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	== Prehistory and Origin ==		== Prehistory and Origin ==

	The first accepted references to the place are observed more than 2500 years ago in [[Jain]] and [[Buddhist]] [[scripture]]s. Recorded history of the city begins in the year 490 BCE when [[Ajatashatru]], the king of [[~~Magadh~~]], wanted to shift his capital from the hilly [[Rajgir\|Rajgriha]] to a more strategically located place to combat the [[Licchavi (kingdom)\|Licchavi]] of [[Vaishali (ancient city)\|Vaishali]]. He chose a site on the bank of the Ganges and fortified the area which developed into Patna.		The first accepted references to the place are observed more than 2500 years ago in [[Jain]] and [[Buddhist]] [[scripture]]s. Recorded history of the city begins in the year 490 BCE when [[Ajatashatru]], the king of [[Magadha]], wanted to shift his capital from the hilly [[Rajgir\|Rajgriha]] to a more strategically located place to combat the [[Licchavi (kingdom)\|Licchavi]] of [[Vaishali (ancient city)\|Vaishali]]. He chose a site on the bank of the Ganges and fortified the area which developed into Patna.
	[[File:Ascetic Bodhisatta Gotama with the Group of Five.jpg\|thumb\|[[Gautama Buddha]] undertaking extreme ascetic practices before his enlightenment under the Bodhi tree, on the bank of river [[Phalgu]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], Bihar]]		[[File:Ascetic Bodhisatta Gotama with the Group of Five.jpg\|thumb\|[[Gautama Buddha]] undertaking extreme ascetic practices before his enlightenment under the Bodhi tree, on the bank of river [[Phalgu]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], Bihar]]

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	}}		}}
	According to tradition, the [[Haryanka dynasty]] founded in 684 BCE, whose capital was [[Rajagriha]], later [[Pataliputra]], the present-day [[Patna]]. This dynasty lasted until 424 BCE when it was overthrown by the [[Nanda dynasty]]. This period saw the development of two of India's major religions that started from [[Magadha]].		According to tradition, the [[Haryanka dynasty]] founded in 684 BCE, whose capital was [[Rajagriha]], later [[Pataliputra]], the present-day [[Patna]]. This dynasty lasted until 424 BCE when it was overthrown by the [[Nanda dynasty]]. This period saw the development of two of India's major religions that started from [[Magadha]].
	[[Bimbisara]] was responsible for expanding the boundaries of his kingdom through matrimonial alliances and conquest. The land of [[Kosala]] fell to Magadha in this way. [[Bimbisara]] (543-493 BCE ) was imprisoned and killed by his son [[Ajatashatru]] (491-461 BCE) who then became his successor, and under whose rule the dynasty reached its largest extent. [[Ajatashatru]] went to war with the [[Licchavi (kingdom)\|Licchavi]] several times. [[Ajatashatru]] is thought to have ruled from 491-461 BCE and moved his capital of the Magadha kingdom from [[Rajagriha]] to [[Pataliputra]]. [[Udayabhadra]] eventually succeeded his father, [[Ajatashatru]], under him [[Pataliputra]] became the largest city in the world.<ref name="singh3"/>		[[Bimbisara]] was responsible for expanding the boundaries of his kingdom through matrimonial alliances and conquest. The land of [[Kosala]] fell to Magadha in this way. [[Bimbisara]] (543-493 BCE ) was imprisoned and killed by his son [[Ajatashatru]] (491-461 BCE) who then became his successor, and under whose rule the dynasty reached its largest extent. Ajatashatru went to war with the [[Licchavi (kingdom)\|Licchavi]] several times. Ajatashatru is thought to have ruled from 491 to 461 BCE and moved his capital of the Magadha kingdom from [[Rajagriha]] to [[Pataliputra]]. [[Udayabhadra]] eventually succeeded his father, Ajatashatru, under him [[Pataliputra]] became the largest city in the world.<ref name="singh3"/>

	== The Nandas ==		== The Nandas ==
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	According to [[Pliny the Elder]] in his "[[Pliny's Natural History\|Natural History]]":		According to [[Pliny the Elder]] in his "[[Pliny's Natural History\|Natural History]]":
	{{~~Quote~~\|"But the Prasii surpass in power and glory every other people, not only in this quarter, but one may say in all India, their capital Palibothra, a very large and wealthy city, after which some call the people itself the Palibothri,--nay even the whole tract along the Ganges. Their king has in his pay a standing army of 600,000 foot-soldiers, 30,000 cavalry, and 9,000 elephants: whence may be formed some conjecture as to the vastness of his resources." Plin. Hist. Nat. VI. 21. 8–23. 11.<ref name="books.google.fr"/>}}		{{Blockquote\|"But the Prasii surpass in power and glory every other people, not only in this quarter, but one may say in all India, their capital Palibothra, a very large and wealthy city, after which some call the people itself the Palibothri,--nay even the whole tract along the Ganges. Their king has in his pay a standing army of 600,000 foot-soldiers, 30,000 cavalry, and 9,000 elephants: whence may be formed some conjecture as to the vastness of his resources." Plin. Hist. Nat. VI. 21. 8–23. 11.<ref name="books.google.fr"/>}}

	Learning and scholarship received great state patronage. Pataliputra produced several eminent world-class scholars.		Learning and scholarship received great state patronage. Pataliputra produced several eminent world-class scholars.
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	* [[Vatsyayana]], the author of [[Kama Sutra]].		* [[Vatsyayana]], the author of [[Kama Sutra]].

	It is believed that Pataliputra was the largest city in the world between 300 and 195 BCE, taking that position from [[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]] and being succeeded by the Chinese capital [[Chang'an]] (modern [[Xi'an]]).<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2008-06-29 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://~~www~~.~~webcitation~~.org/~~5PpFbcLVp?url=~~http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm \|archive-date=~~24 June~~ 2007 \|df=dmy-all }}.</ref>		It is believed that Pataliputra was the largest city in the world between 300 and 195 BCE, taking that position from [[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]] and being succeeded by the Chinese capital [[Chang'an]] (modern [[Xi'an]]).<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2008-06-29 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714185311/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm \|archive-date=14 July 2007 \|df=dmy-all }}.</ref>

	== The Guptas ==		== The Guptas ==
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	[[File:Hephthalite horseman on British Museum bowl 460-479 CE.jpg\|thumb\|The depiction of a Hepthalite horseman ([[Huna people]]) who were defeated by [[Skandagupta]] from the [[British Museum]].]]		[[File:Hephthalite horseman on British Museum bowl 460-479 CE.jpg\|thumb\|The depiction of a Hepthalite horseman ([[Huna people]]) who were defeated by [[Skandagupta]] from the [[British Museum]].]]

	Harsha, who was a successor of the Guptas, quickly moved to reestablish an Indian empire. From 606-647, he ruled over an empire in northern India. Harsha was perhaps one of the greatest conquerors of Indian history, and unlike all of his conquering predecessors, he was a brilliant administrator. He was also a great patron of culture. His capital city, Kanauj, extended for four or five miles along the Ganges River and was filled with magnificent buildings. Only one-fourth of the taxes he collected went to administration of the government. The remainder went to charity, rewards, and especially to culture: art, literature, music, and religion<ref name="singh3"/>		Harsha, who was a successor of the Guptas, quickly moved to reestablish an Indian empire. From 606 to 647, he ruled over an empire in northern India. Harsha was perhaps one of the greatest conquerors of Indian history, and unlike all of his conquering predecessors, he was a brilliant administrator. He was also a great patron of culture. His capital city, Kanauj, extended for four or five miles along the Ganges River and was filled with magnificent buildings. Only one-fourth of the taxes he collected went to administration of the government. The remainder went to charity, rewards, and especially to culture: art, literature, music, and religion<ref name="singh3"/>

	Because of extensive trade, the culture of India became the dominant culture around the Bay of Bengal, profoundly and deeply influencing the cultures of Burma, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka. In many ways, the period during and following the Gupta dynasty was the period of "Greater India", a period of cultural activity in India and surrounding countries building on the base of Indian culture. This medieval flowering of Indian culture would radically change course in the Indian Middle Ages. From the north came [[Muslim]] conquerors out of [[Afghanistan]], and the age of Muslim rule began in 1100.<ref name="singh3"/>		Because of extensive trade, the culture of India became the dominant culture around the Bay of Bengal, profoundly and deeply influencing the cultures of Burma, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka. In many ways, the period during and following the Gupta dynasty was the period of "Greater India", a period of cultural activity in India and surrounding countries building on the base of Indian culture. This medieval flowering of Indian culture would radically change course in the Indian Middle Ages. From the north came [[Muslim]] conquerors out of [[Afghanistan]], and the age of Muslim rule began in 1100.<ref name="singh3"/>
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	During the [[Tripartite Struggle\|Kannauj Triangle]] struggle period, the region came under the control of the mighty [[Pala Empire]]. The legendary king of Kashmir, [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]] is said to have passed through the region in his conquering spree.		During the [[Tripartite Struggle\|Kannauj Triangle]] struggle period, the region came under the control of the mighty [[Pala Empire]]. The legendary king of Kashmir, [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]] is said to have passed through the region in his conquering spree.

	During the 12th century, the invader [[Muhammad of Ghor]]'s advancing forces captured [[Ghazni]], [[Multan]], [[Sindh]], [[Lahore]], and [[Delhi]], and one of his generals [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]] proclaimed himself [[Sultan of Delhi]] and established the first dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. By the mid-12th century, [[Muhammad Khilji\|Ikhtiar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiar Khilji]], one of the generals of [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]], invaded [[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]], and Patna became a part of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He is said to have destroyed many ancient seats of learning, the most prominent being the [[Nalanda]] University near [[Rajgir\|Rajgrih]], about 120 km from Patna. Patna, which had already lost its stature as the political centre of India, lost its prestige as the educational and cultural center of India as well.<ref name="sarkar">{{cite book \|editor-last=Sarkar \|editor-first=Jadunath \|editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar \|year=1973 \|orig-year=First published 1948 \|title=The History of Bengal \|volume=~~Volume~~ II~~: Muslim Period, 1200-1757~~ \|location=Patna \|publisher=Academica Asiatica \|page=3 \|oclc=924890 \|quote=Bakhtyār led his army a second time in the direction of Bihar in the year following the sack of the fortified monastery of that name. This year, ''i.e.'' 1200 A.D., he was busy consolidating his hold over that province.}}</ref>		During the 12th century, the invader [[Muhammad of Ghor]]'s advancing forces captured [[Ghazni]], [[Multan]], [[Sindh]], [[Lahore]], and [[Delhi]], and one of his generals [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]] proclaimed himself [[Sultan of Delhi]] and established the first dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. By the mid-12th century, [[Muhammad Khilji\|Ikhtiar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiar Khilji]], one of the generals of [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]], invaded [[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]], and Patna became a part of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He is said to have destroyed many ancient seats of learning, the most prominent being the [[Nalanda]] University near [[Rajgir\|Rajgrih]], about 120 km from Patna. Patna, which had already lost its stature as the political centre of India, lost its prestige as the educational and cultural center of India as well.<ref name="sarkar">{{cite book \|editor-last=Sarkar \|editor-first=Jadunath \|editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar \|year=1973 \|orig-year=First published 1948 \|title=The History of Bengal \|volume=II \|location=Patna \|publisher=Academica Asiatica \|page=3 \|oclc=924890 \|quote=Bakhtyār led his army a second time in the direction of Bihar in the year following the sack of the fortified monastery of that name. This year, ''i.e.'' 1200 A.D., he was busy consolidating his hold over that province.}}</ref>
	[[File:The end of Buddhist Monks, A.D. 1193.jpg\|thumb\|[[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]], the invader who destroyed famous [[Nalanda Mahavihara]].]]		[[File:The end of Buddhist Monks, A.D. 1193.jpg\|thumb\|[[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]], the invader who destroyed famous [[Nalanda Mahavihara]].]]

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	The leaders of the period like Lalu Prasad and [[Nitish Kumar]] were born out of the "[[Bihar movement]]" of 1977 which was launched by [[Jay Prakash Narayan]].<ref>{{ cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhFMDQAAQBAJ\|title=The Brothers Bihari\|first=Sankarshan\|last=Thakur\|publisher= Harper Collins\|year=2015\|isbn=978-9351774815\|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> Narayan also launched social justice movement along with [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] which is said to have strengthened primarily the "upper backwards".		The leaders of the period like Lalu Prasad and [[Nitish Kumar]] were born out of the "[[Bihar movement]]" of 1977 which was launched by [[Jay Prakash Narayan]].<ref>{{ cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhFMDQAAQBAJ\|title=The Brothers Bihari\|first=Sankarshan\|last=Thakur\|publisher= Harper Collins\|year=2015\|isbn=978-9351774815\|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> Narayan also launched social justice movement along with [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] which is said to have strengthened primarily the "upper backwards".
	<ref name="Sanjay 55">{{cite book \|last=Kumar\|first=Sanjay \|title=Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns\|publisher=SAGE publication\|pages=55\|isbn=978-93-528-0585-3\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ&q=jagdeo+prasad&pg=PA55\|date=2018-06-05}}</ref> According to Sanjay Kumar:		<ref name="Sanjay 55">{{cite book \|last=Kumar\|first=Sanjay \|title=Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns\|publisher=SAGE publication\|pages=55\|isbn=978-93-528-0585-3\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ&q=jagdeo+prasad&pg=PA55\|date=2018-06-05}}</ref> According to Sanjay Kumar:
	{{~~quote~~\|If any (class/caste) could compete with the upper castes in terms of the social, economic, and political muscle, it was these three upper backward castes—Yadavs, Kurmis, and Koeris. The social coalition of the 1980s was much more politically oiled than the coalition of 1930, during the days of "Triveni Sangh".<ref name="Sanjay 55"/>}}		{{blockquote\|If any (class/caste) could compete with the upper castes in terms of the social, economic, and political muscle, it was these three upper backward castes—Yadavs, Kurmis, and Koeris. The social coalition of the 1980s was much more politically oiled than the coalition of 1930, during the days of "Triveni Sangh".<ref name="Sanjay 55"/>}}
	Lalu Prasad's was successful in giving voice to marginalized but the upper caste who were deliberately sidelined became his strong critic and a series of violent clashes began in the countryside between upper caste who tried to assume power again and the backwards who were vying for the power and position dominated in the erstwhile period by the upper castes. According to Arun Sinha, the three "upper backward" castes were at the fore in improving their socio-political condition and were putting stiff resistance to the efforts of "upper castes" to dominate once again. But the growing differences between [[Yadav]]s with [[Kurmi]] and [[Koeri]]s led [[Nitish Kumar]] to form [[Samata Party]]. The upper caste also supported Nitish in order to project him as a challenge to the growing dominance of Yadavs and Lalu Prasad.<ref>{{cite book \| last=Sinha \| first=A. \| title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar \| page=80,81,82,165–169\|publisher=Viking \| year=2011 \| isbn=978-0-670-08459-3 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA81 \| access-date=7 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Caste and Democratic Politics in India\|first=Ghanshyam\|last=Shah\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|year=2004\|isbn=8178240955\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=caste+and+bihar+politics&pg=PA346\|pages=346, 350–354\|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|work=The Bihar Times \|title=Upper caste politics at crucial juncture in Bihar \|first=Soroor \|last=Ahmed \|url=http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2010/Jan/Newsbihar18Jan2.html \|date=18 January 2010 \|access-date=2015-06-10 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906032723/http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2010/Jan/Newsbihar18Jan2.html \|archive-date=6 September 2015 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all }}</ref>		Lalu Prasad's was successful in giving voice to marginalized but the upper caste who were deliberately sidelined became his strong critic and a series of violent clashes began in the countryside between upper caste who tried to assume power again and the backwards who were vying for the power and position dominated in the erstwhile period by the upper castes. According to Arun Sinha, the three "upper backward" castes were at the fore in improving their socio-political condition and were putting stiff resistance to the efforts of "upper castes" to dominate once again. But the growing differences between [[Yadav]]s with [[Kurmi]] and [[Koeri]]s led [[Nitish Kumar]] to form [[Samata Party]]. The upper caste also supported Nitish in order to project him as a challenge to the growing dominance of Yadavs and Lalu Prasad.<ref>{{cite book \| last=Sinha \| first=A. \| title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar \| page=80,81,82,165–169\|publisher=Viking \| year=2011 \| isbn=978-0-670-08459-3 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA81 \| access-date=7 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Caste and Democratic Politics in India\|first=Ghanshyam\|last=Shah\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|year=2004\|isbn=8178240955\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=caste+and+bihar+politics&pg=PA346\|pages=346, 350–354\|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|work=The Bihar Times \|title=Upper caste politics at crucial juncture in Bihar \|first=Soroor \|last=Ahmed \|url=http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2010/Jan/Newsbihar18Jan2.html \|date=18 January 2010 \|access-date=2015-06-10 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906032723/http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2010/Jan/Newsbihar18Jan2.html \|archive-date=6 September 2015 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all }}</ref>
	[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi being received by the Governor of Bihar, Shri Satya Pal Malik and the Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar, on his arrival, at Patna, Bihar on April 10, 2018.jpg\|thumb\|Nitish Kumar with Prime minister [[Narendra Modi]].]]		[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi being received by the Governor of Bihar, Shri Satya Pal Malik and the Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar, on his arrival, at Patna, Bihar on April 10, 2018.jpg\|thumb\|Nitish Kumar with Prime minister [[Narendra Modi]].]]

History of Patna - Revision history

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