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{{Short description|Beetle species}}
{{Cleanup|reason= English grammar needs fixing: Spelling, grammar (mainly non-use of articles); run-on sentences; jargon; verb tense, subject-verb agreements.|date=July 2021}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| genus = Holotrichia
| species = serrata
| authority = ([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1781)
| synonyms = {{Specieslist
|Lachnosterna serrata|(Fabricius)
|Melolontha serrata|Fabricius, 1781
|Phyllophaga serrata|(Fabricius)
}}
}}

'''''Holotrichia serrata''''', commonly known as the '''sugarcane white grub''', or '''cockchafer grub''', is a species of [[Melolonthinae|dung beetle]] found in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Sri Lanka]].

==Description==
Adult female beetles lay white, almost round eggs. The first and second [[instars]] are translucent, whitish-yellow with a characteristic 'C' – shape. The third instar is a dirty white color with an average length of about 34 to 39 mm. The clearly marked brownish-orange colored head consists of strong mandibles. Slender antennae are long and brown. The instar period lasts for 60 to 70 days, and is followed by a short pre-pupal period of two days. Pupation is within an earthen chamber where the third instar burrowed deep into the soil and prepared a small earthen cell. This [[exarate]] pupa is about 25 to 27 mm in length where the pupal period is 13 to 19 days. After the onset of rain, beetles emerge within 3 to 4 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crop Protection :: Oil Seeds :: Pest of Groundnut |url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/groundnut/crop_prot_crop_insect_oil_ground%20nut_12.html |archive-date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=TNAU Agritec Portal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715160115/https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/groundnut/crop_prot_crop_insect_oil_ground%20nut_12.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Adult beetles are brown in color where females are larger than males with an average length about 23 to 25 mm. Adults can survive for 12 to 26 days in captivity.<ref name="serrata">{{Cite journal |first1=S.M. |last1=Dadmal |first2=P.A. |last2=Ghuge |first3=S.S. |last3=Khadakkar |first4=S.W. |last4=Khodke |title=Occurrence of Holotrichia serrata (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) in Vidarbha |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317171332 |journal=Indian Journal of Entomology |year=2013 |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=354–355}}</ref>

==Biology==
The grub stage is considered as a serious pest on [[sugarcane]] where they can be controlled by management of using cultural, mechanical, biological, chemical and integrated methods.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} In biological method, grubs can be destroy by using the parasitoid fungus ''[[Metarhizium anisopliae]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=C. |last1=Thamarai Chelvi |first2=W. |last2=Richard Thilagaraj |first3=R. |last3=Nalini |title=Field efficacy of formulations of microbial insecticide Metarhizium anisopliae (Hyphocreales: Clavicipitaceae) for the control of sugarcane white grub Holotrichia serrata F(Coleoptera :Scarabidae) |url=http://www.jbiopest.com/users/lw8/efiles/vol_4_2_261c.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-19 |access-date=2021-07-15 |journal=Journal of Biopesticides |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=186–189 |year=2011 |doi=10.57182/jbiopestic.4.2.186-189 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819020021/http://www.jbiopest.com/users/LW8/efiles/Vol_4_2_261C.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from that, many insecticides such as [[chlorpyrifos]], [[phorate]], [[quinalphos]] and [[carbofuran]] also used for eradication of grubs in sugarcane cultivation.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=S. |last1=Manisegaran |first2=S. M. |last2=Lakshmi |first3=V. |last3=Srimohanapriya |title=Field Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin against Holotrichia serrata (Blanch) in sugarcane |url=http://www.jbiopest.com/users/lw8/efiles/vol_4_2_262c.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-19 |access-date=2021-07-15 |journal=Journal of Biopesticides |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=190–193 |year=2011 |doi=10.57182/jbiopestic.4.2.190-193 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819020022/http://www.jbiopest.com/users/LW8/efiles/Vol_4_2_262C.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2012, an outbreak of the beetle was recorded from soybean, cotton and pigeon pea ecosystems in Vidarbha, India.<ref name="serrata" />

Apart from sugarcane, it is also a major pest on many vegetables, groundnut and coconut. The volatiles from ''[[Acacia nilotica]]'', ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'' leaf extract is known to elicited higher antennal response of adult beetles. Usually this antennal response to pheromone gland and host extracts is higher in males.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.jssas.2012.11.004 | title=Electrophysiological responses of chafer beetle, Holotrichia serrata (F.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | year=2013 | last1=Subaharan | first1=Kesavan | last2=Kumar | first2=A.R.V. | last3=Ganiger | first3=Prabhu | journal=Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences | volume=12 | issue=2 | pages=155–159 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Grubs are also known to parasitized by another entomopathogenic fungus ''[[Beauveria brongniartii]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s12355-012-0152-2 | title=Effect of Media Additives on the Production of Beauveria brongniartii, an Entomopathogenic Fungus of Holotrichia serrata | year=2012 | last1=Srikanth | first1=J. | last2=Santhalakshmi | first2=G. | journal=Sugar Tech | volume=14 | issue=3 | pages=284–290 | s2cid=106819 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF02943651 | title=Viability and virulence of selectedbeauveria brongniartii formulations against ''Holotrichia'' serrata | year=2006 | last1=Srikanth | first1=J. | last2=Santhalakshmi | first2=G. | last3=Tamizharasi | first3=V. | journal=Sugar Tech | volume=8 | issue=2–3 | pages=152–154 | s2cid=34102689 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Field efficacy and persistence of Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch applied against Holotrichia serrata F. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) infesting sugarcane in southern India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259620183 |access-date=2021-07-15 |journal= Sugar Cane International |year=2010 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=151–156 |first1=J. |last1=Srikanth |first2=S. |last2=Easwaramoorthy |first3=G. |last3=Santhalakshmi}}</ref> In Sri Lanka, grubs have been observed to feed on the tap roots of the [[teak]] seedlings, and finally the damaged plants wilt and die.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bandara |first=G. D. |title=Chemical control of cockchafer grub (Holotrichia serrata) in teak nurseries |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/19950606328 |archive-date=2022-06-20 |access-date=2021-07-15 |journal=Sri Lanka Forester |year=1990 |volume=19 |issue=3/4 |pages=47–50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620155013/https://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/19950606328 |url-status=live }}</ref> Grubs also can be removed from the cultivation land by cultural practises such as ploughing, harrowing, hoeing, flooding and fallowing of fields, trap cropping and crop rotation. Other than that, resistant crops such as sunflower and trap crops such as sorghum, maize, onion can be grown along with the cultivation.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Species Page: white grub (Holotrichia serrata) |url=https://www.plantwise.org/knowledgebank/datasheet/29633 |archive-date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=Plantwise Knowledge Bank |doi=10.1079/pwkb.species.29633 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715161616/https://www.plantwise.org/knowledgebank/datasheet/29633 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2009, many rice, chillies, sorghum and sugarcane cultivations in Maharashtra State, about 9,000,000 adult beetles were collected mechanically and destroyed after heavy infestations. Also ''[[Acacia arabica]]'' and neem tree extracts mixed with DDT also used for eradication.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1080/09670877609412368 | title=A Large Scale Campaign for the Control of White Grubs (Holotrichia serrata F.) in Maharashtra State | year=1976 | last1=Raodeo | first1=A. K. | last2=Deshpande | first2=S. V. | last3=Deshpande | first3=A. D. | last4=Puri | first4=S. N. | last5=Bilapate | first5=G. G. | journal=Pest Articles & News Summaries | volume=22 | issue=2 | pages=223–228 }}</ref> Apart from that, the bacterium ''[[Milky spore|Paenibacillus popilliae]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Holotrichia serrata (white grub) Data Sheet |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/29633 |archive-date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=CABI |date=2021 |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.29633 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715160114/https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/29633 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and some entomopathogenic [[nematode]]s such as ''[[Heterorhabditis indica]]'', ''[[Heterorhabditis bacteriophora]]'', ''[[Steinernema glaseri]]'' and ''[[Steinernema riobrave]]'' can be used against pupae and adult beetles.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF02943567 | title=Biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes heterorhabditis and steinernema against pupae and adults of white grub ''Holotrichia'' serrata F | year=2006 | last1=Sankaranarayanan | first1=C. | last2=Somasekhar | first2=N. | last3=Singaravelu | first3=B. | journal=Sugar Tech | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=268–271 | s2cid=20429946 }}</ref> The seed extract from ''[[Datura innoxia]]'' and ''[[Thevetia peruviana]]'' also show biopesticide properties against grubs.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

===Main host plants===
* ''[[Areca catechu]]''
* ''[[Arachis hypogaea]]''
* ''[[Cajanus cajan]]''
* ''[[Cocos nucifera]]''
* ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]''
* ''[[Hevea brasiliensis]]''
* ''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]''
* ''[[Oryza sativa]]''
* ''[[Pennisetum glaucum]]''
* ''[[Saccharum officinarum]]''
* ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]''
* ''[[Sorghum bicolor]]''
* ''[[Tectona grandis]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2071564}}

[[Category:Holotrichia]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Beetles of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 1781]]
[[Category:Insect pests of millets]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius]]

Holotrichia serrata - Revision history

AntoniettaWhitco: creating new info v1