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{{Short description|British field marshal (1779–1869)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = The Viscount Gough
| image = Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough, 1850.png
| caption = [[Daguerreotype]] of Gough wearing the [[Army Gold Cross]], 1850
| birth_date = {{birth date|1779|11|03|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1869|03|02|1779|11|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Woodstown, [[Annacotty]], [[Ireland]]
| death_place = [[Booterstown]], [[Ireland]]
| placeofburial = [[Stillorgan]], [[Ireland]]
| nickname =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1794–1849
| rank = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]]
| unit =
| commands = {{unbulleted list|Commander-in-Chief in China |[[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief in India]]}}
| battles = {{unbulleted list|[[French Revolutionary Wars]] |[[Peninsular War]] |[[First Opium War]] |[[Gwalior Campaign]] |[[First Anglo-Sikh War]] |[[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]}}
| awards = {{unbulleted list|[[Knight of the Order of St Patrick]] |[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] |[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] |[[Knight Bachelor]] |[[Army Gold Cross]]}}
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KP|GCB|GCSI|PC}} (3 November 1779 – 2 March 1869) was an [[Irish people|Irish]] officer of the [[British Army]]. After serving as a junior officer at the [[Invasion of the Cape Colony|seizure of the Cape of Good Hope]] during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], Gough commanded the 2nd Battalion of the [[87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot]] during the [[Peninsular War]]. After serving as commander-in-chief of the British forces in China during the [[First Opium War]], he became [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] and led the British forces in action against the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] defeating them decisively at the conclusion of the [[Gwalior Campaign]] and then commanded the troops that defeated the [[Sikhs]] during both the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] and the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]].

==Early career==
Born the son of Lieutenant Colonel George Gough and Letitia Gough (née Bunbury) of [[Lisnavagh House|Lisnavagh]], Gough was commissioned into the Limerick Militia on 7 August 1793.<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|first=H. M. |last=Chichester|title=Gough, Hugh, first Viscount Gough (1779–1869) in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004 ed.)|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/11135|year=2004}}</ref> He transferred to a locally raised regiment on 7 August 1794 and, having been promoted to [[lieutenant]] in the [[119th Regiment of Foot (1794)|119th Regiment of Foot]] on 11 October 1794, transferred to the [[78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot]] on 6 June 1795.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13784|page=570|date=2 June 1795}}</ref> He took part in the [[Invasion of the Cape Colony|capture of the Cape of Good Hope]] in September 1795 during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and transferred to the [[87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot]] in December 1795, before being deployed with his regiment in the [[West Indies]] and taking part in the [[Dutch colonisation of the Guianas|expedition to Dutch Guiana]] in 1799.<ref name=heath148>Heathcote, p. 148</ref> After returning to England he was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in the 2nd Battalion of his regiment on 25 June 1803 and to [[major]] in the same battalion on 25 June 1803.<ref name=heath148/>

==Peninsular War==
Gough joined [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Sir Arthur Wellesley]] in Spain in January 1809 and commanded the 2nd Battalion of his regiment at the [[Battle of Talavera]], during which he was wounded in July 1809 during the [[Peninsular War]].<ref name=heath148/> He also fought at the [[Battle of Barrosa]], where his regiment captured a [[French Imperial Eagle]] in March 1811.<ref name=odnb/> Promoted to brevet [[lieutenant colonel]] on 30 March 1811,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16469|page=573|date=26 March 1811}}</ref> he also took part in the [[Siege of Tarifa (1812)|Siege of Tarifa]] in January 1812, the [[Battle of Vitoria]] in June 1813 and the [[Battle of Nivelle]], during which he was again badly wounded in November 1813.<ref name=heath148/> He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant colonel on 25 May 1815,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17018|page=1044|date=3 June 1815}}</ref> appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] on 4 June 1815<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17061|page=1878|date=16 September 1815}}</ref> and appointed a [[Knight Bachelor]] on 16 March 1816.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17122|page=585|date=26 March 1816}}</ref>

Promoted to [[colonel]] on 12 August 1819,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17505|page=1442|date=12 August 1819}}</ref> Gough became commanding officer of the [[Cheshire Regiment|22nd Regiment of Foot]] in [[County Tipperary]] where he also served as a local magistrate.<ref name=heath148/> He was promoted to [[major general]] on 22 July 1830<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18709|page=1535|date=23 July 1830}}</ref> and advanced to [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] on 18 September 1831.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18850|page=1893|date=13 September 1831}}</ref>

==Service in the east==
[[File:Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough, St. Helen's.jpg|thumb|left|A painting of Hugh Gough that hangs in the hallway of [[St. Helen's, Booterstown]], his former home in [[County Dublin]], Ireland.]]
Gough became General Officer Commanding the [[Mysore]] division of the [[Madras Army]] in 1837.<ref name=heath148/> At the outset of the [[First Opium War]] in March 1839 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the British forces in China. He led the assault at the [[Battle of Canton (May 1841)|Battle of Canton]] in May 1841, and having been promoted to the local rank of [[lieutenant general]] in India and in China on 18 June 1841,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=19989|page=1583|date=18 June 1841}}</ref> he also led the assault at the [[Battle of Amoy]] in August 1841.<ref name=heath148/> Advanced to [[Order of the Bath|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] on 14 October 1841<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20028|page=2539|date=15 October 1841}}</ref> and promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 23 November 1841, he commanded the British forces at the [[Battle of Chapu]] in May 1842 and at the [[Battle of Chinkiang]] in July 1842.<ref name=heath149>Heathcote, p. 149</ref> After the [[Treaty of Nanking]], the British forces were withdrawn and he returned to India.<ref name=heath149/> He became a [[baronet]] on 1 December 1842<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20173|page=3565|date=2 December 1842}}</ref> and was promoted to the local rank of full [[general]] in India on 3 March 1843.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20201|page=732|date=3 March 1843}}</ref>

In August 1843 Gough became [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], and in December 1843 he led the British forces in action against the [[Maratha Empire|Mahrattas]] defeating them decisively at the conclusion of the [[Gwalior Campaign]].<ref name=heath149/> He also commanded the troops at the [[Battle of Mudki]] in December 1845, at the [[Battle of Ferozeshah]] also in December 1845 and at the [[Battle of Sobraon]] in February 1846 during the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]].<ref name=heath149/> Gough was loyally supported by [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Lord Hardinge]], the [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]], who served under him during these actions.<ref name=odnb/> Gough was elevated to the [[peerage of the United Kingdom|peerage]] as '''Baron Gough''' of Chinkiang in China and of Maharajpore and the Sutlej in the East Indies on 7 April 1846.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20592|page=1279|date=7 April 1846}}</ref>

[[File:Hugh Gough 1861.jpg|thumb|Hugh Gough, 1861, by [[Camille Silvy]]]]

The [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] started in 1848, and again Gough took to the field commanding in person at the [[Battle of Ramnagar]] in November 1848 and at the [[Battle of Chillianwala]] in January 1849.<ref name=heath149/> He was criticised for relying on frontal assault by infantry rather than using artillery and was replaced as commander-in-chief by [[Charles James Napier|Sir Charles Napier]] but, before news of his replacement had arrived, Gough achieved a decisive victory over the [[Sikh]]s in the [[Battle of Gujarat]] in February 1849.<ref name=heath149/> He returned to Ireland and was advanced in the peerage as '''Viscount Gough''' of Goojerat in the Punjab and of the City of Limerick on 4 June 1849.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20984|page=1832|date=5 June 1849}}</ref> He retired from active service later that year and was promoted to the substantive rank of full general on 20 June 1854.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21564|page=1931|date=22 June 1854}}</ref>

Gough also served as colonel of the [[99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot|99th Regiment of Foot]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=19809|page=2723|date=31 December 1839}}</ref> as colonel of the [[87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=19962|page=732|date=19 March 1841}}</ref> and later as colonel of the [[Royal Horse Guards]].<ref name=heath150>Heathcote, p. 150</ref> In Dublin, he was a member of the [[Kildare Street Club]].<ref>Escott, pp. 329–333</ref> He was promoted to [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal]] on 9 November 1862.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22679|page=5343|date=10 November 1862}}</ref>

==Death and commemoration==
[[File:Mounted statue and woodland ride, Chillingham Castle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Equestrian statue of Viscount Gough at [[Chillingham Castle]] by the Dublin-born sculptor [[John Henry Foley]].]]
[[File:Gough Monument, Phoenix Park.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The statue as it originally stood, in the [[Phoenix Park]], [[Dublin]], from 1880 to 1957]]
He died at [[St. Helen's, Booterstown|St. Helen's]], his home in [[Booterstown]], on 2 March 1869 and was buried in [[Stillorgan]].<ref name=odnb/>

Proposals for a statue to Gough began in 1869 but were rejected by [[Dublin Corporation]], including sites in Carlisle Bridge, Foster Place and Westmoreland Street.<ref name=arch>{{cite web|url=http://archiseek.com/2013/gough-statue-phoenix-park-dublin/#.UtrN8hBFDs0|title=1880 – Field-Marshal Gough Statue, Phoenix Park, Dublin|publisher=Archiseek|access-date=18 January 2013|date=3 January 2013}}</ref> An equestrian statue of Gough by [[John Henry Foley|John Foley]] was ultimately erected outside the city, in [[Dublin]]'s [[Phoenix Park]] in 1880<ref name=arch/> but, after being repeatedly vandalised in the 1940s and 1950s, it was moved to [[Chillingham Castle]] in [[Northumberland]] in 1990. The inscription reads:

<blockquote>In honour of Field Marshal Hugh Viscount Gough, K.P., G.C.B., G.C.S.I., an illustrious Irishman, whose achievements in the Peninsular War, in China, and in India, have added lustre to the military glory of his country, which he faithfully served for seventy five years. This statue [cast from cannon taken by troops under his command and granted by Parliament for the purpose] is erected by friends and comrades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmsa.org.uk/pmsa-database/9867/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201161624/http://www.pmsa.org.uk/pmsa-database/9867/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2014|title=Field Marshall Viscount Gough|publisher=Public Monuments & Sculpture Association|access-date=18 January 2013}}</ref></blockquote>

The cannon referred to were [[Capture of Chusan (1841)|captured]] by Gough in China and India and yielded 15 tons of gun-metal for the statue.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rait|first= Robert S.|year=1908|title=Quotation: ''cannon captured by Lord Gough''; Page 104, ''The Story of an Irish Property''|location=Oxford |publisher= Privately Printed at the University Press|url=https://archive.org/stream/storyofirishprop00raitiala#page/104/mode/2up/search/The+bronze+from+which+the+statue+was+cast+consisted+of+fifteen+tons+of+gun-metal+from+cannon+captured+by+Lord+Gough+in+China+and+in+India++and+given++for+this+purpose++by+the+Government}}</ref>

==Family==
In June 1807, Gough married Frances Maria Stephens, daughter of General Edward Stephens.<ref name=heath148/>

As the 1st Viscount Gough, he set down a family seat near [[Gort]] at Lough Cutra Castle, County Galway, Ireland, when purchased by him in 1852.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lough Cutra Castle, Co. Galway |url=http://gort.galway-ireland.ie/lough-cutra-castle.htm|access-date=15 March 2017}}</ref>

Gough's first cousins included Thomas Bunbury of [[Lisnavagh House|Lisnavagh]], County Carlow, MP for Carlow, and Jane McClintock of [[Drumcar House|Drumcar]], mother of the [[John McClintock, 1st Baron Rathdonnell|1st Baron Rathdonnell]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Burke's Great War Peerage - Noble British and Irish Families on the Eve of the First World War|year=1914|publisher=Burke's Peerage|isbn=9780850110609|editor-last=Burke|editor-first=Sir Bernard|editor-last2=Burke|editor-first2=Ashworth|doi = 10.5118/bgwp.1914}}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image=[[File:Coat of Arms of the Viscount Gough.svg|center|250px]]
|escutcheon = Quarterly: 1st and 4th, Gules on a Mount Vert a Lion passant guardant Or supporting with his dexter paw the Union Flag flowing to the sinister proper over the same in chief the words "China" and "India" in letters of gold; 2nd and 3rd, Azure on a Fess Argent between three Boars' Heads couped Or a Lion passant Gules in the centre chief point pendent from a Riband Argent fimbriated Azure a representation of the Badge of the Spanish Order of Charles III proper on a Chief within Battlements a Representation of the East Wall of the Fortress of Tarifa with a Breach between two Turrets the dexter Turret surmounted by the British Flag flying all proper.
|crest = 1st: a Boar's Head couped Or; 2nd: on a Mural Crown Argent a Lion passant guardant Or holding in the dexter paw two Flag Staves in bend sinister proper the one being the Union Flag of Great Britain and Ireland surmounting the other the staff thereof broken with a triangular Banner flowing therefrom to represent a Chinese Flag having thereon a Dragon and in an Escroll above the word "China"; 3rd: a Dexter Arm embowed in Facings of the 87th Regiment (Gules faced Vert) the hand grasping the Colour of the said Regiment displayed and a representation of a French Eagle reversed and depressed the staff broken proper in an Escroll above the word "Barossa".
|supporters = Dexter: a Lion reguardant Or gorged with an Eastern Crown Gules the rim inscribed with the word "Punjab" in letters of gold with Chain reflexed over the back also Gold; Sinister: a Chinese Dragon Or gorged with a Mural Crown Sable inscribed with the word "China" and chained Gold.
|motto = Above the centre Crest: Faugh a Ballagh (Clear the way); Below the shield: Goojerat.
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|first=Thomas Hay Sweet |last=Escott|title=Club Makers and Club Members|year=1913|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028066979#page/n371/mode/2up |pages= 329–333}}
*{{cite book|last=Heathcote|first=Tony|title=The British Field Marshals, 1736–1997: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher= Leo Cooper|location=Barnsley|year= 1999|isbn= 0-85052-696-5}}
*{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Usherwood|title=Public sculpture of North-East England|publisher=Liverpool University Press|year= 2000|isbn=978-0853236351}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Rait|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Rait |year=1903|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924088002120 |title=The Life and Campaigns of Hugh, First Viscount Gough, Field-Marshal Volume 1|publisher=Westminster, A. Constable & Co.}}
*{{cite book|last=Rait|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Rait |year=1903|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924088002138 |title=The Life and Campaigns of Hugh, First Viscount Gough, Field-Marshal Volume 2|publisher=Westminster, A. Constable & Co.}}

==External links==
*{{Hansard-contribs | mr-hugh-gough | the Viscount Gough }}
* {{NPG name}}

{{Commons category|Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief, India]] | before=[[Jasper Nicolls|Sir Jasper Nicolls]] | after=[[Charles James Napier|Sir Charles Napier]] | years=1843–1849}}
|-
{{succession box | before=[[FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan|The Lord Raglan]] | title=Colonel of the [[Royal Horse Guards|Royal Regiment of Horse Guards (The Blues)]] | years=1855–1869 | after=[[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|The Lord Strathnairn]]}}
|-
{{succession box | before=[[Sir Thomas Reynell, 6th Baronet|Sir Thomas Reynell, Bt]] | title=Colonel of the [[87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot]] | years=1841–1855 | after=[[James Simpson (British Army officer)|James Simpson]]}}
|-
{{succession box | before=Sir [[Thomas Arbuthnot]] | title=Colonel of the [[99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot]] | years=1839–1841 | after=[[Howard Douglas|Sir Howard Douglas, Bt]]}}
|-
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new|rows=2 | creation}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Viscount Gough]] | years=1849–1869}}
{{s-aft|rows=2 | after=[[George Gough, 2nd Viscount Gough|George Stephens Gough]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Viscount Gough|Baron Gough]]| years=1846–1869}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new|Creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Viscount Gough|Baronet]]<br />'''(of Synone and Drangan)''' | years=1842–1869}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George Gough, 2nd Viscount Gough|George Stephens Gough]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Commander-in-Chief, India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gough, Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount}}
[[Category:1779 births]]
[[Category:1869 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from County Limerick]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:British Commanders-in-Chief of India]]
[[Category:British field marshals]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Sikh War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Opium War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Gwalior Campaign]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Sikh War]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights of St Patrick]]
[[Category:Royal Horse Guards officers]]
[[Category:Viscounts Gough|1]]
[[Category:87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Army Gold Cross]]
[[Category:Irish knights]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]

Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough - Revision history

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