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	\|isbn = 9781428981898}}</ref> The British Raj, as part of the [[Allies of World War II\|Allied Nations]], sent over two and a half million soldiers to fight under British command against the [[Axis powers]]. India also provided the base for American operations in support of China in the [[China Burma India Theater]].		\|isbn = 9781428981898}}</ref> The British Raj, as part of the [[Allies of World War II\|Allied Nations]], sent over two and a half million soldiers to fight under British command against the [[Axis powers]]. India also provided the base for American operations in support of China in the [[China Burma India Theater]].

	Indians fought with distinction throughout the world, including in the [[European theatre of World War II\|European theatre against Germany]], [[North African Campaign\|~~in North Africa against Germany and~~ Italy]], in the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II\|~~South~~ Asian ~~region~~]] defending ~~India~~ against the Japanese and ~~fighting~~ the ~~Japanese in Burma~~. ~~Indians~~ also ~~aided~~ in ~~liberating British~~ colonies such as [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] ~~after~~ the Japanese surrender in August 1945. Over 87,000 Indian soldiers (including those from modern day Pakistan, ~~and~~ [[Bangladesh]]) and 3 million civilians died in World War II.<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104004037/http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx \|date=4 November 2015 }}, page 44. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials.</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Gupta\|first=Diya\|date=2019-11-08\|title=Hunger, starvation and Indian soldiers in World War II\|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/hunger-starvation-and-indian-soldiers-in-world-war-ii-11573191681653.html\|access-date=2020-08-26\|website=Livemint\|language=en}}</ref> [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)\|Field Marshal]] [[Claude Auchinleck\|Sir Claude Auchinleck]], [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], stated ~~the British~~ "couldn't have come through both wars [World War I and II] if they hadn't had the [[British Indian Army\|Indian Army]]."<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Indian Army in the Second World War \|url=https://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/context/indian-army-in-2nd-world-war.php/ \|publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619233546/http://www.cwgc.org:80/foreverindia/context/indian-army-in-2nd-world-war.php \|archive-date=19 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1433642.ece?service=print \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2015-05-24 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524192004/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1433642.ece?service=print \|archive-date=24 May 2015 \|df=dmy-all }}</ref>		Indians fought with distinction throughout the world, including in the [[European theatre of World War II\|European theatre against Germany]], [[North African Campaign]] against [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)\|fascist Italy]], and in the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II\|southeast Asian theatre]]; while also defending the [[Indian subcontinent]] against the Japanese forces, including [[British Burma]] and the [[Crown colony of Ceylon]]. Indian troops were also redeployed in former colonies such as [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]], with the Japanese surrender in August 1945, after the [[end of World War II]]. Over 87,000 Indian soldiers (including those from modern day [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]]& [[Gurkha regiment\|Nepalese Gurkhas]]{{disambiguation needed\|date=June 2022}}), and 3 million [[civilians]] died in World War II.<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104004037/http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx \|date=4 November 2015 }}, page 44. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials.</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Gupta\|first=Diya\|date=2019-11-08\|title=Hunger, starvation and Indian soldiers in World War II\|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/hunger-starvation-and-indian-soldiers-in-world-war-ii-11573191681653.html\|access-date=2020-08-26\|website=Livemint\|language=en}}</ref> [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)\|Field Marshal]] [[Claude Auchinleck\|Sir Claude Auchinleck]], former [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], stated that [[United Kingdom\|Britain]] "couldn't have come through both wars [World War I and II] if they hadn't had the [[British Indian Army\|Indian Army]]."<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Indian Army in the Second World War \|url=https://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/context/indian-army-in-2nd-world-war.php/ \|publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619233546/http://www.cwgc.org:80/foreverindia/context/indian-army-in-2nd-world-war.php \|archive-date=19 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1433642.ece?service=print \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2015-05-24 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524192004/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1433642.ece?service=print \|archive-date=24 May 2015 \|df=dmy-all }}</ref>

	Viceroy Linlithgow declared that India was at war with Germany without consultations with Indian politicians.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Mishra \|first1=Basanta Kumar \|title=India's Response To The British Offer Of August 1940 \|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress \|date=1979 \|volume=40 \|pages=717–719 \|jstor=44142017 \|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44142017 \|access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref> Political parties such as the [[All-India Muslim League\|Muslim League]] and the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] supported the British war effort while the largest and most influential political party existing in India at the time, the [[Indian National Congress]], demanded independence before it would help Britain.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Broad\|first=Roger\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202\|title=Volunteers and Pressed Men: How Britain and its Empire Raised its Forces in Two World Wars\|date=2017-05-27\|publisher=Fonthill Media\|isbn=978-1781553961\|location=United Kingdom\|pages=\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Manu\|first=Bhagavan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DN-Hn4rjCI8C&pg=PT14\|title=The Peacemakers: India And The Quest For One World\|date=2012-03-02\|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India\|isbn=978-93-5029-469-7\|location=India\|pages=\|language=en}}</ref> London refused, and when Congress announced a "Quit India" campaign in August 1942, tens of thousands of its leaders were imprisoned by the British for the duration. Meanwhile, under the leadership of Indian leader [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], Japan set up an army of Indian [[Prisoner of war\|POWs]] known as the [[Indian National Army]], which fought against the British. [[Bengal famine of 1943\|A major famine in Bengal in 1943]] led to 3 million deaths due to starvation, and a highly controversial issue remains regarding [[Winston Churchill\|Churchill]]'s decision to not provide emergency food relief.<ref>{{Cite news\|date=2015-06-16\|title=Has India's contribution to WW2 been ignored?\|language=en-GB\|work=BBC News\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33105898\|access-date=2020-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Mishra \|first1=Vimal \|last2=Tiwari \|first2=Amar Deep \|last3=Aadhar \|first3=Saran \|last4=Shah \|first4=Reepal \|last5=Xiao \|first5=Mu \|last6=Pai \|first6=D. S.\|author7-link=Dennis P. Lettenmaier\|last7=Lettenmaier \|first7=Dennis \|title=Drought and Famine in India, 1870–2016 \|journal=Geophysical Research Letters \|date=28 February 2019 \|volume=46 \|issue=4 \|pages=2075–2083 \|doi=10.1029/2018GL081477 \|bibcode=2019GeoRL..46.2075M \|s2cid=133752333 \|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018GL081477 \|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref>		Viceroy Linlithgow declared that India was at war with Germany without consultations with Indian politicians.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Mishra \|first1=Basanta Kumar \|title=India's Response To The British Offer Of August 1940 \|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress \|date=1979 \|volume=40 \|pages=717–719 \|jstor=44142017 \|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44142017 \|access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref> Political parties such as the [[All-India Muslim League\|Muslim League]] and the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] supported the British war effort while the largest and most influential political party existing in India at the time, the [[Indian National Congress]], demanded independence before it would help Britain.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Broad\|first=Roger\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202\|title=Volunteers and Pressed Men: How Britain and its Empire Raised its Forces in Two World Wars\|date=2017-05-27\|publisher=Fonthill Media\|isbn=978-1781553961\|location=United Kingdom\|pages=\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Manu\|first=Bhagavan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DN-Hn4rjCI8C&pg=PT14\|title=The Peacemakers: India And The Quest For One World\|date=2012-03-02\|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India\|isbn=978-93-5029-469-7\|location=India\|pages=\|language=en}}</ref> London refused, and when Congress announced a "Quit India" campaign in August 1942, tens of thousands of its leaders were imprisoned by the British for the duration. Meanwhile, under the leadership of Indian leader [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], Japan set up an army of Indian [[Prisoner of war\|POWs]] known as the [[Indian National Army]], which fought against the British. [[Bengal famine of 1943\|A major famine in Bengal in 1943]] led to 3 million deaths due to starvation, and a highly controversial issue remains regarding [[Winston Churchill\|Churchill]]'s decision to not provide emergency food relief.<ref>{{Cite news\|date=2015-06-16\|title=Has India's contribution to WW2 been ignored?\|language=en-GB\|work=BBC News\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33105898\|access-date=2020-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Mishra \|first1=Vimal \|last2=Tiwari \|first2=Amar Deep \|last3=Aadhar \|first3=Saran \|last4=Shah \|first4=Reepal \|last5=Xiao \|first5=Mu \|last6=Pai \|first6=D. S.\|author7-link=Dennis P. Lettenmaier\|last7=Lettenmaier \|first7=Dennis \|title=Drought and Famine in India, 1870–2016 \|journal=Geophysical Research Letters \|date=28 February 2019 \|volume=46 \|issue=4 \|pages=2075–2083 \|doi=10.1029/2018GL081477 \|bibcode=2019GeoRL..46.2075M \|s2cid=133752333 \|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018GL081477 \|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref>
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	[[File:Japanese atrocities imperial war museum K9923.jpg\|thumb\|Captured soldiers of the British Indian Army who refused to join the INA were executed by the Japanese.<ref>{{citation\|last=Aldrich\|first=Richard J.\|title=Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D86lnjjU7PIC\|access-date=6 November 2013\|year=2000\|location = Cambridge, UK\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|page=371\|isbn=978-0-521-64186-9}}</ref>]]		[[File:Japanese atrocities imperial war museum K9923.jpg\|thumb\|Captured soldiers of the British Indian Army who refused to join the INA were executed by the Japanese.<ref>{{citation\|last=Aldrich\|first=Richard J.\|title=Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D86lnjjU7PIC\|access-date=6 November 2013\|year=2000\|location = Cambridge, UK\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|page=371\|isbn=978-0-521-64186-9}}</ref>]]

	~~Berlin~~ was encouraging but gave little help. Bose then approached Tokyo which gave him control of Indian forces it had organised.<ref>{{cite book		[[Nazi Germany]] was encouraging but gave little help. Bose then approached the [[Japanese Empire]] at Tokyo, which gave him control of Indian forces it had organised.<ref>{{cite book
	\|last = Horn		\|last = Horn
	\|first = Steve		\|first = Steve
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	\|isbn = 9781591143888}}</ref>		\|isbn = 9781591143888}}</ref>

	The [[Indian National Army]] (INA), formed first by [[Mohan Singh Deb]], consisted initially of prisoners taken by the Japanese in Malaya and at [[Fall of Singapore\|Singapore]] who were offered the choice of serving the INA by Japan or remaining in very poor conditions in POW camps. Later, after it was reorganised under Subhas Chandra Bose, it drew civilian volunteers from Malaya and Burma. Ultimately, a force of under 40,000 was formed, although only two divisions ever participated in battle. Intelligence and special services groups from the INA were instrumental in destabilising the British Indian Army in the early stages of the Arakan offensive. It was during this time that the British Military Intelligence began propaganda work to shield the true numbers who joined the INA, and also described stories of Japanese brutalities that indicated INA involvement. Further, the Indian press was prohibited from publishing any accounts whatsoever of the INA.		The [[Indian National Army]] (INA), formed first by [[Mohan Singh Deb]], consisted initially of prisoners taken by the Japanese in Malaya and at [[Fall of Singapore\|Singapore]] who were offered the choice of serving the INA by Japan or remaining in very poor conditions in POW camps. Later, after it was reorganised under Subhas Chandra Bose, it drew civilian volunteers from Malaya and Burma. Ultimately, a force of under 40,000 was formed, although only two divisions ever participated in battle. Intelligence and special services groups from the INA were instrumental in destabilising the British Indian Army in the early stages of the Arakan offensive. It was during this time that the British Military Intelligence began propaganda work to shield the true numbers who joined the INA,{{vn\|date=June 2022}} and also described stories of [[Japanese war crimes\|Japanese brutalities]] that indicated INA involvement. Further, the [[Indian press]] was [[sedition\|prohibited from publishing]] any accounts whatsoever of the INA.{{citation needed\|date=June 2022}}

	As the Japanese offensive opened, the INA was sent into battle. Bose hoped to avoid set-piece battles for which it lacked arms, armament as well as man-power.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Fay\|1993\|p=292,298}}</ref> Initially, he sought to obtain arms as well as increase its ranks from British Indian soldiers he hoped would defect to his cause. Once the Japanese forces were able to break the British defences at Imphal, he planned for the INA to cross the hills of [[North-East India]] into the [[Gangetic plain]], where it was to work as a guerrilla army and expected to live off the land, garner support, supplies, and ranks from amongst the local populace to ultimately touch off a revolution.		As the Japanese offensive opened, the INA was sent into battle. Bose hoped to avoid set-piece battles for which it lacked arms, armament as well as man-power.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Fay\|1993\|p=292,298}}</ref> Initially, he sought to obtain arms as well as increase its ranks from British Indian soldiers he hoped would defect to his cause. Once the Japanese forces were able to break the British defences at Imphal, he planned for the INA to cross the hills of [[North-East India]] into the [[Gangetic plain]], where it was to work as a guerrilla army and expected to live off the land, garner support, supplies, and ranks from amongst the local populace to ultimately touch off a revolution.
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	During World War II, in 1941, the British presented a captured German Bf109 single-engined fighter to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], in return for the funding of 2 RAF fighter squadrons.<ref>{{Cite news \| url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-mystery-behind-the-history-plane--------/15988/ \| title=A mystery behind the history plane \| author=Manu Pubby \| publisher=Indian Express \| date=4 November 2006}}</ref>		During World War II, in 1941, the British presented a captured German Bf109 single-engined fighter to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], in return for the funding of 2 RAF fighter squadrons.<ref>{{Cite news \| url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-mystery-behind-the-history-plane--------/15988/ \| title=A mystery behind the history plane \| author=Manu Pubby \| publisher=Indian Express \| date=4 November 2006}}</ref>

	There was a campsite for Polish refugees at [[Memorial Pillar (Valivade)\|Valivade]], in [[Kolhapur State]], it was the largest settlement of Polish refugees In India during the war.<ref name="Piotrowski">{{Cite book\|last=Piotrowski\|first=Tadeusz\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kefzi0_vwIC&q=%22Jamnagar%22+polish&pg=PA126\|title=The Polish Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World\|date=2015-09-17\|publisher=McFarland\|isbn=978-0-7864-5536-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|last=Phadnis\|first=Samrat\|date=February 13, 2014\|title=Over 70 Polish refugees to visit city in March, relive WW-II memories\|work=The Times of India\|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kolhapur/Over-70-Polish-refugees-to-visit-city-in-March-relive-WW-II-memories/articleshow/30313290.cms\|url-status=live\|access-date=\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201221518/https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kolhapur/Over-70-Polish-refugees-to-visit-city-in-March-relive-WW-II-memories/articleshow/30313290.cms\|archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|last=Deshpande\|first=Devidas\|date=July 31, 2011\|title=The last Pole of Valivade\|work=Pune Mirror\|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/the-last-pole-of-valivade/articleshow/32090088.cms\|url-status=live\|access-date=\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020125307/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/the-last-pole-of-valivade/articleshow/32090088.cms\|archive-date=20 October 2019}}</ref> Another such campsite for Polish refugee children was located in [[Balachadi]], it was built by [[K. S. Digvijaysinhji]], Jam Saheb Maharaja of [[Nawanagar State]] in 1942, near his summer resort. He gave refuge to hundreds of Polish children rescued from Soviet camps (Gulags).<ref name="Piotrowski"/><ref name="ol2010">{{cite web \| title=Little Warsaw Of Kathiawar \|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)\|Outlook]] \| date=20 December 2010 \| url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/little-warsaw-of-kathiawar/268578 \| access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="docv2013">{{cite web \| title=Good Maharaja saves Polish children - beautiful story of A Little Poland in India \| website=newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl \| date=10 November 2013 \| url=http://newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/good_maharaja_saves_polish_children___premiere_of_a_little_poland_in_india_in_new_delhi;jsessionid=A6A8EEBD502F3978A62F42449C9E01CC.cmsap2p \| access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> The campsite is now part of the [[Sainik School, Balachadi\|Sainik School]].<ref name="ss2016">{{cite web \| title=Origin and History \| website=Welcome to Sainik School Balachadi \| date=27 April 2016 \| url=http://www.ssbalachadi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=73 \| access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>		There was a campsite for Polish refugees at [[Memorial Pillar (Valivade)\|Valivade]], in [[Kolhapur State]], it was the largest settlement of Polish refugees in India during the war.<ref name="Piotrowski">{{Cite book\|last=Piotrowski\|first=Tadeusz\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kefzi0_vwIC&q=%22Jamnagar%22+polish&pg=PA126\|title=The Polish Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World\|date=2015-09-17\|publisher=McFarland\|isbn=978-0-7864-5536-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|last=Phadnis\|first=Samrat\|date=February 13, 2014\|title=Over 70 Polish refugees to visit city in March, relive WW-II memories\|work=The Times of India\|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kolhapur/Over-70-Polish-refugees-to-visit-city-in-March-relive-WW-II-memories/articleshow/30313290.cms\|url-status=live\|access-date=\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201221518/https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kolhapur/Over-70-Polish-refugees-to-visit-city-in-March-relive-WW-II-memories/articleshow/30313290.cms\|archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|last=Deshpande\|first=Devidas\|date=July 31, 2011\|title=The last Pole of Valivade\|work=Pune Mirror\|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/the-last-pole-of-valivade/articleshow/32090088.cms\|url-status=live\|access-date=\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020125307/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/the-last-pole-of-valivade/articleshow/32090088.cms\|archive-date=20 October 2019}}</ref> Another such campsite for Polish refugee children was located in [[Balachadi]], it was built by [[K. S. Digvijaysinhji]], Jam Saheb Maharaja of [[Nawanagar State]] in 1942, near his summer resort. He gave refuge to hundreds of Polish children rescued from Soviet camps (Gulags).<ref name="Piotrowski"/><ref name="ol2010">{{cite web \| title=Little Warsaw Of Kathiawar \|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)\|Outlook]] \| date=20 December 2010 \| url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/little-warsaw-of-kathiawar/268578 \| access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="docv2013">{{cite web \| title=Good Maharaja saves Polish children - beautiful story of A Little Poland in India \| website=newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl \| date=10 November 2013 \| url=http://newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/good_maharaja_saves_polish_children___premiere_of_a_little_poland_in_india_in_new_delhi;jsessionid=A6A8EEBD502F3978A62F42449C9E01CC.cmsap2p \| access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> The campsite is now part of the [[Sainik School, Balachadi\|Sainik School]].<ref name="ss2016">{{cite web \| title=Origin and History \| website=Welcome to Sainik School Balachadi \| date=27 April 2016 \| url=http://www.ssbalachadi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=73 \| access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>

	== 1944–45 Insurgency in Balochistan ==		== 1944–45 Insurgency in Balochistan ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:22, 14 August 2023
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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|India\|War\|World War II}}~~
	* [[Propaganda and India in World War II]]		* [[Propaganda and India in World War II]]
	* [[Burma Campaign]]		* [[Burma Campaign]]

India in World War II - Revision history

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