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{{short description|Free trade agreement}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{hatnote|For similar agreements, see [[Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement]] (India–Malaysia) and [[Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement between India and South Korea]].}}

The '''Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA)''' is a free trade agreement between [[Singapore]] and [[India]] to strengthen bilateral trade. It was signed on 29 June 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fta.gov.sg/fta_ceca.asp?hl=6|title=Overview of India (CECA)|year=2005|publisher=International Enterprise Singapore|access-date=25 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624004921/http://www.fta.gov.sg/fta_ceca.asp?hl=6|archive-date=24 June 2015}}</ref>

After the signing, the India-Singapore Parliamentary Forum and the Singapore-India Partnership foundation with active support from the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FICC), the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) and the Singapore Business Federation (SBF) was organised to promote trade, economic development and partnerships.<ref name="SO">{{Cite web |title=IPCS Special Report - India-Singapore Relations |url=http://www.ipcs.org/IPCS-Special-Report-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611050126/http://www.ipcs.org/IPCS-Special-Report-41.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2007 |access-date=2008-06-18 |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies }}</ref><ref name="O">{{Cite web |date=2005-07-02 |title=India, Singapore ink pact |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG02Df03.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-23 |access-date=2008-06-18 |publisher=[[Asia Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923021613/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG02Df03.html }}</ref><ref name="J">{{Cite web |title=India-Singapore Economic and Commercial Relations |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/singapore/singapore-commercialrelations.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611085728/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/singapore/singapore-commercialrelations.htm |archive-date=11 June 2008 |access-date=2008-06-18 |publisher=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The CECA eliminated [[Tariff|tariff barriers]], double taxation, duplicate processes and regulations and provided unhindered access and collaboration between the financial institutions of Singapore and India.<ref name="SO" /><ref name="O" />

The CECA also enhanced bilateral collaboration related to education, science and technology, [[intellectual property]], [[aviation]], [[information technology]], and financial fields.<ref name="SO" /><ref name="O" /> Singapore has invested in projects to upgrade India's ports, airports and developing [[information technology]] parks and a [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ).<ref name="SO" /> India has become Singapore's 4th biggest tourist destination and more than 650,000 Indians visited Singapore in 2006. Both nations have worked to collaborate on aviation, aerospace engineering, space programmes, information technology, [[biotechnology]] and energy.<ref name="SO" />

==CECA Review==
Singapore and India successfully concluded the second review of the India–Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) on 1 June 2018 in the presence of India Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Singapore Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conclusion of the second review of the India-Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement |url=https://www.mti.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Releases/2018/06/Conclusion-of-the-second-review-of-the-India-Singapore-Comprehensive-Economic-Cooperation-Agreement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212132210/https://www.mti.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Releases/2018/06/Conclusion-of-the-second-review-of-the-India-Singapore-Comprehensive-Economic-Cooperation-Agreement |archive-date=2019-02-12 |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=www.mti.gov.sg}}</ref> It allows for the movement of four types of business people between Singapore and India. The second review of CECA was concluded with no change to the chapter on movement of people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can firms hire Indian professionals in Singapore without valid work passes, or without adhering to fair employment guidelines? |url=http://www.gov.sg/factually/content/can-indian-professionals-work-in-singapore-without-valid-work-passes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212182433/https://www.gov.sg/factually/content/can-indian-professionals-work-in-singapore-without-valid-work-passes |archive-date=2019-02-12 |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=www.gov.sg}}</ref>

In response to claims that surfaced in early 2016 that Singapore had backtracked on its commitment on CECA by blocking Indian IT professionals seeking work visas, and that India had put on hold further liberation of trade in response,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore blocks visas for Indian IT professionals - Times of India ► |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/singapore-blocks-visas-for-indian-it-professionals/articleshow/57981840.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128051519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/singapore-blocks-visas-for-indian-it-professionals/articleshow/57981840.cms |archive-date=2018-11-28 |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> a spokesman from India's Commerce Ministry confirmed that India had not put the CECA on hold and it continued (to be) in force. Singapore also said it had not received any official notification from the Indian government that the review of the CECA had been put on hold.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2017 |title=Committed to CECA review with India, says Singapore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/committed-to-ceca-review-with-india-says-singapore/articleshow/58045884.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070605/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/committed-to-ceca-review-with-india-says-singapore/articleshow/58045884.cms |archive-date=12 February 2019 |access-date=19 February 2019 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In September 2018, India and Singapore formally launched the third review of CECA which focuses on trade facilitation, e-commerce and customs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2018 |title=Third review of landmark India-Singapore economic deal to focus on trade facilitation, e-commerce and customs |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/third-review-of-landmark-india-singapore-economic-deal-to-focus-on-trade-facilitation-e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223005011/https://www.straitstimes.com/business/third-review-of-landmark-india-singapore-economic-deal-to-focus-on-trade-facilitation-e |archive-date=23 February 2019 |access-date=19 February 2019 |website=The Straits Times}}</ref>

All of the Free Trade Agreements Singapore has signed are available at Enterprise Singapore's website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enterprisesg.gov.sg/non-financial-assistance/for-singapore-companies/free-trade-agreements/ftas/singapore-ftas/|title=FTAs Singapore Has Signed|date=15 September 2019|website=Enterprise Singapore}}</ref>

==Reactions==
The CECA is one of the most controversial FTAs Singapore has ever signed since its independence as compared with other countries. Opposition parties and supporters argue that it only marginally boosts Singapore's already high [[gross domestic product|GDP]] for its size while at the expense of being "one-sided" and "non-beneficial" towards Singaporeans in general.<ref name="mothership.sg">{{Cite web|url=https://mothership.sg/2019/11/what-the-heck-is-ceca-should-you-be-angry-at-it-explained/|title=What the heck is CECA & should you be angry at it, explained|date=10 November 2019|website=Mothership|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602191234/https://mothership.sg/2019/11/what-the-heck-is-ceca-should-you-be-angry-at-it-explained/|url-status=live}}</ref> Others also added that it has become a point of grievance for locals who believe that a "high [[Immigration to Singapore|influx of Indian professionals]] has stolen their jobs" and is "crowding out the local society".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mothership.sg/2019/11/what-the-heck-is-ceca-should-you-be-angry-at-it-explained/|title=What the heck is CECA & should you be angry at it, explained|date=10 November 2019|website=Mothership|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602191234/https://mothership.sg/2019/11/what-the-heck-is-ceca-should-you-be-angry-at-it-explained/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3101073/are-singaporean-workers-really-losing-jobs-indian-expats-due|title=Are Singaporean workers really losing jobs to Indian expats due to CECA free-trade deal?|date=12 September 2020|website=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917155703/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3101073/are-singaporean-workers-really-losing-jobs-indian-expats-due|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Political responses===
In 2020, the [[Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)|Ministry of Trade and Industry]] (MTI) released a statement identifying that Singaporeans are "understandably concerned" with competition from foreign professionals, managers and executives (PMEs) due to the current bleak economy and employment situation. However, it added that it was also "misleading" to assert that the number of Indian PMEs, especially intra-corporate transferees, as being solely or largely to CECA. MTI also refuted that "None of our free trade agreements, including CECA, obliges us to automatically grant Employment Passes (EP) to any foreign national." Additionally, "All foreign nationals applying for Employment Passes must meet our prevailing criteria, and all companies must comply with rules on fair hiring".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlinecitizenasia.com/2020/08/28/netizens-remain-sceptical-over-governments-clarification-that-ceca-doesnt-allow-indian-nationals-to-become-citizens-of-singapore/|title=Netizens remain sceptical over Government's clarification that CECA doesn't allow Indian nationals to become citizens of Singapore|date=28 August 2020|website=The Online Citizen|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920191352/https://www.onlinecitizenasia.com/2020/08/28/netizens-remain-sceptical-over-governments-clarification-that-ceca-doesnt-allow-indian-nationals-to-become-citizens-of-singapore/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The topic of FTAs and CECA was debated during the [[2020 Singaporean general election]]s between both the governing [[People's Action Party]] (PAP) and various opposition parties, most notably the [[Progress Singapore Party]] (PSP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlinecitizenasia.com/2020/09/12/mti-continues-to-defend-ceca-less-than-5-of-ep-holders-are-intra-corporate-transferees/|title=MTI continues to defend CECA: Less than 5% of EP holders are intra-corporate transferees|date=12 September 2020|website=The Online Citizen|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917191001/https://www.onlinecitizenasia.com/2020/09/12/mti-continues-to-defend-ceca-less-than-5-of-ep-holders-are-intra-corporate-transferees/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/govt-takes-very-serious-view-falsehoods-ceca-try-divide-singapore-chan-chun-sing/|title=Govt takes 'very serious view' of falsehoods on CECA that try to divide Singapore: Chan Chun Sing|date=9 November 2019|website=TODAY|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110142004/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/govt-takes-very-serious-view-falsehoods-ceca-try-divide-singapore-chan-chun-sing|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlinecitizenasia.com/2020/09/01/as-chan-chun-sing-defends-ceca-we-need-to-ask-if-ceca-works-for-the-majority-of-singaporeans-or-just-the-few-at-the-top/|title=As Chan Chun Sing defends CECA, we need to ask if CECA works for the majority of Singaporeans or just the few at the top?|date=1 September 2020|website=The Online Citizen|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920191350/https://www.onlinecitizenasia.com/2020/09/01/as-chan-chun-sing-defends-ceca-we-need-to-ask-if-ceca-works-for-the-majority-of-singaporeans-or-just-the-few-at-the-top/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tan Cheng Bock]], a former PAP MP and founder of the PSP, promised to call for the review of CECA if elected, especially on one of the terms which allows the free movement of Indian workers in at least 127 sectors to enter and work in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tan Cheng Bock's promise to call for a review of CECA agreement trends online|url=http://theindependent.sg/tan-cheng-bocks-promise-to-call-for-a-review-of-ceca-agreement-trends-online/|website=The Independent|access-date=1 November 2019|archive-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101053915/http://theindependent.sg/tan-cheng-bocks-promise-to-call-for-a-review-of-ceca-agreement-trends-online/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, [[Leong Mun Wai]], as a [[Non-constituency Member of Parliament]] (NCMP) of the PSP, spoke in Parliament, mentioning as to how "deeply disappointed" he was that [[DBS Bank]], a Singaporean multinational bank, did not have a "home-grown" Singaporean-born chief executive as the bank's CEO.<ref name=PSPNCMP1>{{cite web |last1=Koh |first1=Fabian |title=GE2020: PSP chooses assistant secretary-general Leong Mun Wai and vice-chairman Hazel Poa as NCMPs |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/ge2020-psp-chooses-assistant-secretary-general-leong-mun-wai-and-vice-chairman-hazel-poa-as |website=The Straits Times |access-date=14 July 2020 |date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714081851/https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/ge2020-psp-chooses-assistant-secretary-general-leong-mun-wai-and-vice-chairman-hazel-poa-as |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="PSPNCMP">{{cite news|title=GE2020: PSP's Hazel Poa and Leong Mun Wai will take up NCMP seats|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/ge2020-psp-hazel-poa-leong-mun-wai-ncmp-seats-12930876s|publisher=CNA|date=14 July 2020|access-date=14 July 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=PSPNCMP3>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eld.gov.sg/press/2020/Press_Statement_on_Election_of_Non-Constituency_Members_of_Parliament.pdf|title=Press Statement on Election of Non-Constituency Members of Parliament|access-date=2020-09-20|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716141939/https://www.eld.gov.sg/press/2020/Press_Statement_on_Election_of_Non-Constituency_Members_of_Parliament.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Piyush Gupta]] was an Indian national when appointed, becoming a [[Singapore citizen|Singaporean citizen]] shortly thereafter, possibly making him a beneficiary of CECA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlinecitizenasia.com/2020/09/05/piyush-gupta-was-still-a-foreigner-when-he-received-ceo-appointment-letter-from-dbs/|title=Piyush Gupta was still a foreigner when he received CEO appointment letter from DBS|date=5 September 2020|website=The Online Citizen|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=7 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907233054/https://www.onlinecitizenasia.com/2020/09/05/piyush-gupta-was-still-a-foreigner-when-he-received-ceo-appointment-letter-from-dbs/|url-status=live}}</ref> Leong was subsequently rebutted by Minister for Communications and Information [[S. Iswaran]] and Transport Minister [[Ong Ye Kung]] on the merits of his speech which was deemed to be racist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/ministers-take-ncmp-to-task-over-remarks-about-dbs-chief|title=Ministers take NCMP Leong Mun Wai to task over remarks about DBS chief|date=5 September 2020|website=The Straits Times|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920191348/https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/ministers-take-ncmp-to-task-over-remarks-about-dbs-chief|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[India–Singapore relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (India-Singapore)}}
[[Category:India–Singapore relations]]
[[Category:Free trade agreements of India]]
[[Category:Free trade agreements of Singapore]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 2005]]

India–Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement - Revision history

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