103.205.134.52: /* Strategic partnership */ chinese communist propaganda about 'maritime silk road'

2021-04-27T17:32:56Z

Strategic partnership: chinese communist propaganda about 'maritime silk road'

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{{Short description|1=Diplomatic relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Indonesia}}
{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Indian-Indonesian|India|Indonesia|filetype=svg|envoytitle1=Indian Ambassador to Indonesia|envoytitle2=Indonesian Ambassador to India|envoy1=[[Pradeep Kumar Rawat]]|envoy2=[[Sidharto Reza Suryodipuro]]|mission1=Embassy of India, [[Jakarta]]|mission2=Embassy of Indonesia, [[New Delhi]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
[[File:Sukarno with children and Nehru.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Sukarno]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], with [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]] in Guntur. The relationship between India and Indonesia is warm and cordial since the beginning.]]

'''[[India]] and [[Indonesia]]''' established diplomatic relations in 1951 ({{Lang-hi|भारत-इंडोनेशिया संबंध}}; {{Lang-id|Hubungan India-Indonesia}}). Both countries are neighbours, as India's [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] share a maritime border with Indonesia along the [[Andaman Sea]].

The Indian-Indonesian relationship stretches back for almost two millennia. In 1950, the first President of Indonesia, [[Sukarno]], called upon the peoples of Indonesia and India to "intensify the cordial relations" that had existed between the two countries "for more than 1000 years" before they had been "disrupted" by [[colonialism|colonial powers]].<ref>Foreign Policy of India: Text of Documents 1947-59 (p.54)</ref>

India has an embassy in Jakarta<ref>http://www.embassyofindiajakarta.org/</ref> and Indonesia operates an embassy in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indonesianembassy.org.in/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021194537/http://www.indonesianembassy.org.in/ |archive-date=21 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> India regards Indonesia as a key member of [[ASEAN]]. Both nations had agreed to establish a strategic partnership.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/bhaskar-balakrishnan/article1143458.ece Getting closer to Indonesia]</ref> The two countries have significant [[bilateral trade]].<ref name="bp" />

India and Indonesia are among the largest democracies in the world.<ref name ="JPLet">{{cite news|title=Letter: India and Indonesia – Natural allies |author=Ram Bahukhandi |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=27 January 2011|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/27/letter-india-and-indonesia-%E2%80%93-natural-allies.html|access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> Both are member states of the [[G-20 major economies|G-20]], the [[E7 (countries)]], the [[Non-aligned Movement]], and the [[United Nations]].

According to a 2013 [[BBC]] World Service Poll, 51% of Indonesians view India's influence positively, with 21% expressing a negative view.<ref>[http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2013_country_ratings/2013_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf 2013 World Service Poll] ''[[BBC]]''</ref>

== History ==

=== Archaeolgy ===
South Indian origin [[Arikamedu|rouletted ware]] at the site of Simberan, [[Bali]] has produced a carbon dating of 660 BCE (+/- 100). The population exchanges and intermarriages in the island of Bali between Indonesians and Indians was has been archaeologically dated to 2nd century BCE.<ref>[https://simdos.unud.ac.id/uploads/file_penelitian_1_dir/895d73ecfdbd0bbfe73310f9bf68e9db.pdf Bali in the world of Buddhism]</ref>

=== Religious ties ===
The ties between Indonesia and India date back to the times of the [[Ramayana]],<ref>[http://www.melali-indonesia-tours.in/bollywood.php Ramayana to Bollywood, Indonesia Loves India]</ref> "Yawadvipa" ([[Java]]) is mentioned in India's earliest epic, the [[Ramayana]]. [[Sugriva]], the chief of [[Rama]]'s army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of [[Sita]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465&lpg=PA465&dq=Yawadvipa+is+mentioned+in+India's+earliest+epic,+the+Ramayana&source=bl&ots=WxBOr6BCNJ&sig=jc4B_jT3nZ4WQS3Ldu_I1Pl-WmA&hl=id&ei=QR0wTbLrL86HrAfOp4GOCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Yawadvipa%20is%20mentioned%20in%20India's%20earliest%20epic%2C%20the%20Ramayana&f=false History of Ancient India Kapur, Kamlesh]</ref> Indians had visited Indonesia since ancient times, and ancient Indonesian ([[Austronesian people]]) has embarked in maritime trade in Southeast Asian seas and Indian Ocean. The Ancient Indians spread [[Hinduism]] and many other aspects of Indian culture including the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Brahmi Script]]. {{citation needed|date=April 2015}} The trace of Indian influences is most evident in great numbers of Sanskrit [[List of loan words in Indonesian#From Sanskrit|loanwords]] in [[Languages of Indonesia|Indonesian languages]].

The name ''Indonesia'' derives from the Latin ''Indus'', meaning "India", and the Greek ''nesos'', meaning "island". (due to the similarity of the culture in both regions).<ref name="EcoSeas1">{{cite book|last=Tomascik|first=T.|author2=Mah, J.A. |author3=Nontji, A. |author4=Moosa, M.K. |title=The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas - Part One|publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd.|year=1996|location=Hong Kong|isbn=962-593-078-7}}</ref> The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. During the [[Srivijaya]] era, many Indonesians studied at [[Nalanda|Nalanda University]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jnicc.com/doc/Ramayana%20to%20films.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819004909/http://jnicc.com/doc/Ramayana%20to%20films.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Hinduism Expansion in Asia.svg|thumb|300px|left|Expansion of Hinduism to Southeast Asia, the ancient link between India and Indonesia.]]
Indonesia entered its historical period after the adoption of [[Pallawa script]] and [[Sanskrit language]] from India as evidence in some of earliest inscriptions dated from Indonesia's oldest kingdoms such as the Yupa of [[Kutai]], [[Tugu inscription|Tugu]] of [[Tarumanagara]] and historical records of [[Kalingga]]. [[Greater India#Indianised kingdoms|Indianised]] [[Hindu]]-[[Buddhist]] kingdoms, such as [[Srivijaya]], [[Medang Kingdom|Medang]], [[Sunda Kingdom|Sunda]] and [[Majapahit]] were the predominant governments in Indonesia, and lasted from 200<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daceband.com/read_blog/20112/indonesia |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-02-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221170706/http://daceband.com/read_blog/20112/indonesia |archive-date=21 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> to the 16th century, with the last remaining being in [[Bali]].

The Indian Epics — the Ramayana and the [[Mahabharata]] — play an important role in [[Indonesian culture]] and history, and are popular amongst Indonesians to this day. In the open theatres of the [[Prambanan]] in Java, Javanese Muslims perform the [[Javanese dance|Ramayana dance]] during full moon nights. An example of deep Hindu-Buddhist influence in [[Indonesian history]] is 9th century [[Borobudur]] and Prambanan temples. Even after the adoption of [[Islam]], the link between two countries remained strong; not only because India has a significant population of Muslims herself. Indonesian Islamic architecture, especially in Sumatra, has been deeply influenced by Indian [[Mughal architecture]], evident in the [[Baiturrahman Grand Mosque]] in [[Aceh]] and [[Great Mosque of Medan|Medan's Great Mosque]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Cultural admiration is not one-sided however, Indians also relate closely to [[Indonesian culture]], especially Hindu Balinese culture. During his visit to Java and Bali in 1927, [[Rabindranath Tagore]], an Indian poet, was so enamored to Bali and said "Wherever I go on the island, I see God". Then 23 years later in 1950, Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] hailed Bali as the "Morning of the World".<ref>{{cite web |title = History |publisher = Bali India Foundation |url = http://www.yogabaliindia.com/bali-india-foundation/ |access-date = 14 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094246/http://www.yogabaliindia.com/bali-india-foundation/ |archive-date = 18 May 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

India and Indonesia officially opened the diplomatic relations since 3 March 1951.<ref>[http://www.antaranews.com/view/?i=1182156939&c=INT&s= RI-India Perluas Kerjasama Ekonomi, Energi dan Hukum] ''Antara News''</ref> In 1955, Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and Indonesian President [[Sukarno]] were among the five founders of the [[Non-aligned Movement]].

Throughout their shared history, most of relations between India and Indonesia were harmonious and peaceful, except during [[1965 war|1965 war with India]]. At that time, Indonesia offered to provide Pakistan with military help, and 'to seize Andaman and Nicobar Islands' of India so as to distract it from the [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir front]], eventually mobilising submarines to help Pakistan. A maritime boundary agreement between the two countries was issued in New Delhi on 14 January 1977.<ref>{{cite journal|title=India-Indonesia Maritime Boundary Agreement|journal=Foreign Affairs Record|date=January 1977|volume=XXIII|issue=1|page=2|url=http://mealib.nic.in/far/1977.pdf|access-date=6 August 2013}}</ref>

President of Indonesia Sukarno was the first chief guest at the annual [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day parade]] of India in 1950. In the year 2011, President [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] was the chief guest for the same event.<ref name ="JPLet"/>

<gallery>
File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|[[Borobudur]], a Buddhist Temple built by [[Sailendra]] dynasty, the temple's design in [[Gupta Empire|Gupta architecture]] reflects India's influence on the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233 |title=Borobudur : A Wonder of Indonesia History |publisher=Indonesia Travel |access-date=5 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414141049/http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233 |archive-date=14 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
File:Prambanan Trimurti.jpg|The [[Prambanan]] Temple of Central Java, reflecting Hindu architectural influences.<ref>[[K.A. Nilakanta Sastri]], ''A History of South India'', pp 424–426</ref>
File:Pura Puseh 05153.jpg|The Balinese script in a Hindu temple. Indian introduced the first form of writing to Indonesia, which evolved into the writing scripts still used in Bali and Java.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/balinese.htm |title = Balinese alphabet, language and pronunciation}}</ref>
File:Idli Sambar.JPG|Idli, an Indian savoury cake from South India.
File:Canai.jpg|[[Roti canai]], an Indian-influenced flatbread found in Indonesia.
</gallery>

== Strategic partnership ==
{{anchor | Strategic | Strategic partnership}}
{{see also | History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia | History of Indonesia | Greater India | Indianisation | Hinduism in Indonesia }}
[[File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg|thumb|right|240x180px|Historic Indian cultural influence: Indianized Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms within [[Greater India]] were spread across Indonesia ([[Srivijaya]], [[Majapahit]], [[Kalingga]], [[Kutai]], [[Singhasari]], [[Tarumanagara]] and [[Pan Pan (kingdom)|Pan Pan]]) and other parts of Southeast Asia ([[Champa]], [[Dvaravati]], [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan]], [[Gangga Negara]], [[Chenla]], [[Langkasuka]], and [[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan]]).]]

India and Indonesia, united by historic cultural ties, have signed strategic partnership agreement to enhance cooperation in the national and maritime security and safety, trade connectivity, infrastructure and economic development. India's southernmost territory of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] lies close to Aceh province of Indonesia, an area which is an important global trade route. In May 2018, ''"Shared Vision of Maritime Cooperation in the Indo Pacific"'' agreement was signed when Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited Indonesia. Subsequently, [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indonesian Navy]] have been hosting bilateral ''"Samudra Shakti"'' naval exercise since November 2018 including in [[Java Sea]] and [[Andaman Sea]]. These exercises are an significant enhancement of operational engagement between these two navies after their 2002 ''"Ind-Indo Corpat"'' agreement. India and Indonesia are also jointly developing [[Sabang,_Aceh#Port|Sabang Deep sea Port]], and Indian naval ships have been regularly visiting this port after the signing of the agreement. Several Indian navy ships undertook naval exercises and visits to Indonesia e.g. a destroyer INS Rana in 2002, INS Sumitra in July 2018, INS VIJIT in 2019.<ref name=IndPort1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/eyeing-southeast-asia-india-builds-port-in-indonesia/articleshow/68490478.cms?from=mdr Eyeing Southeast Asia, India builds port in Indonesia], Economic Times, 20 May 2019.</ref>

== Economic relations ==
On 25 January 2011, after talks by Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and visiting President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, India and Indonesia had signed business deals worth billions of dollars and set an ambitious target of doubling trade over the next five years.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12274815 | work=BBC News | title=India and Indonesia aim to double trade | date=25 January 2011}}</ref>

India also has further economic ties with Indonesia through its free trade agreement with ASEAN, of which Indonesia is a member.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12630418 | work=BBC News | title=India and Asean aim to boost trade | date=3 March 2011}}</ref>

The two countries target to achieve bilateral trade of $25 billion by 2015, with cumulative Indian investments of $20 billion in Indonesia.<ref name="bp">{{cite web|title=Indian pushes for early economic accord with Indonesia |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/indian-pushes-for-for-early-economic-accord-with-indonesia/|work=IANS|date=24 April 2014|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:Ramayana Bali Ubud 1.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Balinese [[Ramayana Ballet|Ramayana dance drama]], performed in Sarasvati Garden in [[Ubud]].]]
Historically, Indonesian archipelago was heavily influenced by [[Indianised kingdoms|dharmic civilization of India]]. For example, [[Ramayana]] is a major theme in [[Dance in Indonesia|Indonesian dance drama]] traditions, especially in [[Javanese dance|Java]] and [[Balinese dance|Bali]].

The cultural ties still continue, with popular Indonesian [[Dangdut]] music displaying the influence of [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani musics]] very popular within the people of Indonesia especially middle-class to lower-class people that enjoy the [[tabla]]-beat music. [[Bollywood]] films and music are also popular in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indiaindonesia-relations-warmer-than-ever-before/202811-61.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119011743/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indiaindonesia-relations-warmer-than-ever-before/202811-61.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2011|title=Neighbourly warmth infuses Indonesia-India relations|access-date=16 November 2011|author=Ashwini Devare|date=16 November 2011|work=IBN Live}}</ref> To promote Indian culture in Indonesia, the Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Centre was established in [[Jakarta]] in 1989, featuring a library and providing lessons on Indian culture, as well as promoting art such as [[Yoga]], [[Indian music]] and [[Indian dance|dance]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/jakartas-indian-cultural-center-on-the-move/361672 |title=Jakarta's Indian Cultural Centre on the Move |access-date=13 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923200032/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/jakartas-indian-cultural-center-on-the-move/361672 |archive-date=23 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian Indonesians]]
* [[Ramayana]]
* [[Mahabharata]]
* [[List of institutions with Sanskrit mottos]]

== Further reading ==
*Hoadley, M. C. (1991). Sanskritic continuity in Southeast Asia: The ṣaḍātatāyī and aṣṭacora in Javanese law. Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
*Hughes-Freeland, F. (1991). Javanese visual performance and the Indian mystique. Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
*Lokesh, Chandra, & International Academy of Indian Culture. (2000). Society and culture of Southeast Asia: Continuities and changes. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.
* {{cite book|last=Cœdès|first= George|author-link= George Cœdès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}
*R. C. Majumdar, Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia
*R. C. Majumdar, ''Champa'', ''Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East'', Vol.I, Lahore, 1927. {{ISBN|0-8364-2802-1}}
*R. C. Majumdar, ''Suvarnadvipa'', ''Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East'', Vol.II, Calcutta,
*R. C. Majumdar, ''Kambuja Desa Or An Ancient Hindu Colony In Cambodia'', Madras, 1944
*R. C. Majumdar, ''Hindu Colonies in the Far East'', Calcutta, 1944, {{ISBN|99910-0-001-1}}
*[[R. C. Majumdar]], ''India and South-East Asia'', I.S.P.Q.S. History and Archaeology Series Vol. 6, 1979, {{ISBN|81-7018-046-5}}.
*R. C. Majumdar, Ancient Indian colonisation in South-East Asia; History of the Hindu Colonization and Hindu Culture in South-East Asia
* {{cite book|author=Daigorō Chihara|title=Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiUTOanLClcC|year=1996|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10512-3}}
* The journey of the Goddess Durga: India, Java and Bali by Ariati, Ni Wayan Pasek, 2016, {{ISBN|9788177421521}}, Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Van Leeuwen, Bas. ''Human capital and economic growth in India, Indonesia, and Japan: a quantitative analysis, 1890-2000'' (Box Press, 2007).

==External links==
{{commonscat|Relations of India and Indonesia}}
*[https://www.indianembassyjakarta.gov.in Embassy of India in Jakarta, Indonesia]
*[https://www.kemlu.go.id/newdelhi/en/default.aspx Embassy of Indonesia in New Delhi, India]
*[https://archive.today/20130122163904/http://www.eurasiareview.com/analysis/india-and-indonesia-a-new-strategic-partnership-06022011/ India and Indonesia: A New Strategic Partnership]

{{Foreign relations of Indonesia}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Indonesia Relations}}
[[Category:India–Indonesia relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Indonesia]]

India–Indonesia relations - Revision history

103.205.134.52: /* Strategic partnership */ chinese communist propaganda about 'maritime silk road'