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'''Hussainsagar Lake and Catchment Area Improvement Project''' is a project led by [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]] to improve the quality of [[Hussain Sagar|Hussain Sagar Lake]] ''(pictured)'' in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India.
[[File:Hussain sagar hyd.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A panoramic view of the Hussain Sagar Lake]]

== Background ==
Hussain Sagar Lake was built in 1562 during the reign of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] at [[Golkonda]]. It is an [[reservoir|artificial lake]] built on a [[tributary]] of [[Musi River (India)|River Musi]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article3272929.ece | title=Remembering a great dynasty | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=2 April 2012 | accessdate=28 August 2012 | author=Menon, Aparna }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/24/stories/2004032400410300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040705143832/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/24/stories/2004032400410300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 July 2004 | title=Palace with a view | date=24 March 2004 | accessdate=28 August 2012 | work=[[The Hindu]] | author=Venkateshwarlu, K }}</ref> The lake joins the cities of Hyderabad and [[Secunderabad]] besides adding an aesthetic appeal to the twin cities. The lake water was utilized for irrigation and drinking water needs from 1884 until 1930. The total [[drainage basin|catchment area]] of the lake is {{convert|240|km2|sqmi}}. Through four main feeder [[nullah]]s – Picket Nalla, Kukatpally Nalla, Banjara Nalla and Balkapur Nalla – water from the catchment area reaches the lake.<ref name="HMDA_Paper">{{cite journal | url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/wlc12/P%20-%20World%20Case%20Studies/P-56.pdf | title=Conservation of Hussain Sagar Lake Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh, India) | author=Ranjan, Jayesh | journal=Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12th World Lake Conference | year=2008 | pages=1753–1756 | author2=Reddy, K. S.}}</ref>

Urbanization and rapid industrialization developed Hyderabad into a [[metropolis]]. Today the city is well known for its state-of-the-art infrastructure for information technology and [[business process outsourcing|information technology enabled services]] industry. Besides this, several heavy industries were also set up in the city.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/02bush53.htm | title=What takes US presidents to Hyderabad? | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=2 March 2006 | accessdate=28 August 2012 | author=Lype, George }}</ref>

Since 1930, the lake has gradually started receiving sewage and industrial effluents through the feeder nullahs. The Picket Nalla discharges mostly domestic sewage throughout the year into the lake from the north-eastern side. Similarly the Banjara Nalla (from north-western side) and Balkapur Nalla (from western side) discharge mostly domestic sewage into the lake. The Kukatpally Nalla was seen to be discharging a mix of domestic sewage and industrial effluents into the lake from the northern side. This practice of discharging municipal sewage, industry effluents and storm-water from over 240 square kilometres increased the content of organic matter, [[nitrogen]] and [[phosphorus]]. This suspended organic matter, rich in nutrients, caused [[eutrophication]] that allowed growth of [[algal blooms]] and [[water hyacinth]].<ref name="HMDA_Paper"/>

Over the years, the twin cities have seen Hindu idol immersion during the festivals of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] and [[Navratri|Dasara]]. As a part of this religious ritual, idols of the worshiped deities along with flowers, leaves and other material are immersed into water bodies. Similarly, during Muharram every year, colorfully painted Tazia are immersed in large numbers in the lake by the regional Islamic community.<ref>Das, K. K., Panigrahi, T., & Panda, R. B. (2012). Idol Immersion Activities Cause Heavy Metal Contamination, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), 2(6), pp. 4540-4542</ref> Besides adding silt, studies indicate that these immersions have increased the pollution levels in the lake. A 2009 survey shows that the [[chemical oxygen demand]] and [[biochemical oxygen demand]] in the water body increased drastically after these festivals.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-10/hyderabad/30139064_1_idol-immersion-ganesh-immersions-hussainsagar | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103115440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-10/hyderabad/30139064_1_idol-immersion-ganesh-immersions-hussainsagar | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 January 2013 | title=Nimajjan poses threat to Hussainsagar | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 September 2011 | accessdate=28 August 2012 }}</ref>

== Initiation of the project ==
To address the pollution in the lake, the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] took initiatives to divert the sewage and industrial effluents into [[Sewage treatment|treatment plants]]. The treated water is then released into the lake to improve the quality of water.<ref name="HMDA_Paper"/> To further aid these initiatives, the government initiated a {{INRConvert|3.7|b}} project in March 2006. The [[Japan Bank for International Cooperation]] provided {{INRConvert|3.1|b}} as an [[official development assistance]] loan to the state government. The balance funds were provided by the state government.<ref name="GoAP_website">{{cite web|url=http://www.apfinance.gov.in/html/finance-pmu-16-07-12/ongoing-JBIC-projects/HUSSAINSAGARLAKE-CATCHMENTAREA-IMPROVEMENT-PROJECT.pdf |title=Hussainsagar Lake and Catchment Area Improvement Project |publisher=Ministry of Finance, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] |accessdate=28 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314105723/http://apfinance.gov.in/html/finance-pmu-16-07-12/ongoing-JBIC-projects/HUSSAINSAGARLAKE-CATCHMENTAREA-IMPROVEMENT-PROJECT.pdf |archivedate=14 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The objectives of the project are:<ref name="HMDA_Paper"/><ref name="GoAP_website"/>
# To improve the quality of the lake by preventing pollutants entering into the lake from point and non-point sources of pollution; removing the nutrient-rich sediments.
# Interception and diversion of dry weather flows; improvement of nullahs in catchment area to check the entry of polluted water into the lake.
# To improve the overall lake environment and its surroundings for enriched biodiversity.
# Increasing the potentiality of ecological tourism and economic status of people in the catchment area.
# Improving the sanitary conditions of the people living in the catchment area and the vicinity of the lake.

== Implementation and results ==
The project began implementing steps in March 2008; it was scheduled to conclude in December 2012. Later the project deadline was rescheduled to March 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-03/hyderabad/32523103_1_hussainsagar-lake-cleaning-catchment-area-improvement-project-eco-park | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016130659/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-03/hyderabad/32523103_1_hussainsagar-lake-cleaning-catchment-area-improvement-project-eco-park | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 October 2013 | title=Hussainsagar clean-up project progressing at a snail's pace | date=3 July 2012 | agency=Times News Network | work=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=28 August 2012 }}</ref>

As a part of the project, seven fountains were installed in the lake in September 2011 to improve the dissolved oxygen content in the water and help aquatic life.<ref name="plans">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-04/hyderabad/30112343_1_kukatpally-nala-hussainsagar-lake-catchment-area-improvement-project | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016125124/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-04/hyderabad/30112343_1_kukatpally-nala-hussainsagar-lake-catchment-area-improvement-project | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 October 2013 | title=Hussainsagar clean-up will be completed by 2013: CM | date=4 September 2011 | agency=Times News Network | work=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=28 August 2012 }}</ref> The fountains, each of which cost about {{INRConvert|10|m}}, have the capacity to pump water to a height of about 40–50 feet. In addition to serving their primary purpose, the fountains also added an aesthetic touch to the look of the lake.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/17/stories/2010061761220200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622053253/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/17/stories/2010061761220200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 June 2010 | title=Fountains to beautify Hussainsagar lake | date=17 June 2010 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=28 August 2012 }}</ref> Additionally, a new 30 million litres per day (MLD) [[sewage treatment]] plant on the Picket Nalla is planned. Upgrade of an existing 20 MLD treatment plant at Hussain Sagar to higher capacity, construction of ring sewers around the lake and a small treatment plant were as a part of the project implementation. An ecological park was also proposed, but it was stalled due to a legal dispute. Besides this, shoreline improvement work at [[Sanjeevaiah Park]] was also taken up.<ref name="plans"/> [[Dredging]] and disposal of sediment was also planned for this project. It was said that dredging from Picket Nalla, Balkapur Nalla and Banjara Nalla will result in extraction of {{convert|7|m3|cuyd}} of non-hazardous and nutrient-rich sediment. The disposal of this extract was to be planned together with the [[Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|state pollution control agency]].<ref name="dredging">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2125084.ece | title=Hussainsagar to regain lost glory | work=The Hindu | date=22 June 2011 | accessdate=28 August 2012 | author=Singh, T. Lalith }}</ref>

As of July 2012, 42.11% of the estimated project cost was spent to achieve the objectives of this project.<ref name="GoAP_website"/> This expenditure was instrumental in achieving 60% of the project's objectives. Due to the slow progress on the project, the media remained skeptical about the timely completion of this project.<ref name="plans"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lakes of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Planned developments]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Telangana]]
[[Category:Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in India]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh]]

Hussainsagar Lake and Catchment Area Improvement Project - Revision history

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