History of Surat - Revision history

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	~~Its a port city located on the coast of gujrat~~ {{short description\|City in India}}		{{short description\|City in India}}
	[[File:Muglisaraisurat.jpg\|thumb\|The [[Mughal Sarai, Surat\|Mughal Sarai]] was a caravanserai built in 1644 CE during the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] rule. The clock tower was added in 1844 by the British.]]The '''History of [[Surat]]''' dates back hundreds of years.<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Surat</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gujar%C3%A1t_and_the_Gujar%C3%A1tis\|title=Gujarat and the Gujaratis\|last=Malabari\|first=Behramji\|year=1882\|pages=11–37}}</ref> The city was founded in the late medieval period, and gradually became an important port in the [[Mughal Empire]]. The Maratha rulers defeated the Mughals during the [[Battle of Surat]]. Later, the Dutch ruled the area and the city became known as [[Dutch Suratte]].		It is a port city located on the coast of Gujarat. [[File:Muglisaraisurat.jpg\|thumb\|The [[Mughal Sarai, Surat\|Mughal Sarai]] was a caravanserai built in 1644 CE during the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] rule. The clock tower was added in 1844 by the British.]]The '''History of [[Surat]]''' dates back hundreds of years.<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Surat</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gujar%C3%A1t_and_the_Gujar%C3%A1tis\|title=Gujarat and the Gujaratis\|last=Malabari\|first=Behramji\|year=1882\|pages=11–37}}</ref> The city was founded in the [[late medieval period]], and gradually became an important port in the [[Mughal Empire]]. The Maratha rulers defeated the Mughals during the [[Battle of Surat]]. Later, the Dutch ruled the area and the city became known as [[Dutch Suratte]].

	==Early history==		==Early history==
	{{Further\|Battle of Surat}}[[File:Sourratte int ryck vanden Grooten Mogol en Indien - Peeters Jacob - 1690.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Surat in 1690]]		{{Further\|Battle of Surat}}[[File:Sourratte int ryck vanden Grooten Mogol en Indien - Peeters Jacob - 1690.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Surat in 1690]]
	Surat was ~~founded~~ by ~~Gopi, who named the area Surajpur or Suryapur~~.<ref name="EB">{{cite web\|title=Surat\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Surat\|website=Encyclopædia Britannica\|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.\|access-date=9 January 2018\|date=6 August 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110000241/https://www.britannica.com/place/Surat\|archive-date=10 January 2018\|url-status=live}}</ref~~> In the 12th and 15th centuries, Surat was plundered by Muslims.<ref name="EB"/~~> In 1512, and again in 1530, Surat was ravaged by the [[Portuguese Empire]]. In 1514, the Portuguese traveler [[Duarte Barbosa]] described Surat as an important seaport, frequented by many [[ship]]s from [[Zamorin\|Malabar]] and various parts of the world. By 1520, the name of the city had become Surat.<ref name="EB"/>		In the 12th and 15th centuries, Surat was plundered by Muslims.<ref name="EB">{{cite web\|title=Surat\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Surat\|website=Encyclopædia Britannica\|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.\|access-date=9 January 2018\|date=6 August 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110000241/https://www.britannica.com/place/Surat\|archive-date=10 January 2018\|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1512, and again in 1530, Surat was ravaged by the [[Portuguese Empire]]. In 1514, the Portuguese traveler [[Duarte Barbosa]] described Surat as an important seaport, frequented by many [[ship]]s from [[Zamorin\|Malabar]] and various parts of the world.

			Around the turn of the sixteenth century, [[Malik Gopi]], a [[Brahmin]] merchant,{{ref\|1\|[Note 1]}} settled in Surat and the development of the city has been attributed to his contributions. Notably, Gopi built an artificial lake, the [[Gopi Talav]], for water storage in 1516. The area he developed was called Gopipura, in his honour and the king of Gujarat{{ref\|2\|[Note 2]}} gave him the title of "Malik". The town that he developed was still unnamed and consulting astrologers he proposed to name it "Suraj" or "Suryapur". By 1520, the name of the city had become Surat<ref name="EB"/> as the king, disliking the Hindu inclination of the name, altered it to "Surat" (meaning headings of the chapters of the [[Quran]]).<ref name="Suraj">{{cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mboMAAAAIAAJ&dq=gopi+talav&pg=PA70 \| title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume 2 \| publisher=Government Central Press \| year=1877 \| pages=70}}</ref> Gopi also finds mentions in Portuguese literature as "Lord of Surat and Bharuch".<ref name="Mandelslo">{{cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlhTMbDPykUC&pg=PA11 \| title=Mandelslo's Travels In Western India \| publisher=Asian Educational Services \| author=M. S. Commissariat \| year=1996 \| pages=11 \| isbn=9788120607149}}</ref>

	In 1573, Surat was conquered by the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]]s.<ref name="EB"/> It was the most prosperous port in the Mughal empire, used for travel to the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage.<ref name="Eraly07">{{cite book\|author1=Abraham Eraly\|author-link1=Abraham Eraly\|title=The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age\|date=2007\|publisher=Penguin Books India\|isbn=978-0143102625\|pages=13–14}}</ref> Despite being a rich city, Surat looked like a typical "grubby" trader's town with mud-and-bamboo tenements and crooked streets, although along the riverfront there were a few mansions and warehouses belonging to local merchant princes and the establishments of Turkish, Armenian, English, French and Dutch traders. There were also hospitals for cows, horses, flies and insects run by religious [[Jain]]s, which puzzled travelers.<ref name="Eraly07"/> Some streets were narrow while others were of sufficient width. In the evening, especially near the Bazaar (marketplace), the streets became crowded with people and merchants (including [[Banyan merchants]]) selling their goods. Surat was a populous city during the Mughal era but also had a large transient population: during the [[monsoon]] season, when ships could come and go from the ports without danger, the city's population would swell.<ref name="Eraly07"/> In 1612, [[England]] established its first Indian [[trading factory]] in Surat.<ref name="EB"/> The city was sacked twice by the Maratha king [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj\|Shivaji]], with the first sacking occurring in 1664.<ref name="EB"/>{{r\|municipality}} Shivaji's raids scared trade away and caused ruin to the city.<ref name="Eraly07"/>		In 1573, Surat was conquered by the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]]s.<ref name="EB"/> It was the most prosperous port in the Mughal empire, used for travel to the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage.<ref name="Eraly07">{{cite book\|author1=Abraham Eraly\|author-link1=Abraham Eraly\|title=The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age\|date=2007\|publisher=Penguin Books India\|isbn=978-0143102625\|pages=13–14}}</ref> Despite being a rich city, Surat looked like a typical "grubby" trader's town with mud-and-bamboo tenements and crooked streets, although along the riverfront there were a few mansions and warehouses belonging to local merchant princes and the establishments of Turkish, Armenian, English, French and Dutch traders. There were also hospitals for cows, horses, flies and insects run by religious [[Jain]]s, which puzzled travelers.<ref name="Eraly07"/> Some streets were narrow while others were of sufficient width. In the evening, especially near the Bazaar (marketplace), the streets became crowded with people and merchants (including [[Banyan merchants]]) selling their goods. Surat was a populous city during the Mughal era but also had a large transient population: during the [[monsoon]] season, when ships could come and go from the ports without danger, the city's population would swell.<ref name="Eraly07"/> In 1612, [[England]] established its first Indian [[trading factory]] in Surat.<ref name="EB"/> The city was sacked twice by the Maratha king [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj\|Shivaji]], with the first sacking occurring in 1664.<ref name="EB"/>{{r\|municipality}} Shivaji's raids scared trade away and caused ruin to the city.<ref name="Eraly07"/>
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	By the middle of the 19th century, Surat had become a stagnant city with about 80,000 inhabitants. When India's railways opened, the city started becoming prosperous again. [[Silk]]s, cottons, brocades, and objects of gold and silver from Surat became famous and the ancient art of manufacturing fine [[muslin]] was revived.<ref name="EB"/>		By the middle of the 19th century, Surat had become a stagnant city with about 80,000 inhabitants. When India's railways opened, the city started becoming prosperous again. [[Silk]]s, cottons, brocades, and objects of gold and silver from Surat became famous and the ancient art of manufacturing fine [[muslin]] was revived.<ref name="EB"/>

	==Post-Independence ~~(1947 CE - present)~~==		==Post-Independence==
	After Indian independence in 1947, several educational institutions including the [[NIT Surat]] and [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]		After Indian independence in 1947, several educational institutions including the [[NIT Surat]] and [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]

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Its a port city located on the coast of gujrat {{short description|City in India}}
[[File:Muglisaraisurat.jpg|thumb|The [[Mughal Sarai, Surat|Mughal Sarai]] was a caravanserai built in 1644 CE during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule. The clock tower was added in 1844 by the British.]]The '''History of [[Surat]]''' dates back hundreds of years.<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Surat</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gujar%C3%A1t_and_the_Gujar%C3%A1tis|title=Gujarat and the Gujaratis|last=Malabari|first=Behramji|year=1882|pages=11–37}}</ref> The city was founded in the late medieval period, and gradually became an important port in the [[Mughal Empire]]. The Maratha rulers defeated the Mughals during the [[Battle of Surat]]. Later, the Dutch ruled the area and the city became known as [[Dutch Suratte]].

==Early history==
{{Further|Battle of Surat}}[[File:Sourratte int ryck vanden Grooten Mogol en Indien - Peeters Jacob - 1690.jpg|thumb|left|Surat in 1690]]
Surat was founded by Gopi, who named the area Surajpur or Suryapur.<ref name="EB">{{cite web|title=Surat|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Surat|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.|access-date=9 January 2018|date=6 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110000241/https://www.britannica.com/place/Surat|archive-date=10 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 12th and 15th centuries, Surat was plundered by Muslims.<ref name="EB"/> In 1512, and again in 1530, Surat was ravaged by the [[Portuguese Empire]]. In 1514, the Portuguese traveler [[Duarte Barbosa]] described Surat as an important seaport, frequented by many [[ship]]s from [[Zamorin|Malabar]] and various parts of the world. By 1520, the name of the city had become Surat.<ref name="EB"/>

In 1573, Surat was conquered by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s.<ref name="EB"/> It was the most prosperous port in the Mughal empire, used for travel to the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage.<ref name="Eraly07">{{cite book|author1=Abraham Eraly|author-link1=Abraham Eraly|title=The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age|date=2007|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0143102625|pages=13–14}}</ref> Despite being a rich city, Surat looked like a typical "grubby" trader's town with mud-and-bamboo tenements and crooked streets, although along the riverfront there were a few mansions and warehouses belonging to local merchant princes and the establishments of Turkish, Armenian, English, French and Dutch traders. There were also hospitals for cows, horses, flies and insects run by religious [[Jain]]s, which puzzled travelers.<ref name="Eraly07"/> Some streets were narrow while others were of sufficient width. In the evening, especially near the Bazaar (marketplace), the streets became crowded with people and merchants (including [[Banyan merchants]]) selling their goods. Surat was a populous city during the Mughal era but also had a large transient population: during the [[monsoon]] season, when ships could come and go from the ports without danger, the city's population would swell.<ref name="Eraly07"/> In 1612, [[England]] established its first Indian [[trading factory]] in Surat.<ref name="EB"/> The city was sacked twice by the Maratha king [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj|Shivaji]], with the first sacking occurring in 1664.<ref name="EB"/>{{r|municipality}} Shivaji's raids scared trade away and caused ruin to the city.<ref name="Eraly07"/>

==Colonial period==
{{Main|Dutch Suratte}}
[[File:Surat city.jpg|thumb|left|Surat in 1877]]
[[File:Dutch Cemetery of Surat.jpg|thumb|Dutch-Armenian Cemetery of [[Surat]]]]
Later, Surat became the emporium of India, exporting gold and cloth. Its major industries were shipbuilding and textile manufacture.<ref name="EB"/> The coast of the [[Tapti River]], from Athwalines to Dumas, was specially meant for shipbuilders, who were usually Rassis.{{r|municipality}} The city continued to be prosperous until the rise of Bombay (present-day [[Mumbai]]). Afterwards, Surat's shipbuilding industry declined and Surat itself gradually declined throughout the 18th century.<ref name="EB"/>{{r|municipality}} Between 1790–91, an epidemic killed 100,000 [[Gujaratis]] in Surat.<ref>{{cite book|page=193|title=Eighteenth-Century Gujarat: The Dynamics of Its Political Economy, 1750–1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=En_heITTXCoC&pg=PA193|author=Ghulam A. Nadri|isbn=978-9004172029|year=2009|access-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014134206/https://books.google.com/books?id=En_heITTXCoC&pg=PA193|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The British and Dutch both claimed control of the city, but in 1800, the British took control of Surat.<ref name="EB"/>{{r|municipality}} The [[Andrews Library]] was built during this period.

In [[1837 Surat fire|the great fire of 1837]], more than 500 people died and caused the destruction of 9737 houses. It was the most destructive fire in the history of city.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEFuAAAAMAAJ&q=+fire+1837|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Surat District|publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|year=1962|edition=2nd (Revised in 1962), 1st (1877)|location=Ahmedabad|pages=976–978}}</ref>

By the middle of the 19th century, Surat had become a stagnant city with about 80,000 inhabitants. When India's railways opened, the city started becoming prosperous again. [[Silk]]s, cottons, brocades, and objects of gold and silver from Surat became famous and the ancient art of manufacturing fine [[muslin]] was revived.<ref name="EB"/>

==Post-Independence (1947 CE - present)==
After Indian independence in 1947, several educational institutions including the [[NIT Surat]] and [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=municipality>{{cite web
|url=https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/content/city/history.shtml
|title=History of Surat
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012914/http://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/content/city/history.shtml
|archive-date=5 January 2012
}}
</ref>

}}

{{History of India by City}}
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}

[[Category:History of Surat| ]]
[[Category:Surat]]