>GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.5

2021-04-20T17:44:56Z

Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.5

New page

{{Short description|1=Diplomatic relations between the Republic of India and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations
| mission1 = Embassy of India, [[Hanoi]]
| mission2 = Embassy of Vietnam, [[New Delhi]]
| envoytitle1 =Indian Ambassador to Vietnam
| envoy1 =[[Pranay Verma]]
| envoytitle2 =Vietnamese Ambassador to India
| envoy2 =[[Pham Sanh Chau]]
|Indo-Vietnamese|India|Vietnam}}

'''India-Vietnam relations''' ({{Lang-hi|भारत-वियतनाम संबंध}}; {{Lang-vi|Quan hệ Ấn Độ-Việt Nam}}), also knows as '''Indian-Vietnamese relations''' or '''Indo-Vietnamese relations''', refers to bilateral relations of [[India]] and [[Vietnam]].
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru with Ho Chi Minh.jpg|thumb|260px|Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (left) with President [[Ho Chi Minh]] (right) in Hanoi; 1954.]]
Cultural and economic links between India and Vietnam date back to 2nd century.<ref name=Sharma>{{cite book
|last = Sharma
|first = Geetesh
|title = Trace of Indian Culture in Vietnam
|publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
|date=2010
|isbn = 9788190540148}}</ref> The [[Indianized kingdom|Indic]] [[Champa|Chăm Pa]] kingdom had some influence on Vietnamese music.<ref name=Sharma/> In contemporary era, relations between India and Vietnam have been governed by several areas of shared political interests.<ref name=Frost>{{cite book
|last = Frost
|first = Frank
|title = Vietnam's foreign relations: dynamics of change
|publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian
|date=1993
|isbn = 9789813016651}}</ref> India strongly condemned [[Role of the United States in the Vietnam War|U.S. action]] during the [[Vietnam War]] and was also one of the few non-communist countries to assist Vietnam during the [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War]].<ref name=Frost/>

In 1992, India and Vietnam established extensive economic ties, including oil exploration, agriculture and manufacturing.<ref name=Frost/> The relations between the two countries, especially defence ties, benefited extensively from India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look East policy]].<ref name=Nanda>{{cite book
|last = Nanda
|first = Prakash
|title = Rediscovering Asia: evolution of India's look-east policy
|publisher = Lancer Publishers
|date=2003
|isbn = 9788170622970}}</ref> Bilateral military cooperation includes sale of military equipment, sharing of intelligence, joint naval exercises and training in counterinsurgency and jungle warfare.<ref name=Blank>{{cite book
|last = Blank
|first = Stephen
|title = Natural Allies?: Regional Security in Asia and Prospects for Indo-American Strategic Cooperation
|publisher = DIANE Publishing}}</ref> India also regularly deploys its warships for goodwill visits to Vietnamese seas.

== Background ==
India supported Vietnam's independence from [[France]], opposed American involvement in the [[Vietnam War]], and supported unification of Vietnam. During the Vietnam War, India supported the North, albeit not by conducting military hostilities against the South. This can be contrasted with the policies of the US, who strongly supported the South and engaged in military conflict with the North, albeit without issuing an official declaration of war.

India and North Vietnam established official diplomatic relations in 1972 and have since maintained friendly relations, especially in wake of Vietnam's hostile relations with the [[People's Republic of China]], with which India had some diplomatic disputes.<ref name="IPCS">{{cite web |title=India and Vietnam in changing East Asia |url=http://www.ipcs.org/article/southeast-asia/india-and-vietnam-in-changing-east-asia-2262.html|publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |access-date=2008-06-16}}</ref>

== Development of bilateral and commercial ties ==
[[File:The Acting Chairman, President & CEO of Petro, Vietnam, Dr. Phung Dinh Thuc and the Managing Director, OVL.jpg|thumb|260px|Bilateral signing ceremony in 2011]]
India granted the "[[Most Favoured Nation]]" status to Vietnam in 1975<ref name="IPCS"/> and both nations signed a bilateral trade agreement in 1978 and the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) on March 8, 1997.<ref name="FCCI">{{cite web|title=India - Vietnam Economic and Commercial Relations |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/vietnam/vietnamcommercialrelation.htm |publisher=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] |access-date=2008-06-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210040001/http://ficci.com/international/countries/vietnam/vietnamcommercialrelation.htm |archive-date=December 10, 2007 }}</ref> The Indo-Vietnam Joint Business Council has worked to promote trade and investment since 1993. In 2003, both nations promulgated a Joint Declaration on Comprehensive Cooperation when the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] [[Nông Đức Mạnh]] visited India and both nations are negotiating a [[free trade agreement]].<ref name="IPCS"/><ref name="HL">{{cite web |title=Vietnam favours FTA with India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070761171600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017114352/http://hindu.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070761171600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-10-17 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2007-07-07 |access-date=2008-06-16}}</ref><ref name="VL">{{cite web |title=Trade with India to reach US$2 billion in 2008 |url=http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/05/trade-with-india-to-reach-us2-billion.html |date=2008-05-03 |publisher=Vietnam Business Finance |access-date=2008-06-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505072912/http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/05/trade-with-india-to-reach-us2-billion.html |archive-date=2008-05-05 }}</ref> In 2007, a fresh joint declaration was issued during the state visit of the [[Prime Minister of Vietnam]] [[Nguyễn Tấn Dũng]].<ref name="VN">{{cite web|title=Vietnam, India issue joint declaration on strategic partnership |url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/2007/07/715169/ |publisher=VietNamNet Bridge |access-date=2008-06-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141740/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/2007/07/715169/ |archive-date=2008-12-16 }}</ref> Bilateral trade has increased rapidly since the liberalisation of the economies of both Vietnam and India.<ref name="IPCS"/> India is the 13th-largest exporter to Vietnam, with exports that have grown steadily from $11.5 million in 1985–86 to $395.68 million by 2003.<ref name="FCCI"/> Vietnam's exports to India rose to $180 million, including agricultural products, handicrafts, textiles, electronics and other goods.<ref name="IV">{{cite web |title=India-Vietnam: Developing a Strategic Partnership |url=http://www.asianaffairs.com/may2008/cdrfiles/india_vietnam.pdf. |format=PDF |work=Asian Affairs |access-date=2008-06-16}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2006, the volume of bilateral trade expanded at 20-30% per annum to reach US$1 billion by 2006.<ref name="HL"/><ref name="HTA">{{cite web |title=Vietnam PM urges greater trade ties with India |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070752021000.htm |date=2007-07-07 |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |access-date=2008-06-16}}</ref> Continuing the rapid pace of growth, bilateral trade is expected to rise to $2 billion by 2008, 2 years ahead of the official target.<ref name="VL"/><ref name="HTA"/> India and Vietnam have also expanded cooperation in [[information technology]], education and collaboration of the respective national [[space program]]mes.<ref name="VN"/> Direct air links and lax [[Visa (document)|visa]] regulations have been established to bolster tourism.<ref name="HBL">{{cite web |title=India, Vietnam to start direct flights |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/10/18/stories/2004101801780500.htm |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=2004-10-18 |access-date=2008-06-16}}</ref>

In 2010, as the ASEAN-India free trade agreement came into effect, bilateral trade exploded to US$3.917 billion by the end of 2012, with Vietnam exporting $1.7 billion to India in 2012, an increase of 56.5% from 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/kinh-te-thi-truong-XHCN/2012/19289/Xuat-nhap-khau-cua-Viet-Nam-nam-2012-ket-qua-va.aspx|title=Tạp chí Cộng Sản - Xuất, nhập khẩu của Việt Nam năm 2012 - kết quả và những vấn đề đặt ra|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106070648/http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/kinh-te-thi-truong-XHCN/2012/19289/Xuat-nhap-khau-cua-Viet-Nam-nam-2012-ket-qua-va.aspx|archive-date=2014-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tapchikinhtedubao.mpi.gov.vn/p0c297n15108/viet-nam-an-do-diem-sang-trong-quan-he-doi-tac-chien-luoc.htm|title=Tap chi kinh te du bao|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421193218/http://tapchikinhtedubao.mpi.gov.vn/p0c297n15108/viet-nam-an-do-diem-sang-trong-quan-he-doi-tac-chien-luoc.htm|archive-date=2013-04-21}}</ref> As of 2015 bilateral trade stands at US$7 billion & both nations have agreed on a target of US$20 billion by 2020.

The PRC has complained about Indian cooperation for the exploration for oil in Vietnamese waters,<ref>Cheng, Dean. [http://defense.aol.com/2011/10/05/china-grows-more-belligerent-unexpectedly/?icid=related4 "China Grows More Belligerent, Unexpectedly."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425042026/http://defense.aol.com/2011/10/05/china-grows-more-belligerent-unexpectedly/?icid=related4 |date=2012-04-25 }} ''Aol Defense'', 5 October 2011.</ref> especially in light of the disputed political status of the [[Spratly Islands]], and other nearby island chains, which India currently recognises as part of Vietnam.

== Strategic cooperation ==
[[File:Vietnamese Vice Minister of Defence visits Eastern Naval Command (2).jpg|thumb|Vietnamese Vice Minister of Defence visits the Indian Navy's [[Eastern Naval Command]].]]
In January 2000, the Indian Defence Minister, [[George Fernandes]], called for a renewed political relationship with Vietnam, describing Vietnam as India's most trusted friend and ally. He proposed that India should develop a naval presence in the South China Sea through access to the [[Cam Ranh Bay]] naval and air base and that India should provide training and advanced weapons to Vietnam.<ref name=IndVit1>{{cite web|author=David Brewster|url= https://www.academia.edu/8012912 |title=India as an Asia Pacific Power. Retrieved 19 August 2014}}</ref>

India and Vietnam are both members of the [[Mekong–Ganga Cooperation]], created to develop and enhance close ties between India and nations of Southeast Asia. Vietnam has supported India's bid to become a [[U.N. Security Council|permanent member of the U.N. Security Council]] and join the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC).<ref name="HL2">{{cite web |title=Vietnam backs India for APEC membership |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/11/08/stories/0308000c.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2000-11-07 |access-date=2008-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135044/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/11/08/stories/0308000c.htm |archive-date=2008-12-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 2003 joint declaration, India and Vietnam envisaged creating an "Arc of Advantage and Prosperity" in [[Southeast Asia]];<ref name="VN"/> to this end, Vietnam has backed increasing the significance of the relationship between India and the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) and its negotiation of an Indo-ASEAN [[free trade agreement]].<ref name="IPCS"/><ref name="VN"/> India and Vietnam have also built strategic partnerships, including extensive cooperation on developing [[nuclear power]], enhancing regional security and fighting [[terrorism]], [[transnational crime]] and [[drug trafficking]].<ref name="VN"/><ref name="IV"/><ref name="VO">{{cite web |title=India, Vietnam sign MoU for bilateral cooperation on security |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/India_Vietnam_sign_MoU_for_bilateral_cooperation_on_security/articleshow/2895191.cms |date=2008-03-24 |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=2008-06-16}}</ref>

Vietnam has also welcomed [[Indian Navy]] ships in their region which would enhance India and Vietnam military relations.<ref name=IndVit2>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Vietnam-counters-Chinese-aggression/articleshow/4382852.cms | title=Vietnam counters Chinese aggression | work=The times of India | date=2 Sep 2011 | access-date=September 2, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115301/http://www.timesnow.tv/Vietnam-counters-Chinese-aggression/articleshow/4382852.cms | archive-date=26 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Vietnam has also welcomed Indian support for a peaceful resolution of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]].<ref name=IndVit3>[http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/south-china-sea-vietnam-sees-greater-indian-role_786007.html "South China Sea: Vietnam sees greater Indian role."] ''Zee News'', 7 July 2012.</ref> Indian Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid has called Vietnam one of the pillars of India's "Look East" policy.<ref name=IndVit4>{{cite web |url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/government/89377/vietnam-among-pillars-of-india-s--look-east--policy.html |title=Vietnam among pillars of India's "Look East" policy |date=18 November 2013 |website=english.vietnamnet.vn |agency=[[Vietnam News Agency]] |access-date=18 November 2013}}</ref> In 2018, India and Vietnam are scheduled to conduct their first bilateral naval exercise together, in Vietnamese waters.<ref>{{cite news |quote=A flotilla of three Indian warships — INS Shayadri, INS Kamorta and INS Shakti — is on its way to Vietnam, sources said while confirming the first-ever bilateral exercise at sea. |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |title=India, Vietnam gear up for first naval drill in China backyard |first=Ajay |last=Banerjee |date=May 14, 2018 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-vietnam-gear-up-for-first-naval-drill-in-china-backyard/589043.html}}</ref>

India is providing training support for Vietnam's [[Kilo-class submarine]]s.<ref name=IndVit7>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/can-vietnams-maritime-strategy-counter-china/ |title=Can Vietnam's Maritime Strategy Counter China? |last1=Thayer |first1=Carl |date=September 29, 2014 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=5 October 2014}}</ref> India has also offered to train Vietnamese pilots to fly Sukhoi aircraft.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

India is providing a $100 million credit line to Vietnam, that allows Vietnam to buy defence equipment from India. During his visit to [[Vietnam]], on 2 September 2016, India's Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced a new line of credit US$500 million for procurement of defence equipment. India is selling Vietnam four large patrol vessels that will enable Vietnam to patrol its waters and Vietnam is also interested in buying [[BrahMos]] short range cruise missiles.<ref name=IndVit5>{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-ignores-Chinas-frown-offers-defence-boost-to-Vietnam/articleshow/44965272.cms|title = India ignores China's frown, offers defence boost to Vietnam|date =29 October 2014 |access-date =30 October 2014 |website =Times of India |publisher =Bennett, Coleman & Co |last =Bagchil |first =Indrani }}</ref>

India is setting up the ''Satellite Tracking and Imaging Centre'' by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] in Southern Vietnam for intelligence gathering to keep an eye on China.<ref name=IndVit8>[https://in.reuters.com/article/india-vietnam-satellite-china-idINKCN0V309W "India to build satellite tracking station in Vietnam that offers eye on China."], [[Reuters]], 25 January 2016.</ref><ref name=IOMB1>[http://www.defencenews.in/article/Overseas-Military-Bases-of-a-budding-Super-Power---India-119322 Overseas Military Bases of Indian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731150253/http://www.defencenews.in/article/Overseas-Military-Bases-of-a-budding-Super-Power---India-119322 |date=2017-07-31 }}, [http://www.defencenews.in Defence News].</ref> Recently, Indian army personnel have provided training for Vietnamese military personnel to work in the [[United Nations peacekeeping|UN peacekeeping force]].

==Diplomatic missions==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Of Vietnam
*[[New Delhi]] (Embassy)
*[[Mumbai]] (Consulate)
{{col-2}}
;Of India
*[[Hanoi]] (Embassy)
*[[Ho Chi Minh City]] (Consulate General)
{{col-end}}

== See also ==
{{commonscat|Relations of India and Vietnam}}
* [[Indians in Vietnam]]

== Bibliography ==
*Lokesh, Chandra, & International Academy of Indian Culture. (2000). Society and culture of Southeast Asia: Continuities and changes. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.
* {{cite book|last=Cœdès|first= George|author-link= George Cœdès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}
*R. C. Majumdar, Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia
*R. C. Majumdar, ''Champa'', ''Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East'', Vol.I, Lahore, 1927. {{ISBN|0-8364-2802-1}}
*R. C. Majumdar, ''Suvarnadvipa'', ''Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East'', Vol.II, Calcutta,
*R. C. Majumdar, ''Kambuja Desa Or An Ancient Hindu Colony In Cambodia'', Madras, 1944
*R. C. Majumdar, ''Hindu Colonies in the Far East'', Calcutta, 1944, {{ISBN|99910-0-001-1}}
*[[R. C. Majumdar]], ''India and South-East Asia'', I.S.P.Q.S. History and Archaeology Series Vol. 6, 1979, {{ISBN|81-7018-046-5}}.
*R. C. Majumdar, Ancient Indian colonisation in South-East Asia; History of the Hindu Colonization and Hindu Culture in South-East Asia
* {{cite book|author=Daigorō Chihara|title=Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiUTOanLClcC|year=1996|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10512-3}}
* Sharma, Geetesh. ''India-Vietnam Relations : First to Twenty-First Century''. [[Kolkata]], Dialogue Society, 2004

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Vietnam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Vietnam relations}}
[[Category:India–Vietnam relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Vietnam]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Vietnam]]

India–Vietnam relations - Revision history

>GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.5