Bharatwiki Socrates: /* External links */

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External links

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	==External links==		==External links==
	~~{{wiktionary\|ibid.\|ibid\|ibidem}}~~
	* [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ibid&r=67 ''Ibid.''] on [[Reference.com\|Dictionary.com]]		* [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ibid&r=67 ''Ibid.''] on [[Reference.com\|Dictionary.com]]
	* [http://www.nongnu.org/bibulus/bibcit.html Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles]		* [http://www.nongnu.org/bibulus/bibcit.html Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles]

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{{short description|Latin footnote or endnote term referring to the previous source}}
{{redirect|Ibid}}
[[File:Examples of Ibid, from "Justice" by Michael J- Sandel 2013-04-08 20-17.jpg|thumbnail|An example of Ibid. citations in use, from "Justice" by [[Michael J. Sandel]].]]

'''Ibid.''' is an abbreviation for the [[Latin]] word ''[[wikt:ibidem#Latin|ibīdem]]'', meaning "in the same place", commonly used in an [[endnote]], [[footnote]], [[bibliography]] [[citation]], or [[reference#Scholarship|scholarly reference]] to refer to the [[Source text|source]] cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to ''[[Idem]]'', literally meaning "the same", abbreviated ''id.'', which is commonly used in [[legal citation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/idem |title=Idem|publisher=thefreedictionary.com |access-date=11 May 2008}}</ref>

Ibid. may also be used in the Chicago (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material.<ref>Chicago Manual of Style Online, (13.64).</ref><ref>New Hart's Rules, Oxford University Press, 2005, p.396</ref> The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page.

Some academic publishers now prefer that "ibid." not be italicised, as it is a commonly found term.<ref>E.g., {{cite web |url= http://www.cambridge.org/us/notesforauthors/cambridge_style.doc |title=Style sheet: Cambridge University Press |format=DOC |date=2013 }}</ref> Usage differs from style or citation guides as to whether ibid should be suffixed with a full stop. For example, [[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities]] omits full stops and does not capitalise,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/775030305|title=OSCOLA : Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities|date=2012|publisher=Hart Publishers|others=Nolan, Donal., Meredith, Sandra., University of Oxford. Faculty of Law.|isbn=978-1-84946-367-6|edition=4th|location=Oxford|pages=5|oclc=775030305}}</ref> while the Economist Style guide uses a lower case starting letter with ending full stop.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1005580872|title=Style guide.|others=Economist Books.|date=5 June 2018|isbn=978-1-61039-981-4|edition=Twelfth|location=New York|pages=202|oclc=1005580872}}</ref>

==Example==
<blockquote>
:[1] E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' (New York: Academic, 1997), 23.
:[2] Ibid.
:[3] Ibid., 29.
:[4] A. Alhazred, ''The Necronomicon'' (Petrus de Dacia, 1994).
:[5] Ibid. 1, 34.
</blockquote>
Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' on page 23, whereas reference 3 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. <citation #>, as in reference 5.

==Cultural references==

* Ibid. is used in the 1960s play ''[[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]'' by [[Edward Albee]]. Albee uses an unabbreviated ibid{{huh|date=April 2017}} in his stage directions to tell an actor to use the same tone as the previous line.
* In the 1989 book ''Pyramids'' by [[Terry Pratchett]], one of the Ephebian philosophers is called "Ibid".
* In the 1997 movie ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'', the main character, Will Hunting, when arguing for himself in court against the dismissive rebuttals of the prosecuting attorney, cites obscure case law, then follows up by stating "Ibid, your Honor."

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Ditto mark]]
* [[Em dash]]
* ''[[Loc. cit.]]''
* ''[[Op. cit.]]''
* [[Supra (grammar)|''Supra'' (grammar)]]
* [[List of Latin abbreviations]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|ibid.|ibid|ibidem}}
* [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ibid&r=67 ''Ibid.''] on [[Reference.com|Dictionary.com]]
* [http://www.nongnu.org/bibulus/bibcit.html Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles]

[[Category:Bibliography]]
[[Category:Latin words and phrases]]
[[Category:Abbreviations]]

{{Latin-stub}}

Ibid. - Revision history

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