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{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ibrahim Adil Shah
| title = Adil Shahi Emperor
| image = Ibrahim Adil Shah II Sultan of Bijapur.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = A portrait of Ibrahim Adil Shah II
| reign = 1580–1627
| full name = Abul Muzaffar Ibrahim Adil Shah Jagadguru Badshah
| predecessor = [[Ali Adil Shah I]]
| successor = [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]]
| spouse = Chand Sultana (daughter of [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali|Ibrahim Qutb Shah]]) Kamal Khatun Taj Sultan Sundar Mahal Daughter of Dasu Pandit
| issue = Durvesh Badshah Sultan Sulaiman [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Muhammad Adil Shah]] Khizr Shah Zuhra Sultana Burhan Sultan Begum Fatima Sultana
| dynasty = [[Adil Shahi dynasty]]
| father = Tahamasp
| mother = Haji Badi Sahiba
| birth_date = c. 1570
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death year and age|1627|1570}}
| death_place = [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =[[Ibrahim Roza - Vijaypura]]
| religion = [[Shia]] till 1552, then [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, ''A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century'', (Dorling Kindersley, 2011), 176.</ref>
}}

'''Ibrahim Adil Shah II''' (1571 – 12 September 1627) was king of the [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Sultanate of Bijapur]] and a member of the [[Adil Shahi]] dynasty. Under his reign the dynasty had its greatest period<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=119}}</ref> as he extended its frontier as far south as [[Mysore]]. He was a skilful administrator, artist, poet<ref name="Schimmel2004">{{cite book|first=Annemarie |last=Schimmel|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|others=Corinne Attwood, translator| editor=Burzine K. Waghmar|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=N7sewQQzOHUC |p=39}}|year=2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-185-3 |page=39}}</ref> and a generous patron of the arts. He reverted to the [[Sunni]] sect of Islam,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Meri|editor1-first=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|date=1 Nov 2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415966900|page=108}}</ref> but remained tolerant of other religions, including [[Christianity]]. However, during his reign high-ranking Shiite immigrants became unwelcome<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stephen P. Blake|title=Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal and Ottoman Empires|date=11 Feb 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139620321|page=122}}</ref> and in 1590, he ordered the confinement of criers who read the [[khutba]] in the Shia form.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard Maxwell Eaton|title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India|date=8 Mar 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400868155|page=129}}</ref> After his reign, increasing weakness permitted [[Mughal empire|Mughal]] encroachment and the successful revolt of the [[Maratha]] king [[Shivaji]], who killed the Bijapur general [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] and scattered his army. The dynasty left a tradition of cosmopolitan culture and artistic patronage whose architectural remains are to be seen in the capital city of [[Bijapur]].

== Early life ==

[[File:A Deccani courtier who may or may not be the king himself, c.1600.jpg|left|thumb|A Deccani courtier who may or may not be the king himself, c.1600]]
[[Image:Indischer Maler um 1615 (I) 001.jpg|left|thumb|Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]
Ibrahim Adil Shah (the father of Ali Adil Shah I) had divided power between the [[Sunni]] nobles, the [[Habshi]]s and the [[Dakhini Muslims|Deccan]]is. However, Ali Adil Shah favoured the [[Shi'i]].<ref name="pankhurst_habshi">{{cite web
| url=http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/ethiopia.html
| title=Great Habshis in Ethiopian/Indian history: History of the Ethiopian Diaspora, in India – Part IV
| author=Dr. [[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]]
| access-date=24 December 2006
}}</ref>

== Monarchy ==

After the death of [[Ali Adil Shah I]] in 1580, the kingdom's nobles appointed Imran Ibrahim, son of Imran Sayzada Tahmash Adil Shah and nephew of Ali Adil Shah I, as king. At this time, Ibrahim Adil Shah II was a nine-year-old boy.<ref name="orbat_wars">{{cite web
|url=http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/ibrahimII_adil_shahi/ibrahimII_adil_shahi.html
|title=The Wars & Campaigns of Ibrahim Adil Shahi II of Bijapur 1576–1627
|author=Ravi Rikhye
|date=7 March 2005
|access-date=24 December 2006
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020232641/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/ibrahimII_adil_shahi/ibrahimII_adil_shahi.html
|archive-date=20 October 2006
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref>

== Siege ==

Kamal Khan (a Deccani general) seized power and became the regent.<ref name="orbat_wars"/> Kamal Khan showed disrespect to the [[Dowager]] queen [[Chand Bibi]], who felt that he had ambitions to usurp the throne. Chand Bibi plotted an attack against Kamal Khan, with help from another general, Haji Kishvar Khan. Kamal Khan was captured while fleeing and was beheaded at the fort.

== The Regents ==

Kishvar Khan was the second regent of Ibrahim. He defeated the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] at Dharaseo, capturing all the artillery and elephants of the enemy army. He ordered other Bijapur generals to surrender the highly valued elephants that they had captured. The generals, along with Chand Bibi, hatched a plan to eliminate Kishvar Khan with help from General Mustafa Khan of Bankapur. Kishvar Khan's spies informed him of the conspiracy. Kishvar Khan sent troops against Mustafa Khan, who was captured and killed in the battle.<ref name="orbat_wars"/>

== De facto rulers ==

[[Chand Bibi]] challenged Kishvar Khan, who had her imprisoned at the [[Satara (city)|Satara]] fort and tried to declare himself the king. However, Kishvar Khan was already unpopular among the rest of the generals. He was forced to flee when a joint army, led by General Ikhlas Khan, marched to Bijapur. The army consisted of forces of three [[Habshi]] nobles: Ikhlas Khan, Hamid Khan and Dilavar Khan.<ref name="pankhurst_habshi"/> Kishvar Khan attacked Ahmednagar unsuccessfully and then fled to [[Golconda]]. He was killed in exile by a relative of [[Mustafa Khan]]. Chand Bibi was then declared the regent.<ref name="orbat_wars"/>

[[Ikhlas Khan]] became regent for a short time, but he was dismissed by Chand Bibi shortly afterwards. Later, he resumed his dictatorship, which was soon challenged by other Habshi generals.<ref name="pankhurst_habshi"/>

== Attack on Bijapur ==

Taking advantage of the situation in Bijapur, Ahmadnagar's [[Nizam Shahi dynasty|Nizam Shahi]] sultan allied with the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] of Golconda to attack Bijapur. The troops available at Bijapur were not sufficient to repulse the joint attack.<ref name="orbat_wars"/> The Habshi generals realised that they could not defend the city alone and tendered their resignations to Chand Bibi.<ref name="pankhurst_habshi"/> Abu-ul-Hassan, a Shi'a general appointed by Chand Bibi, called for the [[Maratha]] forces in Carnatic. The Marathas attacked the invaders' supply lines,<ref name="orbat_wars"/> forcing the Ahmednagar-Golconda allied army to retreat.

Ikhlas Khan then attacked Dilavar Khan to seize control of Bijapur. However, he was defeated and Dilavar Khan became the supreme ruler from 1582 to 1591.<ref name="pankhurst_habshi"/> He was the last regent of Ibrahim.
[[File:Bijapur Ibrahim Rouza 100C.jpg|thumb|Tomb in Ibrahim Rauza, Bijapur]]
[[File:Bijapur 092.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]

== Ibrahim Adil Shah's reign ==

The fifth king of the [[Adil Shahi]] dynasty is known in Indian history as Jagadguru Badshah. He loved music and played musical instruments. For him, the [[Tanpura (instrument)|Tanpura]] personified learning – "Ibrahim the tanpurawala became learned due to grace of god, living in the city of Vidyanagari" (Vidyanagari is the earlier name of Bijapur.) He composed poems on his wife Chand Sultana, his Tanpura Motikhan and his elephant Atish Khan.

Ibrahim II publicly declared that all he wanted was Vidya or learning, music, and Guruseva (serving the teacher). He was a devotee of Hazrat Banda Nawaj, the Sufi saint of [[Gulbarga]]. He composed a prayer to him to bestow [[Vidya (Knowledge)|Vidya]] or learning and charitable disposition.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

He founded a new township at Navraspur to give concrete shape to his idea of a musical city. He had a temple built inside the precincts of the palace that still exists.

Bijapur attracted the period's best musicians and dancers because the king was famous as a great connoisseur and patron of music.

He spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Dakhani]], [[Urdu]] and [[Kannada]] languages fluently,{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} and like his predecessors, employed several Hindus in top posts.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==Issue==

'''By Chand Sultana:'''
*Darvesh Badshah

'''By Kamal Khatun:'''
*Sultan Sulaiman

'''By Taj Sultan:'''
*[[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Muhammad Adil Shah]]

'''By Sundar Mahal:'''
*Khizr Shah

'''By unknown mothers:'''
*Burhan
*Zuhra Sultan
*Sultan Begum (wife of [[Daniyal Mirza]] son of [[Akbar]])
*Fatima Sultana (wife of [[Sayyid]] Shah Habibullah ibn Yadullah Hussaini)

== Kitab-e-Navras ==

Ibrahim II wrote the book Kitab-e-Navras (Book of Nine Rasas) in [[Dakhani]]. It is a collection of 59 poems and 17 couplets. According to his court-poet [[Muhammad Zuhuri]], he wrote it to introduce the theory of nine [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasas]], which occupies an important place in Indian aesthetics, to acquaint people who knew only the Persian ethos. The book opens with a prayer to Sarasvati, the Goddess of learning.

''bhaka nyari nyari bhava ek 
kaha turuk kaha barahaman''

"Whether a Turk (Muslim) or a Brahmin with different language—emotion is the same."

''nouras soor juga joti ani saroguni 
yusat sarasuti mata 
ibrahim parasada bhayi dooni''

"Oh mother Saraswati! Since you have blessed Ibrahim, his work Navras will last for long"

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==

* A Visit to Bijapur by H. S. Kaujalagi
* "Avalokana" a souvenir published by the Government of Karnataka
* Centenary souvenir published by the Bijapur Municipal Corporation

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Adil Shahi Emperors|Adil Shahi Rulers of Bijapur]]|before=[[Ali Adil Shah I]]|after=[[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]]|years=1580–1627}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah Ii, Ibrahim Adil}}
[[Category:1556 births]]
[[Category:1627 deaths]]
[[Category:Adil Shahi dynasty]]
[[Category:1627 in India]]
[[Category:1580 in India]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Sultans of Bijapur]]
[[Category:Converts to Sunni Islam from Shia Islam]]

Ibrahim Adil Shah II - Revision history

MarieDevore: further adjusted lead for consistency and fixed typos per standard format

>DrKay: Category:Pages using infobox royalty with unknown parameters