Sylvester41C: small changes

2026-03-28T23:31:39Z

small changes

182.93.71.248: /* Border disputes */

2021-06-17T09:14:05Z

Border disputes

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox border
| name = India–Nepal border
| image = File:Map of Nepal.png
| alt =
| caption = Map of Nepal, with India to the south
| territory1 = {{IND}}
| territory2 = {{NEP}}
| length = {{convert|1,770|km}}
| enclaves =
| established = 1815

| establishedreason = [[Treaty of Sugauli]] between [[Nepal]] and [[British Raj]]
| current = 15 August 1947
| currentreason = Independence of the [[India|Republic of India]] from [[British Raj]]
| disestablished =
| disestablishedreason =
| treaties = [[1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship]]
| notes =
}}

The '''India–Nepal border''' is an [[Open border|open]] [[international boundary|international border]] running between [[India]] and [[Nepal]]. The {{convert|1770|km|mi|2|abbr=on}} long border includes the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] territories as well as [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepal |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nepal/ |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref> The current [[Boundary delimitation|border was delimited]] after the [[Treaty of Sugauli|Sugauli treaty]] of 1816 between Nepal and the [[British Raj]]. Following [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], the current border was recognised as the border between Nepal and the Republic of India.

==Description==
The border starts in the west at the western [[tripoint]] with China near the [[Tinkar Pass]]. It then proceeds to the south-west through the [[Himalayas]], the [[Sivalik Hills]] and then the Gangetic plain, initially overland and then utilising the [[Sharda River]]. Just east of [[Majhola]] it turns to the south-east and proceeds in that direction overland, occasionally utilising various rivers and hill crests. North-west of [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur|Islampur]] the border turns to the north-east and proceeds overland to the eastern Chinese tripoint.{{fact|date=September 2020}}

==History==
[[File:Sugauli Treaty cessions.png|thumb|right|Areas ceded by Nepal as part of the Treaty of Sugauli]]
The border region has historically existed at the edge of various Indian and Nepali kingdoms. It took its modern shape during the period of [[British India|British rule in India]] which began in the 17th century. During the late 18th century the Nepali kingdom launched an [[Unification of Nepal|expansion]] drive, bringing them into conflict with the British and resulting in the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814-16).<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Nepalese Army |publisher=Nepal Army |url=http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np:80/history.php?page=two |website=nepalarmy.mil.np |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228014557/http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZD9--xYamkC |title=Britain and Tibet 1765–1947: A Select Annotated Bibliography of British Relations with Tibet and the Himalayan States Including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan |isbn=9780415336475 |last1=Marshall |first1=Julie G. |year=2005}}</ref> Nepal was defeated, and by the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] it was forced to cede large areas of land to Britain, effectively creating the modern India-Nepal boundary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Treaty of Sagauli {{!}} British-Nepalese history [1816]|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Sagauli|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref name=Groves>{{cite web |author=Stephen Groves |title=India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=22 September 2014 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/ |access-date=2017-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050346/https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/ |archive-date=29 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Finding the [[Terai]] region difficult to manage, the British returned parts of it to Nepal in 1816.<ref name="CS">{{cite web |title=Nepal: A Country Study |url=http://countrystudies.us/nepal/ |publisher=Library of Congress |date=1991| access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>

India gained independence in 1947, and three years later it signed a [[1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship|friendship treaty]] with Nepal, by which both countries agreed to respect the territorial integrity of the other.<ref name="CS"/> Since then relations have largely been cordial, though a number of border disputes remain. There have also been occasional blockades on the border at times of tension, for example in 1987 and [[2015 Nepal blockade|2015]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-pm-wants-india-to-lift-undeclared-blockade-1243695 |title=Nepal PM Wants India to Lift Undeclared Blockade |access-date=2016-09-12}}</ref><ref name="RIP">{{Cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/r-i-p-indias-influence-in-nepal/ |title=R.I.P., India’s Influence in Nepal |last=Arora |first=Vishal |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=November 2015}}</ref>

==Border disputes==
{{Main|Kalapani territory|Susta territory}}
There are two existing territorial disputes between India and Nepal, over the [[Kalapani territory]], a {{convert|35|km2}} area at the India–Nepal–China trijunction in North West Nepal, and [[Susta]], a {{convert|20|km2}}–{{convert|140|km2}} area in Southern Nepal.<ref>
{{citation |first=Alok Kumar |last=Gupta |title=The Context of New-Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities for India |journal=Indian Journal of Asian Affairs |volume=22 |pages=57–73 |number=1/2 |date=June–December 2009 |jstor=41950496 |orig-year=originally [http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=422 Kalapani: A Bone of Contention Between India and Nepal], Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, 2000}}: "Kalapani, 35 square kilometres piece of land, is entangled in controversy since mid-1996, a few months after the ratification of the Mahakali treaty (with India on the harnessing of hydro-power) by Nepal's Parliament."
</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nepal-objects-to-india-china-trade-pact-via-lipu-lekh-pass/articleshow/47604908.cms|title=Nepal objects to India-China trade pact via Lipu-Lekh Pass|date=9 June 2015|via=The Economic Times}}
</ref><ref>
Nidhi Jamwal, [https://scroll.in/article/831576/as-a-river-changed-its-course-a-village-on-the-india-nepal-border-became-disputed-territory As a river changed its course, a village on the India-Nepal border became disputed territory], Scroll.in, 19 March 2017: '"An area of some 5,000 acres [approximately 2,023 hectares] of land in Narsahi-Susta area adjoining the Gandak river in West Champaran district has been encroached upon by Nepalese nationals....," is how the then Union Minister of External Affairs answered a question in the Lok Sabha in 2002. Shrestha, however, alleged that over 14,860 hectares of Nepali land in Susta has been encroached upon by India.'
</ref>

In addition, in May 2020, Nepal has begun to dispute the source of the [[Sharda River|Kali River]], claiming it to be at [[Limpiyadhura]], and allocating {{convert|300|km2}} of Indian territory to itself through the issue of a new map. It did not explain why this dispute newly arose.<ref>
Sugam Pokharel, [https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/21/asia/nepal-india-map-territories-intl/index.html Nepal issues a new map claiming contested territories with India as its own], CNN, 21 May 2020.
</ref>

==Border crossings==
There are several major border crossings that the Indian [[Borders of India#Integrated Check Posts (ICP)|Integrated Check Posts (ICP)]] use for processing cargo customs and immigration entry for citizens of third countries. These are, from west to east:
# [[Banbasa]] in [[Champawat district]], Uttarakhand, India - [[Kanchanpur District]], [[Sudurpashchim Pradesh]], Nepal
# [[Rupaidiha]] in [[Bahraich district]], Uttar Pradesh - [[Nepalganj]] in [[Banke District]], Nepal
# [[Sonauli]] in [[Maharajganj district]], Uttar Pradesh, India - [[Siddharthanagar]] in [[Rupandehi District]], Nepal
# [[Raxaul]] in [[East Champaran district]], Bihar, India - [[Birgunj]], Nepal (also known as the 'Gateway of Nepal')
#[[Bhitthamore]] in [[Sitamarhi district]], Bihar, India - Malibara, [[Jaleshwar]] in Mahottari District, Nepal
# [[Jogbani]] in [[Araria district]], Bihar, India - [[Biratnagar]], Nepal
# [[Panitanki]] in [[Darjeeling district]], West Bengal, India - [[Kakarbhitta]], Nepal

Since there are no fences along the border there are several smaller official and unofficial border crossings. Smaller official border crossings are known as Chhoti Bhansar (Minor Customs) in the [[Nepali language]]. These are, from west to east (by Indian state):

'''Uttarakhand'''
* [[Jhulaghat]] in [[Pithoragarh district]] - [[Mahakali]] in [[Baitadi District]], Nepal
[[File:Nepal India Border gate Sonauli.jpg|thumb|right|Border gate at Sonauli]]
'''Uttar Pradesh'''
* [[Gauriphanta]] in [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]] - [[Dhangadi]], Nepal
* Murtiha in Lakhimpur Kheri district - [[Gulariya]], Bardiya, Nepal
* Tal Baghaura in [[Shravasti district]] - [[Laxmanpur]], Nepal
* [[Tulsipur]] in [[Balrampur district]] - [[Koilabas]], Nepal
* [[Barhani Bazar]] in [[Siddharthnagar district]] - [[Krishnanagar, Nepal|Krishnanagar]], Nepal

'''Bihar'''
* [[Bhikhna Thori railway station|Bhikhna Thori]] in [[West Champaran district]] - [[Thori]] in [[Parsa District]], Nepal
* Pipraun in [[Madhubani district]] - Jatahi-[[Nagarain]] in [[Dhanusa District]] Nepal
* [[Bhimnagar, Supaul|Bhimnagar]] in [[Supaul district]] - Bhantabari-[[Haripur, Sunsari|Haripur]] in [[Sunsari District]], Nepal (via Kosi barrage)
* Amgachhi in [[Araria district]] - [[Rangeli]] in [[Morang District]], Nepal
* Baria (Bairia bazar) in [[Kishanganj district]] - [[Gauriganj, Nepal|Gauriganj]] in [[Jhapa District]], Nepal
* [[Bairgania]] in [[Sitamarhi district]] - [[Gaur, Nepal|Gaur]] in [[Rautahat District]], Nepal
* [[Sonbarsha, Sitamarhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonbarsa]] in [[Sitamarhi district]] - [[Malangwa]] in Sarlahi District, Nepal
* [[Bhitthamore]] in [[Sitamarhi|Sitamarhi district]] - [[Jaleshwor]] in [[Mahottari District]] Nepal
* [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jainagar]] in [[Madhubani district]] - [[Inarwa Phulbariya]] in [[Saptari District]], Nepal

'''West Bengal'''
* [[Mirik]] in [[Darjeeling district]] - [[Pashupatinagar, Ilam]], Nepal

==Border security==
The India–Nepal border is relatively peaceful. Indian and Nepali nationals do not need passports or visas to enter each other's countries, and tens of thousands of people cross the border every day for tourism and commerce.

The Indian side of the border is regulated by [[Sashastra Seema Bal|Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)]] along with local police. The Nepali side of the border is regulated by the [[Armed Police Force (Nepal)|Armed Police Force (APF)]] along with the local branch of [[Nepal Police]]. Often SSB (India) and APF (Nepal) perform joint patrols on the border.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/armed-police-force-ssb-start-joint-patrolling-on-no-mans-land/|title=Armed Police Force, SSB start joint patrolling on no man’s land|date=7 Jan 2019|publisher=The Himalayan Times}}</ref>

On a local level, Indian and Nepali district officials meet regularly to discuss security challenges and other issues on their respective border portions. Such meetings are usually attended by District Magistrates, local SSB representatives, customs chiefs from India including the Chief District Officer (CDO), local APF, Police and custom chiefs from Nepal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepal-india-border-security-meeting-concludes/|title=Nepal-India border security meeting concludes|date=16 Oct 2018|publisher=The Himalayan Times}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[India–Nepal relations]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Borders of India}}
{{Borders of Nepal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Nepal border}}
[[Category:India–Nepal border| ]]
[[Category:Borders of India]]
[[Category:Borders of Nepal]]
[[Category:International borders]]

India–Nepal border - Revision history

Sylvester41C: small changes

182.93.71.248: /* Border disputes */