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	{{Short description\|International border}}		{{Short description\|International border}}
	[[File:Burma Indian map.png\|thumb\|right\|Map of the India-Myanmar border (the areas marked "[[East Pakistan\|Pakistan]]" are part of present-day [[Bangladesh]])]]		[[File:Burma Indian map.png\|thumb\|right\|Map of the India-Myanmar border (the areas marked "[[East Pakistan\|Pakistan]]" are part of present-day [[Bangladesh]])]]
	The '''India–Myanmar border''' is the international border between ~~the~~ [[India]] and [[Myanmar]] (formerly ''Burma''). The border is 1,643~~ ~~km ~~(912 ~~mi) in length and runs from the [[tripoint]] with [[China]] in the north to the tripoint with [[Bangladesh]] in the south.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Burma \|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ \|publisher=CIA World Factbook \|access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref>		The '''India–Myanmar border''' is the international border between [[India]] and [[Myanmar]] (formerly Burma). The border is {{convert\|1,643\|km\|mi}} in length and runs from the [[tripoint]] with [[China]] in the north to the tripoint with [[Bangladesh]] in the south.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Burma \|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ \|publisher=CIA World Factbook \|access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref>

	==Background ==		==Background ==
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	\|publisher = Boloji.com		\|publisher = Boloji.com
	\|access-date = 2007-10-10		\|access-date = 2007-10-10
	\|archive-url = https://~~www~~.~~webcitation~~.org/~~6ACpy5648?url=~~http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=350		\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120728164600/http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=350
	\|archive-date = ~~August 26~~, 2012		\|archive-date = July 28, 2012
	\|url-status = dead		\|url-status = dead
	}}</ref> Indian security forces blamed the porous border for the deaths of 200 security personnel and civilians in militancy-related violence in the region in 2001–2003.<ref>{{cite web		}}</ref> Indian security forces blamed the porous border for the deaths of 200 security personnel and civilians in militancy-related violence in the region in 2001–2003.<ref>{{cite web
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	\|publisher= [[Mizzima News]]		\|publisher= [[Mizzima News]]
	\|access-date= 2007-10-10		\|access-date= 2007-10-10
	\|archive-url= https://~~www~~.~~webcitation~~.org/~~6ACpyqoCt?url=~~http://www.burmalibrary.org/TinKyi/archives/2003-05/msg00018.html		\|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130129222159/http://www.burmalibrary.org/TinKyi/archives/2003-05/msg00018.html
	\|archive-date= ~~August 26~~, ~~2012~~		\|archive-date= January 29, 2013
	\|url-status= dead		\|url-status= dead
	}}</ref> Four Northeast Indian states share the border with Myanmar: [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Nagaland]], [[Mizoram]], and [[Manipur]]. Both national governments agreed to conduct a joint survey before erecting the fence. The Indian Home Ministry and its Myanmar counterpart completed the study within six months and, in March 2003 began erecting a fence along the border.<ref name= Khaund>{{cite web		}}</ref> Four Northeast Indian states share the border with Myanmar: [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Nagaland]], [[Mizoram]], and [[Manipur]]. Both national governments agreed to conduct a joint survey before erecting the fence. The Indian Home Ministry and its Myanmar counterpart completed the study within six months and, in March 2003 began erecting a fence along the border.<ref name= Khaund>{{cite web

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{{Short description|International border}}
[[File:Burma Indian map.png|thumb|right|Map of the India-Myanmar border (the areas marked "[[East Pakistan|Pakistan]]" are part of present-day [[Bangladesh]])]]
The '''India–Myanmar border''' is the international border between the [[India]] and [[Myanmar]] (formerly ''Burma''). The border is 1,643 km (912 mi) in length and runs from the [[tripoint]] with [[China]] in the north to the tripoint with [[Bangladesh]] in the south.<ref>{{cite web |title=Burma |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref>

==Background ==

===Description===

The precise location of the tripoint with China is unclear owing to the [[Sino-Indian border dispute]] - at present, the de facto tripoint is located just north of the [[Diphu Pass]].<ref name="IBS">{{cite web |title=International Boundary Study No. 80 Burma – India Boundary |url=https://fall.law.fsu.edu/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS080.pdf |publisher=US Department of State |date=15 May 1968|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> From here the border proceeds to the south-west through the [[Mishmi Hills]], except for an Indian protrusion at the [[Chaukan Pass]], then continuing through the [[Patkai]] and Kassom Ranges. At the south-east corner of [[Manipur]] it turns sharply westwards along various rivers for a period over to the [[Tiau River]]. It then follows this river southwards for a long stretch down to the [[Chin Hills]], before turning west and proceeding to the Bangladeshi tripoint via a series of irregular lines.<ref name="IBS"/>

===History===

Historically the border region has been a contested area located at the edge of the various Indian and Burmese empires.<ref name="IBS"/> Britain had begun conquering India in the 17th century, and gradually took control of most of the country, forming [[British India]]. From the 1820s-80s Britain also gradually conquered [[British Burma|Burma]]; by the [[Treaty of Yandabo]] in 1826 which ended the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] Burma recognised British control over [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Rakhine State|Rakhine]] ([[Arakan]]), and the [[Taninthayi]] coast, thereby delimiting much of the modern boundary in general terms.<ref name=app-237>{{cite book | title=History of Burma | author=Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre | year=1967 | page=237 | edition=2 | publisher=Sunil Gupta | location=London}}</ref><ref name=mmb>{{cite book | title=The Making of Modern Burma | url=https://archive.org/details/makingmodernburm00myin | url-access=limited | author=Thant Myint-U | year=2001 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-0-521-79914-0 | page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernburm00myin/page/n29 20]}}</ref> In 1834 the [[Kabaw Valley]] areas was returned to Burma and a modified boundary delimited in this region, dubbed the 'Pemberton line' after a British commissioner, which was later refined in 1881.<ref name="IBS"/> In 1837 the Patkai Hills were unilaterally designated as the northern boundary.<ref name="IBS"/> Large swathes of Burma were annexed following the [[Second Anglo-Burmese War]] of 1852–53.<ref name="IBS"/><ref name="Hall">{{cite book|url=http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/Burma/bur_history.pdf|author=D.G.E.Hall|year=1960|title=Burma|publisher=Hutchinson University Library|pages=109–113|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519230755/http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/Burma/bur_history.pdf|archive-date=2005-05-19}}</ref> The remainder of Burma was [[Third Anglo-Burmese War|conquered]] in 1885 and incorporated into British India.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Victorians at war, 1815-1914: an encyclopedia of British military history | page=70}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=The Making of Modern Burma | url=https://archive.org/details/makingmodernburm00myin | url-access=limited | pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernburm00myin/page/n27 18]| author=Thant Myint-U|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-79914-7}}</ref><ref name=webster>{{cite book | title=Gentlemen Capitalists: British Imperialism in South East Asia, 1770–1890 | first=Anthony|last= Webster | publisher=I.B.Tauris | year=1998 | pages=142–145 | isbn=978-1-86064-171-8}}</ref> In 1894 a boundary between Manipur and the Chin Hills was delimited, and the existing 'Pemberton line' boundary modified again in 1896.<ref name="IBS"/> Further boundary modifications were made in 1901, 1921 and 1922.<ref name="IBS"/>

In 1937 Burma was split off from India and became a separate colony.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080117060229/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788006,00.html Sword For Pen], ''TIME Magazine'', 12 April 1937</ref> In 1947 India gained independence, however the country was split into two states (India and [[Pakistan]]), with the [[Bangladesh-Myanmar border|southernmost section]] of the Burma-India border becoming that between Burma and [[East Pakistan]] (modern [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name="IBS"/> Burma gained independence in 1948.<ref name="IBS"/> On 10 March 1967 Burma and India signed a boundary treaty which delimited their common frontier in detail.<ref name="IBS"/> Security along the border has often been poor, owing to ongoing conflicts in [[Insurgency in Northeast India|north-east India]] and [[Internal conflict in Myanmar|western Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Pushpita |title=India-Myanmar Border Problems: Fencing not the only solution |url=https://idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiaMyanmarBorderProblems_pdas_151113 |website=IDSA |date=15 November 2013|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>

==Barrier==

The India–Myanmar barrier is a [[border barrier]] that [[India]] is constructing{{When|date=October 2021}} to seal its {{convert|1,624|km|mi|adj=on}}-long border with [[Myanmar]]. India hopes to curtail cross-border crime, including goods, arms and counterfeit currency smuggling, drug trafficking, and insurgency.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} The [[United Nations Drug Control Programme]] (UNDCP) and [[International Narcotics Control Board]] (INCB) also warned that the region could become a significant transit point for illicit drugs .<ref name= Bhonsle>{{cite web
|url = http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=350
|title = India's 'Look Myanmar' Policy
|last = Bhonsle
|first = Col. Rahul K.
|date = July 28, 2007
|publisher = Boloji.com
|access-date = 2007-10-10
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6ACpy5648?url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=350
|archive-date = August 26, 2012
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> Indian security forces blamed the porous border for the deaths of 200 security personnel and civilians in militancy-related violence in the region in 2001–2003.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.burmalibrary.org/TinKyi/archives/2003-05/msg00018.html
|title= India, Burma to fence the border
|date= May 17, 2003
|publisher= [[Mizzima News]]
|access-date= 2007-10-10
|archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/6ACpyqoCt?url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/TinKyi/archives/2003-05/msg00018.html
|archive-date= August 26, 2012
|url-status= dead
}}</ref> Four Northeast Indian states share the border with Myanmar: [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Nagaland]], [[Mizoram]], and [[Manipur]]. Both national governments agreed to conduct a joint survey before erecting the fence. The Indian Home Ministry and its Myanmar counterpart completed the study within six months and, in March 2003 began erecting a fence along the border.<ref name= Khaund>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/BNI2004-10-15b.htm
|last= Khaund
|first= Surajit
|title= India-Burma border fencing delays due to protest by local communities
|date= 15 October 2004
|publisher= Burma News International
|access-date=2007-10-10
}}</ref>

In 2004, fencing work in the state of Manipur along the border was stalled due to protests raised by the local [[Kuki people|Kuki]] and [[Naga people|Naga]] communities. According to them, a huge stretch of land would become Myanmar's territory and foster unrest among people living on both sides of the border. The protests from people living in the Moreh, Chorokhunou, and Molchan areas forced the Home Ministry to refer the matter to the Manipur government.<ref name= Khaund/> This fence will divide many ethnic communities, including the [[Mizo people|Mizo]], Nagas, [[Chin people|Chins]], and Kukis whose lands straddle the regions between the two states- it is thus a highly sensitive issue.<ref name=Bhonsle/> In 2007 it was reported that in the state of Manipur, a boundary dispute arose with ownership of nine border pillars being disputed.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.indoburmanews.net/archives-1/2007/september/new-effort-india-myanmar-to-begin-talks
|title=New effort: India-Myanmar to begin talks
|date=September 2, 2007
|publisher=[[Times of India]]
|access-date=2007-10-10
}}</ref>

The Indo-Myanmar Border Force (IMBF) is a proposed and soon-to-be-composed{{when|date=September 2020}} force of 29 battalions - 25 battalions from [[Assam Rifles]] and 4 battalions from [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] - to guard the {{convert|1,643|km|adj=on}} long Indo-Myanmar border. IMBF will remain under ITBP and will patrol the border to the zero line (as of January 2018).<ref name=imbf>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/home-ministry-looks-to-form-29-battalion-indo-myanmar-border-force/story-iImWizVCRAtDYGIonj2OML.html Home ministry looks to form 29-battalion Indo-Myanmar border force], Hindustan Times, 18 Jan 2018.</ref>

==Border bazaars ==

See [[Borders of India#Haat|Haats on India-Myanmar border]].

==Border crossings==
[[File:Indo-Burmese Border.jpg|thumb|right|The Rickhawdar (right)-Zokhawthar (left) border crossing]]

===Designated immigration and customs crossings===

* [[Moreh, India]] to [[Tamu, Myanmar]] in Manipur.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Myanmar Borders |url=https://www.myanmartours.net/india-myanmar-borders.html |website=Myanmar Tours |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Travel from India to Myanmar by Road- Detailed Guide on Border Crossing |url=https://thevagabong.com/india-myanmar-road-border-crossing/ |website=The Vagabong |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>
* Zorinpui International border crossing in Mizoram.<ref name=de10/>

===Other local border crossings===

The India–Myanmar border has a ''Free Movement Regime'' (FMR) which allows tribes living along the border to travel {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} across either side of the border without visa restrictions.<ref name=IMB1>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiaMyanmarBorderProblems_pdas_151113|title=India-Myanmar Border Problems: Fencing not the only solution - Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|website=www.idsa.in}}</ref> There are over 250 villages with over 300,000 people living within {{convert|10|km}} of the border who frequently cross the border through 150 small and large formal and informal border crossings.<ref name=Stat>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/north-east-page/straddling-different-boundaries/113033.html|title=Northeast India {{!}} Straddling Different Boundaries|website=The Statesman}}</ref>

==== [[Arunachal Pradesh]] State ====
* [[Diphu Pass]] to Myanmar in [[Arunachal Pradesh]].
* [[Nampong]] to [[Pangsau Pass]] near [[Lake of No Return]] on Myanmar side, via [[National Highway 153 (India)]] ([[Ledo Road]] which is part of [[Stilwell Road]])

==== [[Manipur]] State ====
* [[Behiang]] to [[Khenman]] via Tedim Road.<ref name=ted1>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa.in/strategicanalysis/36_5/TedimRoadTheStrategicRoadonaFrontier_PumKhanPau|title=Tedim Road—The Strategic Road on a Frontier: A Historical Analysis - Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|website=www.idsa.in}}</ref>
* [[Moreh, India]] to [[Tamu, Myanmar]], has an integrated immigration check post with customs.

==== [[Mizoram]] State ====
* Zorinpui, on [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]], is {{convert|287|km|abbr=on}} away from [[Sittwe Port]] and {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} from Aizawl-Saiha National Highway ([[National Highway 54 (India)]] (NH-54)) at [[Lawngtlai]] in [[Mizoram]]. NH-54 continues further to [[Dabaka]] in [[Assam]] via the {{convert|850|km|abbr=on}} long NH-54. NH-54 is part of the larger [[North–South and East–West Corridor#East-West Corridor|East-West Corridor]] connecting [[North East India]] with the rest of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arakanrivers.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/Kaladan-Mov.png |title=Multi-modal route map |access-date=2017-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822053547/http://www.arakanrivers.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/Kaladan-Mov.png |archive-date=2017-08-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a designated customs and immigration post, open to all categories of international travellers with valid travel document and visa.<ref name=de10>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-opens-two-border-crossing-points-with-myanmar-bangladesh-4869496/ India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh], [[Indian Express]], 1 Oct 2017.</ref>
* [[Zokhawthar]] to [[Khawmawi]] and [[Rikhawdar]] via the bridge over the [[Harhva river]].

== Maritime boundaries ==
{{ anchor | Maritime | EEZ }}
{{ see also | Exclusive economic zone of India | Exclusive economic zone of Myanmar}}

India and Myanmar have maritime [[exclusive economic zone]]s in each other's vicinity. [[Landfall Island]], India's northernmost Island in [[Andaman and Nicobar]] is 40 kilometres (22 nmi) south of [[Coco Islands]] belonging to Myanmar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=Andaman+and+Nicobar+Command|title=Andaman and Nicobar Command – Google Search|website=www.google.com|language=en|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[India–Myanmar relations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Borders of India}}
{{Borders of Myanmar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Myanmar border}}
[[Category:India–Myanmar border| ]]
[[Category:India–Myanmar relations|border]]
[[Category:Borders of India]]
[[Category:Borders of Myanmar]]
[[Category:International borders]]

India–Myanmar border - Revision history

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