Indian Computer Emergency Response Team - Revision history

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			{{Short description\|Indian government cybersecurity agency}}
	{{use dmy dates\|date=October 2013}}		{{use dmy dates\|date=October 2013}}
	{{Infobox government agency		{{Infobox government agency
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	The '''Indian Computer Emergency Response Team''' ('''CERT-IN''' or '''ICERT''') is an office within the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="meity -- icert"/> It is the nodal agency to deal with cyber security threats like [[hacker\|hacking]] and [[phishing]]. It strengthens security-related defence of the Indian Internet domain.		The '''Indian Computer Emergency Response Team''' ('''CERT-In''' or '''ICERT''') is an office within the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="meity -- icert"/> It is the nodal agency to deal with cyber security threats like [[hacker\|hacking]] and [[phishing]]. It strengthens security-related defence of the Indian Internet domain.

	== Background ==		== Background ==
	CERT-IN was formed in 2004 by the Government of India under [[Information Technology Act, 2000]] Section (70B) under the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. CERT-IN has overlapping on responsibilities with other agencies such as [[National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre\|National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC)]] which is under the National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) that comes under Prime Minister's Office and National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) which is under Ministry of Home Affairs..<ref>{{Cite web\|title=India's Cyber Security Policy and Organisation – A Critical Assessment\|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/themes/indiannavy/images/pdf/resources/article_6.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref>		CERT-IN was formed in 2004 by the Government of India under [[Information Technology Act, 2000]] Section (70B) under the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. CERT-IN has overlapping responsibilities with other agencies such as [[National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre\|National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC)]] which is under the National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) that comes under the Prime Minister's Office and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) which is under Ministry of Home Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=India's Cyber Security Policy and Organisation – A Critical Assessment\|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/themes/indiannavy/images/pdf/resources/article_6.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	== Functions ==		== Functions ==
	In December 2013, CERT-In reported there was a rise in ~~the~~ cyber attacks on Government organisations like [[banking]] and [[finance]], oil and gas and emergency services. It issued a list of security guidelines to all critical departments.<ref>{{cite news\|title=As cyber attacks rise, government sounds alert\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/as-cyber-attacks-rise-government-sounds-alert/article5501672.ece\|newspaper=The Hindu\|date=26 December 2013\|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> It liaisons with Office of National Cyber Security Coordinator, National Security Council and National Information Board in terms of the nation's cyber security and threats. As a nodal entity, India’s Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-in) plays a crucial role under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology(MeitY).		In December 2013, CERT-In reported there was a rise in cyber attacks on Government organisations like [[banking]] and [[finance]], oil and gas and emergency services. It issued a list of security guidelines to all critical departments.<ref>{{cite news\|title=As cyber attacks rise, government sounds alert\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/as-cyber-attacks-rise-government-sounds-alert/article5501672.ece\|newspaper=The Hindu\|date=26 December 2013\|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> It liaisons with the Office of National Cyber Security Coordinator, National Security Council and National Information Board in terms of the nation's cyber security and threats. As a nodal entity, India’s Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-in) plays a crucial role under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology(MeitY).

			September 2022, CERT-In hosted exercise 'Synergy' in collaboration with Cyber Security Agency, Singapore. It had a participation of 13 countries and was conducted as a part of the International Counter Ransomware Initiative-Resilience Working Group.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=CERT-In hosts Cyber Security Exercise "Synergy" for 13 countries as part of International Counter Ransomware Initiative- Resilience Working Group \|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1855771 \|access-date=2023-01-23 \|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

	== Agreements ==		== Agreements ==
	A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed in May, 2016 between Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) and Ministry of Cabinet Office, UK.		A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed in May 2016 between the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) and the Ministry of Cabinet Office, UK.

	Earlier CERT-In signed MoUs with similar organisations in about seven countries - Korea, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and Uzbekistan.		Earlier CERT-In signed MoUs with similar organisations in about seven countries - Korea, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and Uzbekistan.

	Ministry of External Affairs has also signed MoU with Cyber Security as one of the areas of cooperation with [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. With the MoUs, participating countries can exchange technical information on Cyber attacks, ~~response~~ to ~~cyber security~~ incidents and find solutions to counter the cyber attacks. They can also exchange information on prevalent cyber security policies and best practices. The MoUs helps to strengthen cyber space of signing countries, capacity building and improving relationship between them.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149372\|title = Cabinet apprised of MoU between CERT-In India and CERT-UK}}</ref>		The Ministry of External Affairs has also signed MoU with Cyber Security as one of the areas of cooperation with [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. With the MoUs, participating countries can exchange technical information on Cyber attacks, respond to cybersecurity incidents and find solutions to counter the cyber attacks. They can also exchange information on prevalent cyber security policies and best practices. The MoUs helps to strengthen the cyber space of signing countries, capacity building and improving the relationship between them.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149372\|title = Cabinet apprised of MoU between CERT-In India and CERT-UK}}</ref>

	== Incidents and reports ==		== Incidents and reports ==
	In March 2014, CERT-In reported a critical flaw in [[Android Jelly Bean]]'s [[VPN]] implementation.<ref>{{cite news\|date=2 March 2014\|title=Android's Jelly Bean, Kit Kat under cyber threat in India: CERT-In\|newspaper=NDTV\|location=New Delhi, India\|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/android-s-jelly-bean-kit-kat-under-cyber-threat-in-india-cert-in-490293}}</ref>		In March 2014, CERT-In reported a critical flaw in [[Android Jelly Bean]]'s [[VPN]] implementation.<ref>{{cite news\|date=2 March 2014\|title=Android's Jelly Bean, Kit Kat under cyber threat in India: CERT-In\|newspaper=NDTV\|location=New Delhi, India\|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/android-s-jelly-bean-kit-kat-under-cyber-threat-in-india-cert-in-490293}}</ref>

	In July 2020, ~~has~~ warned ~~the~~ Google Chrome users to immediately upgrade to the new Chrome browser version 84.0.4147.89. Multiple vulnerabilities that could allow access to hackers were reported.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=IANS\|date=2020-07-21\|title=Update your Google Chrome browser now to avoid hackers, says CERT-In\|work=Business Standard India\|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/update-your-google-chrome-browser-now-to-avoid-hackers-says-cert-in-120072100333_1.html\|access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref>		In July 2020, CERT-In warned Google Chrome users to immediately upgrade to the new Chrome browser version 84.0.4147.89. Multiple vulnerabilities that could allow access to hackers were reported.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=IANS\|date=2020-07-21\|title=Update your Google Chrome browser now to avoid hackers, says CERT-In\|work=Business Standard India\|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/update-your-google-chrome-browser-now-to-avoid-hackers-says-cert-in-120072100333_1.html\|access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref>

	In April 2021, issued a "high severity" rating advisory on the vulnerability detected on WhatsApp and WhatsApp Business for Android prior to v2.21.4.18 and WhatsApp and WhatsApp Business for iOS prior to v2.21.32.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=WhatsApp Users Warned of Flaw That Could Leak Their Personal Data\|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-user-data-breach-leak-security-flaw-vulnerability-cert-in-advisory-2416759\|access-date=2021-06-16\|website=NDTV Gadgets 360\|language=en}}</ref>		In April 2021, issued a "high severity" rating advisory on the vulnerability detected on WhatsApp and WhatsApp Business for Android prior to v2.21.4.18 and WhatsApp and WhatsApp Business for iOS prior to v2.21.32.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=WhatsApp Users Warned of Flaw That Could Leak Their Personal Data\|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-user-data-breach-leak-security-flaw-vulnerability-cert-in-advisory-2416759\|access-date=2021-06-16\|website=NDTV Gadgets 360\|language=en}}</ref>

	According to the agency, India faced 11.5 million cyberattack incidents in 2021 including corporate attacks, and attacks on critical infrastructure and government agencies.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/us-cybersecurity-provider-sentinelone-opens-india-office-in-bengaluru/article65529464.ece \|title=US cybersecurity provider SentinelOne opens India office in Bengaluru \|date=2022-06-15 \|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>		According to the agency, India faced 11.5 million cyberattack incidents in 2021 including corporate attacks, and attacks on critical infrastructure and government agencies.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/us-cybersecurity-provider-sentinelone-opens-india-office-in-bengaluru/article65529464.ece \|title=US cybersecurity provider SentinelOne opens India office in Bengaluru \|date=2022-06-15 \|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

			December 4 2022, CERT-In was called in to investigate the cyber attack on [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi\|All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi.]]

	==References==		==References==

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← Older revision		Revision as of 13:05, 19 June 2022
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	Earlier CERT-In signed MoUs with similar organisations in about seven countries - Korea, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and Uzbekistan.		Earlier CERT-In signed MoUs with similar organisations in about seven countries - Korea, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and Uzbekistan.

	Ministry of External Affairs has also signed MoU with Cyber Security as one of the areas of cooperation with [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. With the MoUs, participating countries can exchange technical information on Cyber attacks, response to cyber security incidents and find solutions to counter the cyber attacks. They can also exchange information on prevalent cyber security policies and best practices. The MoUs helps to strengthen cyber space of signing countries, capacity building and improving relationship between them.<ref>http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149372</ref>		Ministry of External Affairs has also signed MoU with Cyber Security as one of the areas of cooperation with [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. With the MoUs, participating countries can exchange technical information on Cyber attacks, response to cyber security incidents and find solutions to counter the cyber attacks. They can also exchange information on prevalent cyber security policies and best practices. The MoUs helps to strengthen cyber space of signing countries, capacity building and improving relationship between them.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149372\|title = Cabinet apprised of MoU between CERT-In India and CERT-UK}}</ref>

	== Incidents and reports ==		== Incidents and reports ==
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	In April 2021, issued a "high severity" rating advisory on the vulnerability detected on WhatsApp and WhatsApp Business for Android prior to v2.21.4.18 and WhatsApp and WhatsApp Business for iOS prior to v2.21.32.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=WhatsApp Users Warned of Flaw That Could Leak Their Personal Data\|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-user-data-breach-leak-security-flaw-vulnerability-cert-in-advisory-2416759\|access-date=2021-06-16\|website=NDTV Gadgets 360\|language=en}}</ref>		In April 2021, issued a "high severity" rating advisory on the vulnerability detected on WhatsApp and WhatsApp Business for Android prior to v2.21.4.18 and WhatsApp and WhatsApp Business for iOS prior to v2.21.32.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=WhatsApp Users Warned of Flaw That Could Leak Their Personal Data\|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-user-data-breach-leak-security-flaw-vulnerability-cert-in-advisory-2416759\|access-date=2021-06-16\|website=NDTV Gadgets 360\|language=en}}</ref>

			According to the agency, India faced 11.5 million cyberattack incidents in 2021 including corporate attacks, and attacks on critical infrastructure and government agencies.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/us-cybersecurity-provider-sentinelone-opens-india-office-in-bengaluru/article65529464.ece \|title=US cybersecurity provider SentinelOne opens India office in Bengaluru \|date=2022-06-15 \|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==

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← Older revision		Revision as of 13:59, 6 October 2021
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	The '''Indian Computer Emergency Response Team''' ('''CERT-In''') is an office within the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="meity -- icert"/> It is the nodal agency to deal with cyber security threats like [[hacker\|hacking]] and [[phishing]]. It strengthens security-related defence of the Indian Internet domain. In March 2014, CERT-In reported a critical flaw in [[Android Jelly Bean]]'s [[VPN]] implementation.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Android's Jelly Bean, Kit Kat under cyber threat in India: CERT-In\|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/android-s-jelly-bean-kit-kat-under-cyber-threat-in-india-cert-in-490293\|newspaper=NDTV\|date=2 March 2014\|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>		The '''Indian Computer Emergency Response Team''' ('''CERT-IN''' or '''ICERT''') is an office within the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="meity -- icert"/> It is the nodal agency to deal with cyber security threats like [[hacker\|hacking]] and [[phishing]]. It strengthens security-related defence of the Indian Internet domain.

	~~In December 2013,~~ CERT-~~In reported there~~ was ~~a rise~~ in the ~~cyber attacks on~~ Government ~~organisations like~~ [[~~banking~~]] and [[~~finance~~]]~~, oil~~ and ~~gas and emergency services~~. ~~It issued a list of security guidelines to all critical departments~~.<ref>{{~~cite news~~\|title=~~As cyber attacks rise, government sounds alert~~\|url=~~http~~://www.~~thehindu~~.~~com~~/~~news~~/~~national~~/~~as-cyber-attacks-rise-government-sounds-alert~~/~~article5501672~~.~~ece~~\|~~newspaper~~=~~The Hindu\|date=26 December 2013\|location=New Delhi, India~~}}</ref>		== Background ==
			CERT-IN was formed in 2004 by the Government of India under [[Information Technology Act, 2000]] Section (70B) under the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. CERT-IN has overlapping on responsibilities with other agencies such as [[National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre\|National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC)]] which is under the National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) that comes under Prime Minister's Office and National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) which is under Ministry of Home Affairs..<ref>{{Cite web\|title=India's Cyber Security Policy and Organisation – A Critical Assessment\|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/themes/indiannavy/images/pdf/resources/article_6.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed in May, 2016 between Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) and Ministry of Cabinet Office, UK. Earlier CERT-In signed MoUs with similar organisations in about seven countries - Korea, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and Uzbekistan. Ministry of External Affairs has also signed MoU with Cyber Security as one of the areas of cooperation with [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. With the MoUs, participating countries can exchange technical information on Cyber attacks, response to cyber security incidents and find solutions to counter the cyber attacks. They can also exchange information on prevalent cyber security policies and best practices. The MoUs helps to strengthen cyber space of signing countries, capacity building and improving relationship between them.<ref>http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149372</ref>		== Functions ==
			In December 2013, CERT-In reported there was a rise in the cyber attacks on Government organisations like [[banking]] and [[finance]], oil and gas and emergency services. It issued a list of security guidelines to all critical departments.<ref>{{cite news\|title=As cyber attacks rise, government sounds alert\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/as-cyber-attacks-rise-government-sounds-alert/article5501672.ece\|newspaper=The Hindu\|date=26 December 2013\|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> It liaisons with Office of National Cyber Security Coordinator, National Security Council and National Information Board in terms of the nation's cyber security and threats. As a nodal entity, India’s Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-in) plays a crucial role under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology(MeitY).

			== Agreements ==
			A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed in May, 2016 between Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) and Ministry of Cabinet Office, UK.

			Earlier CERT-In signed MoUs with similar organisations in about seven countries - Korea, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and Uzbekistan.

			Ministry of External Affairs has also signed MoU with Cyber Security as one of the areas of cooperation with [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. With the MoUs, participating countries can exchange technical information on Cyber attacks, response to cyber security incidents and find solutions to counter the cyber attacks. They can also exchange information on prevalent cyber security policies and best practices. The MoUs helps to strengthen cyber space of signing countries, capacity building and improving relationship between them.<ref>http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149372</ref>

			== Incidents and reports ==
			In March 2014, CERT-In reported a critical flaw in [[Android Jelly Bean]]'s [[VPN]] implementation.<ref>{{cite news\|date=2 March 2014\|title=Android's Jelly Bean, Kit Kat under cyber threat in India: CERT-In\|newspaper=NDTV\|location=New Delhi, India\|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/android-s-jelly-bean-kit-kat-under-cyber-threat-in-india-cert-in-490293}}</ref>

			In July 2020, has warned the Google Chrome users to immediately upgrade to the new Chrome browser version 84.0.4147.89. Multiple vulnerabilities that could allow access to hackers were reported.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=IANS\|date=2020-07-21\|title=Update your Google Chrome browser now to avoid hackers, says CERT-In\|work=Business Standard India\|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/update-your-google-chrome-browser-now-to-avoid-hackers-says-cert-in-120072100333_1.html\|access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref>

			In April 2021, issued a "high severity" rating advisory on the vulnerability detected on WhatsApp and WhatsApp Business for Android prior to v2.21.4.18 and WhatsApp and WhatsApp Business for iOS prior to v2.21.32.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=WhatsApp Users Warned of Flaw That Could Leak Their Personal Data\|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-user-data-breach-leak-security-flaw-vulnerability-cert-in-advisory-2416759\|access-date=2021-06-16\|website=NDTV Gadgets 360\|language=en}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==
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	{{India-gov-stub}}		{{India-gov-stub}}
			[[Category:Cyber Security in India]]

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{{use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)
| type =
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo = CERT-In logo.png
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
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| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|2004|01|19|df=y}}<ref name="tt.in">{{cite web | url=http://searchsecurity.techtarget.in/definition/CERT-In | title=techtarget.in | access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="fir">{{cite web | url=http://www.first.org/members/teams/cert-in | title=first.org- About CERT-In | access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref>
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =

| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction =
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<ref name="meity -- icert">{{cite web | url=http://meity.gov.in/content/icert | title=meity.gov.in -- CERT-In | access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|11|N|77|14|22|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| motto = Handling Cyber Security Incidents
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =

| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =

| chief1_name = Sanjay Bahl
| chief1_position = Director General<ref>{{cite web|title=Who's who|url=http://meity.gov.in/about-meity/who-is-who|work=[[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] |access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref>
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =

| agency_type =
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =

| keydocument1 =

| website = {{url|cert-in.org.in}}
| footnotes =
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}}
The '''Indian Computer Emergency Response Team''' ('''CERT-In''') is an office within the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="meity -- icert"/> It is the nodal agency to deal with cyber security threats like [[hacker|hacking]] and [[phishing]]. It strengthens security-related defence of the Indian Internet domain. In March 2014, CERT-In reported a critical flaw in [[Android Jelly Bean]]'s [[VPN]] implementation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Android's Jelly Bean, Kit Kat under cyber threat in India: CERT-In|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/android-s-jelly-bean-kit-kat-under-cyber-threat-in-india-cert-in-490293|newspaper=NDTV|date=2 March 2014|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>

In December 2013, CERT-In reported there was a rise in the cyber attacks on Government organisations like [[banking]] and [[finance]], oil and gas and emergency services. It issued a list of security guidelines to all critical departments.<ref>{{cite news|title=As cyber attacks rise, government sounds alert|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/as-cyber-attacks-rise-government-sounds-alert/article5501672.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 December 2013|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>

A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed in May, 2016 between Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) and Ministry of Cabinet Office, UK. Earlier CERT-In signed MoUs with similar organisations in about seven countries - Korea, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and Uzbekistan. Ministry of External Affairs has also signed MoU with Cyber Security as one of the areas of cooperation with [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. With the MoUs, participating countries can exchange technical information on Cyber attacks, response to cyber security incidents and find solutions to counter the cyber attacks. They can also exchange information on prevalent cyber security policies and best practices. The MoUs helps to strengthen cyber space of signing countries, capacity building and improving relationship between them.<ref>http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149372</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (India)}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in India]]

{{India-gov-stub}}