|Wiki\|S}}~~{{Source\|I\|S}}		{{Source\|I\|S}}

	[[Category:Dialects of English]]		[[Category:Dialects of English]]
	[[Category:Languages of India]]		[[Category:Languages of India]]


			{{simple-Wikipedia}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:47, 14 June 2026
Line 54:		Line 54:
	== Status ==		== Status ==

	After gaining [[Indian Independence Act 1947\|independence]] from the [[British Raj]] in 1947, English remained an official language of ~~the new [[Dominion of India]] and later the~~ [[~~Republic of~~ India]]. After the [[partition of India]], [[Pakistani English]] and [[Bangladeshi English]] were considered separate from Indian English.~~{{Citation needed\|date=October 2025}}~~		After gaining [[Indian Independence Act 1947\|independence]] from the [[British Raj]] in 1947, English remained an official language of [[India]]. After the [[partition of India]], [[Pakistani English]] and [[Bangladeshi English]] were considered separate from Indian English.

	In the 21st century, only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, report English as their first language,<ref>[[Census of India]]'s [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ \|date=14 May 2007}}, Issue 25, 2003, pp. 8–10, (Feature: Languages of West Bengal in Census and Surveys, Bilingualism and Trilingualism).</ref><ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm "Family-wise Grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-scheduled Languages".] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207163559/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm \|date=7 February 2013 }} – [[2001 Census of India]]</ref><ref>Tropf, Herbert S. (2005).		In the 21st century, only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, report English as their first language,<ref>[[Census of India]]'s [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ \|date=14 May 2007}}, Issue 25, 2003, pp. 8–10, (Feature: Languages of West Bengal in Census and Surveys, Bilingualism and Trilingualism).</ref><ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm "Family-wise Grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-scheduled Languages".] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207163559/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm \|date=7 February 2013 }} – [[2001 Census of India]]</ref><ref>Tropf, Herbert S. (2005).
	{{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080308101143/http://www.lilaproject.org/docs/India%20and%20its%20Languages%20v1.0.pdf "India and its Languages".]}}. Siemens AG, Munich.</ref><ref>For the distinction between "English Speakers" and "English Users", see TESOL-India (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages), [http://tesol-india.ac.in/EnglishTeachingIndustry/en/india-worlds-second-largest-english-speaking-country "India is World's Second Largest English-Speaking Country".] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204102506/http://tesol-india.ac.in/EnglishTeachingIndustry/en/india-worlds-second-largest-english-speaking-country \|date=4 December 2010}}. The article explains the difference between the 350 million number mentioned in a previous version of this Bharatpedia article and the current number: {{blockquote\|Bharatpedia's India estimate of ~~350 million~~ includes two categories – 'English speakers' and 'English users'. The distinction between speakers and users is that Users only know how to read English words, while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English and form their own sentences to converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider China's numbers. China has over 200 million people who can read English words but by this definition only a few ~~million~~ are English speakers.}}</ref> and around 30% of the [[Demographics of India\|Indian population]] can speak English to some extent.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Flows \|first=Capital \|title=The Problem With The English Language In India \|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/06/the-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india/ \|access-date=2016-06-06 \|website=Forbes \|language=en \|archive-date=21 November 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121151756/https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/06/the-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>		{{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080308101143/http://www.lilaproject.org/docs/India%20and%20its%20Languages%20v1.0.pdf "India and its Languages".]}}. Siemens AG, Munich.</ref><ref>For the distinction between "English Speakers" and "English Users", see TESOL-India (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages), [http://tesol-india.ac.in/EnglishTeachingIndustry/en/india-worlds-second-largest-english-speaking-country "India is World's Second Largest English-Speaking Country".] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204102506/http://tesol-india.ac.in/EnglishTeachingIndustry/en/india-worlds-second-largest-english-speaking-country \|date=4 December 2010}}. The article explains the difference between the 350 million number mentioned in a previous version of this Bharatpedia article and the current number: {{blockquote\|Bharatpedia's India estimate of 3.5 crore includes two categories – 'English speakers' and 'English users'. The distinction between speakers and users is that Users only know how to read English words, while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English and form their own sentences to converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider China's numbers. China has over 200 million people who can read English words but by this definition only a few lakh are English speakers.}}</ref> and around 30% of the [[Demographics of India\|Indian population]] can speak English to some extent.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Flows \|first=Capital \|title=The Problem With The English Language In India \|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/06/the-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india/ \|access-date=2016-06-06 \|website=Forbes \|language=en \|archive-date=21 November 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121151756/https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/06/the-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>

	According to the [[2001 Census of India\|2001 Census]], 12.18% of Indians knew English at that time. Of those, approximately ~~200~~,000 reported that it was their first language, ~~86 million~~ reported that it was their second, and ~~39 million~~ reported that it was their third.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/sanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition/article6630269.ece\|title=Sanskrit and English: there's no competition\|author=Rukmini S\|date=24 November 2014\|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]\|archive-date=27 June 2018\|access-date=9 April 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091940/http://www.thehindu.com/data/sanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition/article6630269.ece\|url-status=live}}</ref>		According to the [[2001 Census of India\|2001 Census]], 12.18% of Indians knew English at that time. Of those, approximately 2,00,000 reported that it was their first language, 8.6 crore reported that it was their second, and 3.9 crore reported that it was their third.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/sanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition/article6630269.ece\|title=Sanskrit and English: there's no competition\|author=Rukmini S\|date=24 November 2014\|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]\|archive-date=27 June 2018\|access-date=9 April 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091940/http://www.thehindu.com/data/sanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition/article6630269.ece\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	According to the 2005 [[India Human Development Survey]],<ref>{{cite web\|title=EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills\|url=http://www.ef.com/epi/\|website=www.ef.com\|access-date=29 November 2016\|archive-date=11 March 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311143755/http://www.ef.com/epi/\|url-status=live}}</ref> of 41,554 surveyed, households reported that 72% of men (29,918) spoke no English, 28% of them (11,635) spoke at least some English, and 5% of them (2,077, roughly 17.9% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke fluent English. Among women, 83% (34,489) spoke no English, 17% (7,064) spoke at least some English, and 3% (1,246, roughly 17.6% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke English fluently.<ref>{{cite book\|title = Human development in india\|publisher= Oxford University Press\|year = 2010\|url = http://ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf\|author1 = Desai, Dubey\|author2 = Joshi, Sen\|author3 = Sharif, Vanneman\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151211124532/http://www.ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf\|archive-date = 11 December 2015\|df = dmy-all\|isbn=978-0-19-806512-8}}</ref> According to statistics from the District Information System for Education (DISE) of the [[National University of Educational Planning and Administration]] under the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]], enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14. The number of English-medium school students in India increased from over ~~15 million~~ in 2008–09 to ~~29 million~~ by 2013–14.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Number-of-children-studying-in-English-doubles-in-5-years/articleshow/49131447.cms\|title=Number of children studying in English doubles in 5 years \|website=The Times of India\|date=28 September 2015 }}</ref>		According to the 2005 [[India Human Development Survey]],<ref>{{cite web\|title=EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills\|url=http://www.ef.com/epi/\|website=www.ef.com\|access-date=29 November 2016\|archive-date=11 March 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311143755/http://www.ef.com/epi/\|url-status=live}}</ref> of 41,554 surveyed, households reported that 72% of men (29,918) spoke no English, 28% of them (11,635) spoke at least some English, and 5% of them (2,077, roughly 17.9% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke fluent English. Among women, 83% (34,489) spoke no English, 17% (7,064) spoke at least some English, and 3% (1,246, roughly 17.6% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke English fluently.<ref>{{cite book\|title = Human development in india\|publisher= Oxford University Press\|year = 2010\|url = http://ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf\|author1 = Desai, Dubey\|author2 = Joshi, Sen\|author3 = Sharif, Vanneman\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151211124532/http://www.ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf\|archive-date = 11 December 2015\|df = dmy-all\|isbn=978-0-19-806512-8}}</ref> According to statistics from the District Information System for Education (DISE) of the [[National University of Educational Planning and Administration]] under the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]], enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14. The number of English-medium school students in India increased from over 1.5 crore in 2008–09 to 2.9 crore by 2013–14.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Number-of-children-studying-in-English-doubles-in-5-years/articleshow/49131447.cms\|title=Number of children studying in English doubles in 5 years \|website=The Times of India\|date=28 September 2015 }}</ref>

	According to the [[2011 Census of India\|2011 Census]], ~~129 million~~ Indians (10.6%) spoke English. ~~259~~,678 (0.02%) Indians reported English as their first language.<ref name="auto"/> It concluded that approximately ~~83 million~~ Indians (6.8%) reported English as their second language, and ~~46 million~~ (3.8%) reported it as their third language, making English the second-most spoken language in India.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>		According to the [[2011 Census of India\|2011 Census]], 12.9 crore Indians (10.6%) spoke English. 2,59,678 (0.02%) Indians reported English as their first language.<ref name="auto"/> It concluded that approximately 8.3 crore Indians (6.8%) reported English as their second language, and 4.6 crore (3.8%) reported it as their third language, making English the second-most spoken language in India.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>

	India ranks 52 out of 111 countries in the 2022 [[EF English Proficiency Index]] published by the [[EF Education First]]. The index gives the country a score of 496 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 6th out of 24 Asian countries included in the index.<ref>{{cite web\|title=EF English Proficiency Index – India\|url=http://www.ef.com/epi/regions/asia/india/\|website=www.ef.com\|access-date=2 August 2021\|archive-date=21 November 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121104205/https://www.ef.com/epi/regions/asia/India/\|url-status=live}}</ref>		India ranks 52 out of 111 countries in the 2022 [[EF English Proficiency Index]] published by the [[EF Education First]]. The index gives the country a score of 496 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 6th out of 24 Asian countries included in the index.<ref>{{cite web\|title=EF English Proficiency Index – India\|url=http://www.ef.com/epi/regions/asia/india/\|website=www.ef.com\|access-date=2 August 2021\|archive-date=21 November 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121104205/https://www.ef.com/epi/regions/asia/India/\|url-status=live}}</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:29, 14 June 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Variety of English language}}		{{Short description\|Variety of English language}}
	{{Distinguish\|text=[[Hinglish]], [[Benglish]], [[Tanglish]], [[Kanglish]], [[Tenglish]], [[Urdish]], [[Manglish (Malayalam and English)\|Manglish]], or [[Nenglish]] macaronic languages}}		{{Distinguish\|text=[[Hinglish]], [[Benglish]], [[Tanglish]], [[Kanglish]], [[Tenglish]], [[Urdish]], [[Manglish (Malayalam and English)\|Manglish]], or [[Nenglish]] macaronic languages}}
	~~{{For\|pre-1947 Indian English\|South Asian English}}~~
	{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=April 2019}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\| region = [[~~South Asia~~]]		\| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
	\| speakers = 250,000		\| speakers = 250,000
	\| speakers2 = [[second language\|L2]] speakers: 83 million<br />[[third language\|L3]] speakers: 46 million<br /> 128 million total speakers (2011)		\| speakers2 = [[second language\|L2]] speakers: 83 million<br />[[third language\|L3]] speakers: 46 million<br /> 128 million total speakers (2011)