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{{short description|Offering made into fire in Vedic tradition}}
{{other uses|Yajna{{!}}Yagya}}
{{Hinduism small}}
[[Image:Yajna1.jpg|right|thumb|216px|A homa being performed]]
In the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] Hinduism, a '''homa''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: होम) also known as '''havan''', is a fire ritual performed on special occasions by a [[Priest|Hindu priest]] usually for a homeowner ("grihastha": one possessing a home). The grihasth keeps different kinds of fire including one to cook food, heat his home, amongst other uses; therefore, a Yajna [[sacrifice|offering]] is made directly into the fire.<ref name=richardpayne2>{{cite book|author=Richard Payne|editor=Michael Witzel|title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-935158-9|pages=1–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hillary Rodrigues |title=Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC |year=2003|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8844-7 |pages=329 with note 25 }}</ref> A homa is sometimes called a "sacrifice ritual" because the fire destroys the offering, but a homa is more accurately a "[[Votive offering|votive]] ritual".<ref name=richardpayne2/> The fire is the agent, and the offerings include those that are material and symbolic such as grains, [[ghee]], milk, incense and seeds.<ref name=richardpayne2/><ref name=axelmichaels237/>

It is rooted in the [[historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]],<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/> and was adopted in ancient times by [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref name=richardpayne2/><ref name=axelmichaels237>{{cite book|author=Axel Michaels |title= Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSaxCgAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026263-1|pages=237–248}}</ref> The practice spread from India to Central Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia.<ref name=richardpayne2/> Homa rituals remain an important part of many Hindu ceremonies, and variations of homa continue to be practiced in current-day [[Buddhism]], particularly in parts of Tibet and Japan.<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/><ref name="mushashit126"/> It is also found in modern [[Jainism]].<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/><ref name=phyllisgranoff399/>

A homa is known by alternative names, such as ''[[yajna]]'' in Hinduism which sometimes means larger public fire rituals, or ''jajnavidhana'' or ''goma'' in Buddhism.<ref name=axelmichaels237/><ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Payne|editor=Michael Witzel|title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-935158-9|pages=30, 51, 341–342}}</ref> In modern times, a homa tends to be a private ritual around a symbolic fire, such as those observed at a wedding.<ref>{{cite book|author=Axel Michaels |title= Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSaxCgAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026263-1|page=246}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Sanskrit word ''homa'' (होम) is from the root ''hu'', which refers to "pouring into fire, offer, sacrifice".<ref>{{cite book|author=Wilhelm Geiger |title=Culavamsa: Being the More Recent Part of Mahavamsa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KiFnbZzJkMC |date=1998 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0430-8 |page=234 with footnotes}}</ref><ref name="axelmichaels231"/><ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?beginning=0+&tinput=hu&trans=Translate Hu], Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</ref>[[File:Havan duing Puja.jpg|thumb|A havan at ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'']]

==History==
Homa traditions are found all across Asia, from [[Samarkand]] to [[Japan]], over a 3000-year history.<ref name="Witzel2015p143">{{cite book|author=Timothy Lubin|editor=Michael Witzel|title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-935158-9|pages=143–166}}</ref> A ''homa'', in all its Asian variations, is a ceremonial ritual that offers food to fire and is ultimately linked to the traditions contained in the Vedic religion.<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/> The tradition reflects a reverence for fire and cooked food (''pākayajña'') that developed in Asia, and the [[Brahmana]] layers of the [[Vedas]] are the earliest records of this ritual reverence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Timothy Lubin|editor=Michael Witzel|title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-935158-9|pages=143–145, 148}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = '''Inner Homa, body as temple'''
<poem>
Therefore the first food which a man may take,
is in the place of Homa.
And he who offers that first oblation,
should offer it to [[Prana]], saying ''svaha''!
Then Prana is satisfied.
If Prana is satisfied, the eye is satisfied.
If eye is satisfied, the sun is satisfied.
If sun is satisfied, heaven is satisfied.
</poem>
|source = — ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]] 5.19.1–2''<br/>Transl: [[Max Muller]]<ref name="M?ller">{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Muller|title=The Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_LtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|year=1879|publisher=Oxford University Press, Reprinted in 2004|isbn=978-1-177-07458-2 |page=89}}</ref><ref>Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda'', Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 153, for context see pages 143–155</ref>
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
The ''yajñā'' or fire sacrifice became a distinct feature of the early ''[[śruti]]'' rituals.<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/> A ''[[śrauta]]'' ritual is a form of [[quid pro quo]] where through the fire ritual, a sacrificer offered something to the gods and goddesses, and the sacrificer expected something in return.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Payne|editor=Michael Witzel|title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-935158-9|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref name="Michael Witzel 2008 78">{{cite book|author=Michael Witzel |author-link=Michael Witzel|editor=Gavin Flood|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C |year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-99868-7 |page=78}}</ref> The Vedic ritual consisted of sacrificial offerings of something edible or drinkable,<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Witzel |author-link=Michael Witzel|editor=Gavin Flood|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C |year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-99868-7 |page=79}}</ref> such as milk, [[clarified butter]], yoghurt, rice, barley, an animal, or anything of value, offered to the gods with the assistance of fire priests.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sushil Mittal|author2=Gene Thursby|title=Religions of South Asia: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7KCAgAAQBAJ |year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-59322-4 |pages=65–66 }}</ref><ref name=mdhavamony107>{{cite book|author=M Dhavamony|title=Hindu Worship: Sacrifices and Sacraments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwLaO91rsu0C|series=Studia Missionalia|volume=23|year=1974|publisher=Gregorian Press, Universita Gregoriana, Roma|pages=107–108}}</ref> This Vedic tradition split into śrauta (śruti-based) and [[Smartism|Smarta]] ([[Smṛti]]-based).<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/>

The homa ritual practices were observed by different Buddhist and Jaina traditions, states Phyllis Granoff, with their texts appropriating the "ritual eclecticism" of Hindu traditions, albeit with variations that evolved through medieval times.<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/><ref name=phyllisgranoff399>Phyllis Granoff (2000), [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1004883605055 Other people's rituals: Ritual Eclecticism in early medieval Indian religious], Journal of Indian Philosophy, Volume 28, Issue 4, pages 399-424</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Christian K. Wedemeyer |title=Making Sense of Tantric Buddhism: History, Semiology, and Transgression in the Indian Traditions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvUYBQAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-16241-8 |pages=163–164 }}</ref> The homa-style Vedic sacrifice ritual, states Musashi Tachikawa, was absorbed into Mahayana Buddhism and homa rituals continue to be performed in some Buddhist traditions in Tibet, China and Japan.<ref name="mushashit126">{{cite book|author=Musashi Tachikawa |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-935158-9|pages=126–141}}</ref><ref name="Indian Fire Ritual">{{cite book|author1=Musashi Tachikawa |author2=S. S. Bahulkar |author3=Madhavi Bhaskar Kolhatkar |title=Indian Fire Ritual |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upXc2KdPlWkC&pg=PR12|year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1781-4|pages=2–3, 21–22}}</ref>

==Hinduism==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| footer = A homa altar with offerings (top), and a ceremony in progress
| image1 = Homa kundam.JPG
| alt1 = A homa altar with offerings
| image2 = (A) Hindu puja, yajna, yagna, Havanam in progress.jpg
| alt2 = A Hindu homa in progress
}}
The homa ritual grammar is common to many [[sanskara (rite of passage)]] ceremonies in various Hindu traditions.<ref name=frazierintrop2>{{cite book|last1=Frazier|first1=Jessica|title=The Continuum companion to Hindu studies |url=https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz|url-access=limited| date=2011|publisher=Continuum|location=London|isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz/page/n15 1]–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Sushil Mittal |author2=Gene Thursby |title=Religions of South Asia: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7KCAgAAQBAJ |year=2006|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59322-4 |pages=65–67}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Niels Gutschow|author2=Axel Michaels|title=Bel-Frucht und Lendentuch: Mädchen und Jungen in Bhaktapur, Nepal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DK-eoCXM_WsC|year=2008|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05752-3|pages=54–57}}</ref> The Vedic fire ritual, at the core of various homa ritual variations in Hinduism, is a "bilaterally symmetrical" structure of a rite.<ref name=hollyg47/> It often combines fire and water, burnt offerings and soma, fire as masculine, earth and water as feminine, the fire vertical and reaching upwards, while the altar, offerings and liquids being horizontal.<ref name=hollyg47/> The homa ritual's altar (fire pit) is itself a symmetry, most often a square, a design principle that is also at the heart of temples and mandapas in Indian religions.<ref>{{cite book|author=Titus Burckhardt|title=Foundations of Oriental Art and Symbolism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SelZ_qRsklcC |year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-933316-72-7|pages=13–18}}</ref> The sequence of homa ritual events similarly, from beginning to end, are structured around the principles of symmetry.<ref name=hollyg47>{{cite book|author=Holly Grether |title= Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSaxCgAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026263-1|pages=47–51}}</ref> ).<ref name=hollyg47/>

The fire-altar (''[[Vedi (altar)|vedi]]'' or homa/havan kunda) is generally made of brick or stone or a copper vessel, and is almost always built specifically for the occasion, being dismantled immediately afterwards. This fire-altar is invariably built in square shape. While very large ''vedis'' are occasionally built for major public ''homas'', the usual altar may be as small as 1 × 1 foot square and rarely exceeds 3 × 3 feet square.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

A ritual space of homa, the altar is temporary and movable.<ref name=richardpayne2/> The first step in a homa ritual is the construction of the ritual enclosure (mandapa), and the last step is its deconstruction.<ref name=richardpayne2/> The altar and mandapa is consecrated by a priest, creating a sacred space for the ritual ceremony, with recitation of [[mantra]]s. With hymns sung, the fire is started, offerings collected. The sacrificer enters, symbolically cleanses himself or herself, with water, joins the homa ritual, gods invited, prayers recited, conch shell blown. The sacrificers pour offerings and libations into the fire, with hymns sung, to the sounds of ''svaha''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=John Stratton Hawley |author2=Vasudha Narayanan |title=The Life of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hairjdT-ekC |year=2006|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24914-1 |pages=84 }}</ref> The oblations and offerings typically consist of clarified butter (''ghee''), milk, curd, sugar, saffron, grains, coconut, perfumed water, incense, seeds, petals and herbs.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hillary Rodrigues |title= Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC |year=2003|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8844-7 |pages=224–231 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova |title=Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C |year=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1234-5 |pages=51–52 }}</ref>

The altar and the ritual is a symbolic representation of the Hindu cosmology, a link between reality and the worlds of gods and living beings.<ref name=axelmichaels231/> The ritual is also a symmetric exchange, a "quid pro quo", where humans offer something to the gods through the medium of fire, and in return expect that the gods will reciprocate with strength and that which they have power to influence.<ref name=axelmichaels231>{{cite book|author=Axel Michaels |title= Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSaxCgAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026263-1|page=231}}</ref><ref name="Michael Witzel 2008 78"/>

==Buddhism==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| footer = [[Shingon Buddhism|Shingon Buddhist]] priests practice ''homa'' ritual, which sometimes includes beating drums and blowing [[horagai]] (lower, [[conch]]).<ref name=stephencovel2/><ref name="SwansonChilson2006p241">{{cite book|author1=Paul Loren Swanson|author2=Clark Chilson|title=Nanzan Guide to Japanese Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vuHBV0FpIIC |year=2006|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3002-1|pages=240–242}}</ref>
| image1 = Shingon goma ceremony.jpg
| alt1 = Shingon homa
| image2 = Antique Japanese horagi (conch shell trumpet).JPG
| alt2 = Conch shell for Japanese homa
}}
The homa ({{linktext|護|摩}}, ''goma'') ritual of consecrated fire is found in some Buddhist traditions of Tibet, China and Japan.<ref name="mushashit126"/><ref name="Indian Fire Ritual"/> Its roots are the Vedic ritual, it evokes Buddhist deities, and is performed by qualified Buddhist priests.<ref name=mushashit126/><ref name=charlesorzech267>{{cite book|author=Charles Orzech |editor=Michael Witzel |title=''Homa in Chinese Translations and Manuals from the Sixth through Eighth Centuries'', in Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-935158-9|pages=266–268}}</ref> In Chinese translations of Buddhist texts such as ''Kutadanta Sutta'', ''Dighanikaya'' and ''Suttanipata'', dated to be from the 6th to 8th century, the Vedic homa practice is attributed to Buddha's endorsement along with the claim that Buddha was the original teacher of the [[Vedas]] in his previous lives.<ref name=charlesorzech267/>

In some Buddhist homa traditions, such as in Japan, the central deity invoked in this ritual is usually [[Acala]]nātha (Fudō Myōō 不動明王, lit. ''immovable wisdom king''). ''Acalanātha'' is another name for the god [[Rudra]] in the Vedic tradition, for [[Vajrapani]] or ''Chakdor'' in Tibetan traditions, and of ''Sotshirvani'' in Siberia.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Maki Evans|title=Kurikara: The Sword and the Serpent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fnp04xFqWKcC |year=2011|publisher=North Atlantic|isbn=978-1-58394-428-8|page=xvii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles Russell Coulter| author2=Patricia Turner| title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWxekbhM1yEC&pg=PT1113| year=2013| publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-135-96397-2| page=1113}}</ref> The Acala Homa ritual procedure follows the same Vedic protocols found in Hinduism, with offerings into the fire by priests who recite mantras being the main part of the ritual and the devotees clap hands as different rounds of hymns have been recited.<ref>{{cite book|author=Musashi Tachikawa |editor=Michael Witzel |title=''The Structure of Japanese Buddhist Homa'', in Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935158-9|pages=134–138, 268–269}}</ref> Other versions of the Vedic homa (''goma'') rituals are found in the [[Tendai]] and [[Shingon Buddhism|Shingon]] Buddhist traditions as well as in [[Shugendō]] and [[Shinto]] in Japan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Payne |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935158-9|pages=3, 29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ryûichi Abé|title=The Weaving of Mantra: Kukai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist Discourse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ExNmHIACskC |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-52887-0|pages=347–348}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Helen Josephine Baroni |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smNM4ElP3XgC |year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-2240-6 |pages=100–101 }}</ref>

In most Shingon temples, this ritual is performed daily in the morning or the afternoon, and is a requirement for all acharyas to learn this ritual upon entering the priesthood.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Payne |editor=Michael Witzel |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935158-9|page=338}}</ref> The original medieval era texts of the ''goma'' rituals are in Siddham Sanskrit seed words and Chinese, with added Japanese katakana to assist the priests in proper pronunciation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael R. Saso|title=Tantric Art and Meditation: The Tendai Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGbHEZ6VGpkC |year=1990|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1363-5 |pages=xv–xvi }}</ref> Larger scale ceremonies often include multiple priests, chanting, the beating of [[Taiko]] drums and blowing of conch shell (''horagai'') around the mandala with fire as the ceremonial focus.<ref name=stephencovel2>{{cite book|author=Stephen Grover Covell|title=Japanese Temple Buddhism: Worldliness in a Religion of Renunciation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krxXMkPWP1QC |year=2005|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2856-1|pages=2–4}}</ref><ref name="SwansonChilson2006p241"/> Homa rituals (''sbyin sreg'') widely feature in Tibetan Buddhism and Bön and are linked to a variety of Mahayana Buddhas and tantric deities.<ref>{{cite book|author=Halkias, Georgios |editor1-first=Georgios T |editor1-last=Halkias |title=Homa Variations |chapter=Fire Rituals by the Queen of Siddhas |journal=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée |pages=225–245 |url=https://www.academia.edu/19262354 |year=2016|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199351572.003.0008 |isbn=9780199351572 }}</ref>
[[File:Kasoshima-shi-saifukuji-japna-20100101-071.jpg|thumb|Homa ceremony at the Saifukuji Temple, Japan]]

==Jainism==
Homa rituals are also found in [[Jainism]].<ref name="Witzel2015p143"/><ref name=phyllisgranoff399/> For example, the ''Ghantakarn'' ritual is a homa sacrifice, which has evolved over the centuries, and where ritual offerings are made into fire, with ''pancamrit'' (milk, curd, sugar, saffron and clarified butter) and other symbolic items such as coconut, incense, seeds and herbs.<ref name="Cort2001p166">{{cite book|author=John E. Cort |title=Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803037-9 |pages=165–166}}</ref><ref name="Shah1998p206"/> The mantra recited by Jains include those in Sanskrit, and the 16th-century Svetambara text ''Ghantakarna Mantra Stotra'' is a Sanskrit text which describes the homa ritual dedicated to [[Ghantakarna Mahavira]] in one of the Jaina sects.<ref name="Cort2001p166"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Kristi L. Wiley |title=The A to Z of Jainism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC |year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6821-2 |pages=90 }}</ref>

The ''[[Adipurana]]'' of Jainism, in section 47.348, describes a Vedic fire ritual in the memory of [[Rishabha]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Helmuth von Glasenapp |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC |year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 |pages=452 }}</ref> Traditional Jaina wedding ceremonies, like among the Hindus, is a Vedic fire sacrifice ritual.<ref name="Shah1998p206">{{cite book|author=Natubhai Shah |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2|pages=205–206}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Helmuth von Glasenapp |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC |year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 |pages=458 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dhuni]]
* [[Holocaust (sacrifice)]]
* [[Kupala Night]]
* [[Lag BaOmer]]
* [[Walpurgis Night]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Homa fire}}
* [http://www.lokakshemayagna.org Organization for promoting Homas]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180804032312/http://agnihotra.ch/ Agnihotra Firehoma]
* [http://www.agnihotra-online.com Association for Homa-Therapy agnihotra-online.com]
* [http://www.sanatansociety.org/yoga_and_meditation/homa_tantric_fire_worship.htm Tantric Fire]

{{Hindudharma}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Yajna]]
[[Category:Vedic customs]]
[[Category:Buddhist rituals]]
[[Category:Shingon Buddhism]]
[[Category:Vajrayana]]
[[Category:Religious rituals]]
[[Category:Traditions involving fire]]
[[Category:Shugendō]]

Homa (ritual) - Revision history

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ImportMaster at 13:26, 4 January 2022