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{{short description|International boundary between India and Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox border
| name = India–Pakistan border
| image = India-Pakistan Border at Night.jpg
| caption = Nighttime panorama of the border from outer space, stretching from the [[Arabian Sea]] to the foothills of the [[Himalayas]]
| territory1 = {{IND}}
| territory2 = {{PAK}}
| length = {{convert|3323|km}}
| established = 17 August 1947
| establishedreason = Creation of the [[Radcliffe Line]] by [[Cyril Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe|Sir Cyril Radcliffe]] due to the [[Partition of India]]
| current = 2 July 1972
| currentreason = Demarcation of the [[Line of Control]] after ratification of the [[Simla Agreement|Shimla Treaty]]
| treaties = [[Karachi Agreement]] (1949), [[Shimla Agreement]] (1972)
| notes = The Line of Control separates [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir]] between India and Pakistan, it is not an internationally recognized border
}}

The '''India–Pakistan Border''', known locally as the '''International Border''' ('''IB'''), is an [[international boundary|international border]] running between [[Pakistan]] and [[India]]. The border runs from the [[Line of Control]] (LoC), which separates [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] from [[Pakistani-administered Kashmir]] in the north, to [[Sir Creek]] in [[Rann of Kutch]] between the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] and the [[Sindh]] province of Pakistan in the south.<ref name="Dawn News archives">{{cite news|last=Khan|first=MH|title=Back on track|url=http://archives.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/060305/dmag6.htm|access-date=15 April 2013|newspaper=Dawn News archives|date=5 March 2006}}</ref>

Drafted and created based upon the [[Radcliffe line]] in 1947, the border, which divides Pakistan and India from each other, traverses a variety of terrains ranging from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts.<ref name="PBS"/> Since the [[independence of India]] and [[Partition of India|Pakistan]] (see [[British India]]), the border has been a site of numerous conflicts and [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|wars]] between each country, and is one of the most contested borders in the world.<ref name="PBS"/> The border's total length is 2320km {{convert|2065|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}},<ref name="PBS">{{cite news|last=PBS Release|title=Border Jumpers The World's Most Complex Borders: Pakistan/India|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/border-jumpers/the-worlds-most-complex-borders/pakistanindia/2340/|access-date=15 April 2013|newspaper=PBS|date=26 July 2005}}</ref> according to the figures given by the [[PBS]]; it is also one of the most dangerous borders in the world, based on an article written in the [[Foreign Policy (magazine)|''Foreign Policy'']] in 2011.<ref name="The Foreign Policy">{{cite news|last=PHILIP WALKER|title=The World's Most Dangerous Borders|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/24/the_worlds_most_dangerous_borders|access-date=15 April 2013|newspaper=The Foreign Policy|date=24 June 2011}}</ref> It can be seen from space at night due to the 150,000 [[flood lights]] installed by [[India]] on about 50,000 poles.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=86725|title = India-Pakistan Borderlands at Night|date = 23 September 2015|access-date = 14 October 2015|website = India-Pakistan Border at Night|publisher = NASA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/86000/86725/iss045e027869.jpg|title=Annotated image from NASA}}</ref>
{{anchor|Working Boundary}}

==Working Boundary, Line of Control, and International Boundary==
[[File:Kashmir Region (working boundary).jpg|thumb|Map of the [[Kashmir]] region showing the [[Line of Control|Line of Control (LoC)]] and the Working Boundary between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]]]
The border between the two nations is an internationally recognised frontier from Gujarat/Sindh only with exemption to the [[Line of Control]] that is not internationally accepted. The disputed region of [[Kashmir]] got divided through the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] into the regions of [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] and [[Indian-administered Kashmir]]. The UN-mediated [[Karachi Agreement|ceasefire line]] of 1949 served as the ''de facto'' border between the two regions, which was revised to a [[Line of Control]] after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/11/08/world/kashmir-fast-facts/index.html|title=Kashmir Fast Facts|last=Library|first=C. N. N.|website=CNN|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>

The border between Indian-administered Kashmir and the Pakistani province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] is officially called the "Working Boundary" by Pakistan. India regards it as the international border.<ref name=":1" />

Sections of the India–Pakistan border from north to south:

# [[Line of Control|Line of Control (LoC)]]: ''De facto'' boundary between [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] and [[Pakistani-administered Kashmir]]. Its current form was demarcated after the [[Simla Agreement|1972 Simla Agreement]].
# Working Boundary: Separates Punjab, Pakistan from Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is referred to as a working boundary by Pakistan because it is subject to a one-way dispute; Pakistani Punjab is internationally recognized as part of Pakistan by both parties while [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] is a disputed territory (claimed by Pakistan, controlled by India).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-03|title=From Line of Control to Working Boundary|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/209941/line-control-working-boundary/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Daily Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
# International Boundary (IB): The demarcated line between the [[India|Republic of India]] and the [[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]], recognized by both sides internationally. The boundary was drawn by [[Cyril Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe|Sir Cyril Radcliffe]] during the [[Partition of India]] by the [[British Empire]] in 1947.

== Border crossings==
{{main|List of India–Pakistan border crossings}}
{{see also| Borders_of_India#Designated_crossings_with_ICP_&_LCS | label 1 = Designated border crossings of India | Borders of India | Transport between India and Pakistan}}

* '''ICP Border crossings''' with designated Integrated Check Posts (ICP) with immigration and customs facilities are:
**[[Attari]] and [[Wagah]], is the most famous and prominent border crossing point between India and Pakistan due to [[Wagah-Attari border ceremony]]. The crossing is located 32 kilometres from Amritsar and 24 kilometers from Lahore.
** [[Munabao]] : This village situated at [[Barmer district]] in [[Rajasthan]], is famous for the railway station through which, the [[Thar Express]] connecting India with Pakistan runs. The crossing point had been closed after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. In February 2006 it was reopened and since then the Thar Express operates from [[Bhagat Ki Kothi]] in [[Jodhpur]], India to [[Karachi]], Pakistan.<ref name="ITRadcliffe">{{cite news |title=Radcliffe Line to divide India-Pakistan was formed this day: Read about it here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/radcliffe-line-335614-2016-08-17 |access-date=30 July 2018 |publisher=India Today |date=17 August 2016}}</ref>
* '''Other crossings'''
** [[Ganda Singh Wala]] border, [[Kasur District]] (Pakistan side) / [[Hussainiwala]] border, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (India side)
** [[Sulemanki Headworks|Sulaimanki]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] (Pakistan side) / [[Fazilka]] border, [[Okara District]] (India side)
** [[Longewala]] (closed)

== Wagah–Attari border ceremony ==
{{Main|Wagah-Attari border ceremony}}

[[File:Wagah border ceremony2015 03.jpg|alt=Pakistani border soldier performing a high kick at the Wagah border ceremony in 2015.|thumb|187x187px|[[Wagah]] border ceremony, 2015.]]
The flag lowering ceremony at the village of [[Wagah]] is held each evening immediately before sunset by the border agents of [[Pakistan]] ([[Pakistan Rangers]]) and [[India]] ([[Border Security Force]] or BSF).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/nov/01/india-pakistan-border-showdown-toned-down|title=Goodbye to the ceremony of silly walks between India and Pakistan|last=Khaleeli|first=Homa|date=2010-11-01|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-04-19|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> It is a tradition dating back to 1959. The ceremony begins with battle calls from both sides in the form of loud screaming done by the border guards. This is followed by a series of organized high kicks, stomps, and dance moves during which the opposing forces stare each other down.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20150429-indias-bizarre-border-ritual|title=India and Pakistan's beautiful border ritual|last=Clark|first=Tawny|website=www.bbc.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> The event ends with a handshake of good faith being exchanged by the head guards along with the lowering of the flags.<ref name=":0" /> The crowd cheers and claps enthusiastically through it all. The ritual is known to attract international tourists and even celebrities.<ref name=":0" /> It is symbolic of the brotherhood as well as the rivalry that these two nations share.<ref name=":0" /> The border troops are known to exchange sweets with the opposing side during the Muslim holidays of [[Muslim holidays|Eid]] and Hindu holiday of [[Diwali]], but in 2016 and 2018 the [[Border Security Force|BSF]] have avoided doing so due to rising military tensions. It has been a peaceful gathering with the exception of the [[2014 Wagah border suicide attack]] in which 60 people were killed and over 110 people were left injured.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29871077|title=Pakistan border bombing kills dozens|date=2014-11-03|access-date=2019-04-20|language=en-GB}}</ref> It has also been cancelled on occasion such as when [[Pakistan]] returned Wing Commander [[Abhinandan Varthaman]] back to [[India]] after his plane was shot down by the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) during the [[2019 India-Pakistan standoff]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/daily-retreat-ceremony-along-attari-wagah-border-cancelled-bsf/articleshow/68217133.cms|title=Daily Retreat ceremony along Attari-Wagah border cancelled: BSF|date=2019-03-01|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>

Similar border ceremonies held by [[India]] ([[Border Security Force]], BSF) and [[Pakistan]] ([[Pakistan Rangers]]) occur at [[Fazilka]] border (India side) / [[Sulemanki Headworks|Sulaimanki]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Hussainiwala]] border, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (India side) / [[Ganda Singh Wala]] border, [[Kasur District]] (Pakistan side). These rituals are attended primarily by the local villagers and garner very few spectator tourists.{{fact|date=May 2021}}

==International relations==
{{expand section|date=July 2020}}
[[China]]: Pakistan has a long running relationship with China, with collaboration in trade, military, and technology; Each considering the other a close strategic ally.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan fighters in biggest ‘real-combat level’ drill with China months after post-Balakot dogfight with India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistan-air-force-holds-real-combat-level-exercises-with-china-months-after-post-balakot-dogfight-with-india/story-4oBtIhAMjaSUmWCPfnGYTO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> China is Pakistan's largest supplier of weapons and one of its largest trading partners.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan (PAK) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/pak/ |website=oec.world |language=en}}</ref> There are strong military ties between China and Pakistan beyond the supply of weapons. This alliance between two neighboring Asian nations is significant geopolitically, as the strong military ties counter regional Indian and American influence. The [[Sino-Indian border dispute]] is co-existing along [[Line of Actual Control]] as well as on the economic front. China has continued to support Pakistan on its internationalization of [[Kashmir conflict]] for resolution as per specific UNSC resolutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-firmly-with-pakistan-says-beijing-as-islamabad-raises-kashmir-in-top-talks/story-5qM8HPgUQkl7ZwPCQEfh3O.html|title=China firmly with Pakistan, says Beijing as Islamabad raises Kashmir in top talks|date=19 March 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=‘Help Kashmiris achieve right of self-determination’: Pak PM Imran Khan urges UN |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pak-pm-imran-khan-urges-un-to-honour-its-commitments-on-kashmir/story-EC3xRCv5zn2ArskbGfmy3K.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{gallery
|align=center
|Image: Baba Chamliyal Mela at Indo-Pak international Border, near Jammu.jpg|"Baba Chamliyal Mela" traditional celebration at the India–Pakistan border near [[Ramgarh, Jammu and Kashmir|Ramgarh]], 45 km (28 mi) from [[Jammu]], where both [[Indian people|Indians]] and [[Pakistanis]] take part in festivities.|Image:International border at Wagah - evening flag lowering ceremony.jpg|Evening [[Wagah-Attari border ceremony|Wagah–Attari border ceremony]], as seen from the Pakistani side.|Image:India-Pakistan Borderlands at Night - NASA Earth Observatory.jpg|The [[floodlight|floodlit]] border zone between Pakistan and India seen from [[outer space]].|Image:Trucks on NH1, waiting to cross Wagah border.jpg|Trucks on the former [[National Highway 1 (India, old numbering)|Indian National Highway 1]], waiting to cross the border at Wagah–Attari.|Image:Pak Ranger at Wagah.jpg|[[Pakistan Rangers|Pakistani Ranger]] standing guard at the [[Wagah]] border crossing.|Image:Women personnel of India's Border Security Force.jpg|Female Indian [[Border Security Force]] personnel taking part in the ceremonial retreat at the India–Pakistan border crossing (Wagah–Attari), 2010.|Image:India-Pak border west.png|Map of the India–Pakistan border along the [[Rann of Kutch]] between [[Gujarat, India]] and [[Sindh, Pakistan]].|Image:India pakistan border november 2017.jpg|India-Pakistan border at [[Wagah]], 2017}}

== See also ==
* [[Borders of India]]
*[[Borders of Pakistan]]
*[[Partition of India]]
** [[Radcliffe Line]]
* [[India–Pakistan border skirmishes (disambiguation)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|India-Pakistan border}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5Ps1TZXAN8|title=How this border transformed a subcontinent <nowiki>|</nowiki> India & Pakistan|publisher=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=2019-06-26}}
* [https://fall.law.fsu.edu/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS086.pdf International Boundary Study No. 86 – 2 December 1968 India – Pakistan Boundary]
{{Clear}}

{{India-Pakistan relations}}
{{Borders of India}}
{{Borders of Pakistan}}
{{coord missing|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Pakistan border}}
[[Category:India–Pakistan border| ]]
[[Category:Borders of India]]
[[Category:Borders of Pakistan]]
[[Category:International borders]]

India–Pakistan border - Revision history

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