Hypnale - Revision history

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further refine layout after review and cleaned formatting after review

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:36, 16 December 2025
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	:'''''Common names''': hump-nosed vipers,<ref name="G&C90">Gloyd HK, Conant R. 1990. Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. LCCN 89-50342. {{ISBN\|0-916984-20-6}}.</ref> hump-nosed pit vipers.<ref name="Bro73">Brown JH. 1973. Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. {{ISBN\|0-398-02808-7}}.</ref>''		:'''''Common names''': hump-nosed vipers,<ref name="G&C90">Gloyd HK, Conant R. 1990. Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. LCCN 89-50342. {{ISBN\|0-916984-20-6}}.</ref> hump-nosed pit vipers.<ref name="Bro73">Brown JH. 1973. Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. {{ISBN\|0-398-02808-7}}.</ref>''

	'''''Hypnale''''' is a [[genus]] of ~~[[venomous snake\|venomous]]~~ [[pit viper]]s [[Endemism\|endemic]] to [[Sri Lanka]] and southwestern [[India]].<ref name="McD99"/> Three [[monotypic]] [[species]] are currently recognized (no [[subspecies]]).<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS \|id=634415 \|taxon=Hypnale \|accessdate=3 November 2006}}</ref> All members have more or less upturned snouts that produce a hump-nosed effect.<ref name="G&C90"/>		'''''Hypnale''''' is a [[genus]] of [[pit viper]]s [[Endemism\|endemic]] to [[Sri Lanka]] and southwestern [[India]].<ref name="McD99"/> Three [[monotypic]] [[species]] are currently recognized (no [[subspecies]]).<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS \|id=634415 \|taxon=Hypnale \|accessdate=3 November 2006}}</ref> All members have more or less upturned snouts that produce a hump-nosed effect.<ref name="G&C90"/>

	==Description==		==Description==
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	The snout is more or less upturned, with two species having a wart-like protuberance at the tip that is covered with tiny scales. The anterior head shields are strongly fragmented, but the [[frontal scale]], [[supraoculars]] and [[Parietal scales\|parietals]] are complete and quite large. The nasal scale is single, but it may have a groove that extends towards its upper edge. There are two [[preoculars]] and 2-4 postoculars. The [[loreal scale]] is single, but extends across the ''[[Canthus (snake)\|canthus rostralis]]'' so that it can be seen from above. The [[supralabials]] and [[sublabials]] both number 7-9. Bordering the supralabials are 3-4 enlarged [[temporal scales]], above which are 3-5 irregular rows of temporal scales. There is one pair of chin shields, each of which is slightly longer than it is wide.<ref name="G&C90"/>		The snout is more or less upturned, with two species having a wart-like protuberance at the tip that is covered with tiny scales. The anterior head shields are strongly fragmented, but the [[frontal scale]], [[supraoculars]] and [[Parietal scales\|parietals]] are complete and quite large. The nasal scale is single, but it may have a groove that extends towards its upper edge. There are two [[preoculars]] and 2-4 postoculars. The [[loreal scale]] is single, but extends across the ''[[Canthus (snake)\|canthus rostralis]]'' so that it can be seen from above. The [[supralabials]] and [[sublabials]] both number 7-9. Bordering the supralabials are 3-4 enlarged [[temporal scales]], above which are 3-5 irregular rows of temporal scales. There is one pair of chin shields, each of which is slightly longer than it is wide.<ref name="G&C90"/>

	At midbody there are 17 rows of [[dorsal scales]], which are weakly keeled. Apical pits are present, but very difficult to see. The keels are faint or may be entirely absent on the first two scale rows bordering the ventrals. The [[ventral scales]] number 120-158, while the [[subcaudals]] vary in number from 28-48 (almost all are paired).<ref name="G&C90"/>		At midbody there are 17 rows of [[dorsal scales]], which are weakly keeled. Apical pits are present, but very difficult to see. The keels are faint or may be entirely absent on the first two scale rows bordering the ventrals. The [[ventral scales]] number 120-158, while the [[subcaudals]] vary in number from 28 to 48 (almost all are paired).<ref name="G&C90"/>

	==Geographic range==		==Geographic range==
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	{{refbegin}}		{{refbegin}}
	* [[George Albert Boulenger\|Boulenger, George A.]] 1890. ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia''. Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor & Francis, Printers). London. xviii + 541 pp.		* [[George Albert Boulenger\|Boulenger, George A.]] 1890. ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia''. Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor & Francis, Printers). London. xviii + 541 pp.
	* Doblado, R. 2005. Hypnale hypnale - the Indian Humpnose Viper. Reptilia (GB) (38): ~~64-70~~.		* Doblado, R. 2005. Hypnale hypnale - the Indian Humpnose Viper. Reptilia (GB) (38): 64–70.
	* [[Leopold Fitzinger\|Fitzinger, L.]] 1843. ''Systema Reptilium: Fasciculus Primus: Amblyglossae''. Braumüller & Seidel. Vienna. 106 + vi pp. + Index. ("''Gen. Hypnale''", p. 28.)		* [[Leopold Fitzinger\|Fitzinger, L.]] 1843. ''Systema Reptilium: Fasciculus Primus: Amblyglossae''. Braumüller & Seidel. Vienna. 106 + vi pp. + Index. ("''Gen. Hypnale''", p. 28.)
	* Gumprecht, A.; Tillack, F.; Orlov, N.L.; [[Ashok Captain\|Captain, A.]]; & Ryabow, S. 2004. ''Asian Pit Vipers''. Geitje Books. Berlin, 368 pp.		* Gumprecht, A.; Tillack, F.; Orlov, N.L.; [[Ashok Captain\|Captain, A.]]; & Ryabow, S. 2004. ''Asian Pit Vipers''. Geitje Books. Berlin, 368 pp.
	* Parkinson, C.L. 1999. Molecular systematics and biogeographical history of Pit Vipers as determined by mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Copeia 1999 (3): ~~576-586~~.		* Parkinson, C.L. 1999. Molecular systematics and biogeographical history of Pit Vipers as determined by mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Copeia 1999 (3): 576–586.
	* http://www.biologyofthepitvipers.com/#!Hump-nosed-pit-viper-Viperidae-Crotalinae-Hypnale-Venom-envenomation-and-antivenom/c1oxy/BA768453-4A27-459F-9F68-28BF31206214		* http://www.biologyofthepitvipers.com/#!Hump-nosed-pit-viper-Viperidae-Crotalinae-Hypnale-Venom-envenomation-and-antivenom/c1oxy/BA768453-4A27-459F-9F68-28BF31206214
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}

	==External links==		==External links==
	{{Commons~~\|Hypnale~~}}		{{Commons}}
	* {{NRDB genus\|genus=Hypnale\|date=12 December\|year=2007}}		* {{NRDB genus\|genus=Hypnale\|date=12 December\|year=2007}}

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	[[Category:Hypnale\| ]]		[[Category:Hypnale\| ]]
	[[Category:Reptiles of Sri Lanka]]		[[Category:Reptiles of Sri Lanka]]
	[[Category:~~Reptiles~~ of India]]		[[Category:Snakes of India]]
	[[Category:Snake genera]]		[[Category:Snake genera]]
	[[Category:Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger]]		[[Category:Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger]]

2601:240:CD0A:C9E:F946:B34:2C43:D108: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-01-15T17:00:30Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

← Older revision	Revision as of 22:30, 15 January 2022
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>CommonsDelinker: Replacing Hypnale_nepa.jpg with File:Hypnale_nepa_is_a_venomous_pitviper_species_endemic_to_Sri_Lanka.jpg (by CommonsDelinker because: File renamed: Criterion 2).

2021-03-06T16:03:47Z

Replacing Hypnale_nepa.jpg with File:Hypnale_nepa_is_a_venomous_pitviper_species_endemic_to_Sri_Lanka.jpg (by CommonsDelinker because: File renamed: Criterion 2).

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{{Short description|Genus of snakes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = VB 054 Hump-Nosed Viper 01.jpg
| image_caption = Hump-nosed viper, ''[[Hypnale hypnale|H. hypnale]]''.
| taxon = Hypnale
| authority = [[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1843<ref name="McD99">McDiarmid RW, [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>
}}

:'''''Common names''': hump-nosed vipers,<ref name="G&C90">Gloyd HK, Conant R. 1990. Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. LCCN 89-50342. {{ISBN|0-916984-20-6}}.</ref> hump-nosed pit vipers.<ref name="Bro73">Brown JH. 1973. Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. {{ISBN|0-398-02808-7}}.</ref>''

'''''Hypnale''''' is a [[genus]] of [[venomous snake|venomous]] [[pit viper]]s [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Sri Lanka]] and southwestern [[India]].<ref name="McD99"/> Three [[monotypic]] [[species]] are currently recognized (no [[subspecies]]).<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=634415 |taxon=Hypnale |accessdate=3 November 2006}}</ref> All members have more or less upturned snouts that produce a hump-nosed effect.<ref name="G&C90"/>

==Description==
Members of this genus grow to a maximum total length of {{convert|55|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} (for ''[[Hypnale hypnale|H. hypnale]]''). The body is stout, but relatively slender compared to most other [[Crotalinae|crotalines]]. The tail length accounts for 14-18% of total length in males, 11-16% in females.<ref name="G&C90"/>

The snout is more or less upturned, with two species having a wart-like protuberance at the tip that is covered with tiny scales. The anterior head shields are strongly fragmented, but the [[frontal scale]], [[supraoculars]] and [[Parietal scales|parietals]] are complete and quite large. The nasal scale is single, but it may have a groove that extends towards its upper edge. There are two [[preoculars]] and 2-4 postoculars. The [[loreal scale]] is single, but extends across the ''[[Canthus (snake)|canthus rostralis]]'' so that it can be seen from above. The [[supralabials]] and [[sublabials]] both number 7-9. Bordering the supralabials are 3-4 enlarged [[temporal scales]], above which are 3-5 irregular rows of temporal scales. There is one pair of chin shields, each of which is slightly longer than it is wide.<ref name="G&C90"/>

At midbody there are 17 rows of [[dorsal scales]], which are weakly keeled. Apical pits are present, but very difficult to see. The keels are faint or may be entirely absent on the first two scale rows bordering the ventrals. The [[ventral scales]] number 120-158, while the [[subcaudals]] vary in number from 28-48 (almost all are paired).<ref name="G&C90"/>

==Geographic range==
Species of the genus ''Hypnale'' are found in [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]],<ref name="McD99"/> from almost sea level to an elevation of at least {{convert|1,829|m|ft|abbr=on}}. In India they are found in the [[Western Ghats]] as far north as 16° north latitude.<ref name="G&C90"/>

==Habitat==
They occur in dense [[jungle]]s, [[dry forest]]s, [[rain forest]]s, both in low and hilly country, and in plantations. They sometimes are also found near or in human habitations.<ref name="G&C90"/>

==Behavior==
They are mostly nocturnal, but are often seen coiled in the shade during the day, moving around on cloudy days or under low light conditions. They are generally inoffensive, both in the wild and in captivity, rarely attempting to bite unless restrained or injured.<ref name="G&C90"/>

==Feeding==
Their diet includes [[lizard]]s, [[snake]]s, [[frog]]s, [[reptile]] [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s, and small [[mammal]]s.<ref name="G&C90"/>

==Reproduction==
All members of this genus are [[ovoviviparity|viviparous]].<ref name="G&C90"/>

==Species==
{| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Image
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Species<ref name="ITIS"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Taxon author<ref name="ITIS"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Common name<ref name="G&C90"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Geographic range<ref name="McD99"/>
|-
|[[File:Babysnake800pix.jpg|190px]]
|''[[Hypnale hypnale|H. hypnale]]''T
|([[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820)
|Hump-nosed viper
|style="width:40%"|Peninsular [[India]] to the Western Ghats as far north as 16° N, and [[Sri Lanka]].
|-
|[[File:Hypnale nepa is a venomous pitviper species endemic to Sri Lanka.jpg|190px]]
|''[[Hypnale nepa|H. nepa]]''
|([[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768)
|Sri Lankan hump-nosed viper
|In Sri Lanka throughout forested areas, from lowland rainforest to over {{convert|1,800|m|ft|abbr=on}} altitude.
|-
|[[File:Hypnale zara is a venomous pitviper species endemic to Sri Lanka.jpg|190px]]
|''[[Hypnale zara|H. zara]]''
|([[John Edward Gray|Gray]]), 1849
|Gray's hump-nosed viper
|Sri Lanka.
|-
|}
T) [[Type species]].<ref name="McD99"/>

A new species called ''[[Hypnale sp. Amal]]'', recently described, but not yet given species status.

==Taxonomy==
According to Gloyd and [[Roger Conant (herpetologist)|Conant]] (1990), members of this group seem to be closely related to the genus ''[[Calloselasma]]''.<ref name="McD99"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger, George A.]] 1890. ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia''. Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor & Francis, Printers). London. xviii + 541 pp.
* Doblado, R. 2005. Hypnale hypnale - the Indian Humpnose Viper. Reptilia (GB) (38): 64-70.
* [[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger, L.]] 1843. ''Systema Reptilium: Fasciculus Primus: Amblyglossae''. Braumüller & Seidel. Vienna. 106 + vi pp. + Index. ("''Gen. Hypnale''", p. 28.)
* Gumprecht, A.; Tillack, F.; Orlov, N.L.; [[Ashok Captain|Captain, A.]]; & Ryabow, S. 2004. ''Asian Pit Vipers''. Geitje Books. Berlin, 368 pp.
* Parkinson, C.L. 1999. Molecular systematics and biogeographical history of Pit Vipers as determined by mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Copeia 1999 (3): 576-586.
* http://www.biologyofthepitvipers.com/#!Hump-nosed-pit-viper-Viperidae-Crotalinae-Hypnale-Venom-envenomation-and-antivenom/c1oxy/BA768453-4A27-459F-9F68-28BF31206214
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Hypnale}}
* {{NRDB genus|genus=Hypnale|date=12 December|year=2007}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2531557}}

[[Category:Hypnale| ]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Snake genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger]]