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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
[[Madurai]] is a major [[city]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref name="citypop">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html |title=Tamil Nādu - City Population - Cities, Towns & Provinces - Statistics & Map |publisher=Citypopulation.de |date= |accessdate=2009-09-23}}</ref><ref name="urban agglomerations">{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/gratis/indian_cities.html |title=Largest Urban areas|publisher=CityMayor.de}}</ref> It is the administrative headquarters of [[Madurai District]] and a popular Hindu pilgrimage centre.<ref name="reynolds">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsAfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12|title=The City as a sacred center: essays on six Asian contexts - Madurai: Koyil Nagar|last=Reynolds|first=Holly Baker|publisher=BRILL|year=1987|isbn=978-90-04-08471-1|pages=12–25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinamalar.com/district_main.asp?id=291|title=Madurai Districts|publisher=Dinamalar}}</ref><ref>"Ptolemy (2nd century ce), commenting on the brisk trading relations between ‘Modura’, the Greeks and the Romans, calls it ‘the Mediterranean emporium of the south’" [http://www.credoreference.com/entry/thhll/madurai Madurai (2002). In Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend, Thames & Hudson.]</ref>

== History ==
Madurai has been inhabited since at least the 3rd century BCE.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=27}} [[Megasthenes]] may have visited Madurai during the 3rd century BCE, with the city referred as "Methora" in his accounts.{{sfn|Harman|1992|pp=30–36}} The view is contested by some scholars who believe "Methora" refers to the north Indian city of [[Mathura]], as it was a large and established city in the [[Mauryan Dynasty|Mauryan Empire]].{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=2}} Madurai is also mentioned in [[Kautilya]]'s (370–283 BCE){{sfn|Agarwal|2008|p=17}} ''[[Arthashastra]]''.{{sfn|Harman|1992|pp=30–36}} [[Sangam literature]] like ''[[Maturaikkāñci]]'' records the importance of Madurai as a capital city of the Pandyan dynasty.{{sfn|Mangudi Marudanar|2004}}{{sfn|Gopal|1990|p=181}} Madurai is mentioned in the works of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] historians [[Pliny the Younger]] (61 – c. 112 CE), [[Ptolemy]] (c. 90 – c. CE 168), those of the [[Greeks|Greek]] geographer [[Strabo]] (64/63 BCE – c. 24 CE),{{sfn|Bandopadhyay|2010|pp=93–96}} and also in [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]].{{sfn|Reynolds|Bardwell|1987|pp=12–25}}
[[File:Pandya Kingdom (south India).png|right|thumb|Pandyan dynasty Map at its greatest extent]]
[[File:Coin_of_Jalaluddin_Ahsan_Khan.jpg|alt=historic metal coin used for transaction|right|thumb|Coin of [[Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan]], first ruler of the [[Madurai Sultanate|Sultanate of Madurai]], 1335–1339 CE]]
After the Sangam age, most of present-day Tamil Nadu, including Madurai, came under the rule of the [[Kalabhra dynasty]], which was ousted by the [[Pandya]]s around 590 CE.{{sfn|Dalal|1997|p=128}}{{sfn|Kersenboom Story|1987|p=16}} The Pandyas were ousted from Madurai by the [[Chola dynasty]] during the early 9th century.{{sfn|Salma Ahmed|2011|p=26}} The city remained under the control of the Cholas until the early 13th century, when the second Pandyan empire was established with Madurai as its capital.{{sfn|Salma Ahmed|2011|p=26}}

== Delhi and Madurai Sultanates ==
{{Further|Madurai Sultanate}}
After the death of [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Kulasekara Pandian]] (1268–1308 CE), Madurai came under the rule of the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Delhi Sultanate]].{{sfn|Salma Ahmed|2011|p=26}} The [[Madurai Sultanate]] then seceded from Delhi and functioned as an independent kingdom until its gradual annexation by the [[Vijayanagar Empire]] in 1378 CE.{{sfn|V.|1995|p=115}} Madurai became independent from Vijayanagar in 1559 CE under the [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayaks]].{{sfn|V.|1995|p=115}} Nayak rule ended in 1736 CE and Madurai was repeatedly captured several times by [[Chanda Sahib]] (1740 – 1754 CE), [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Arcot Nawab]] and [[Muhammed Yusuf Khan]] (1725 – 1764 CE) in the middle of 18th century.{{sfn|Harman|1992|pp=30–36}}

== British Colonial period ==
[[File:Martin_Madurai_1860.jpg|alt=view of city having temple towers seen through two trees|left|thumb|Hand coloured antique wood engraving drawn by W. Purser (1858) shows Madurai city as seen from the north bank of the [[Vaigai river]]]]
In 1801, Madurai came under the direct control of the [[British East India Company]] and was annexed to the [[Madras Presidency]].{{sfn|Markovits|2004|p=253}}{{sfn|B.S.|S.|C.|2011|p=582}} The British government made donations to the [[Meenakshi temple]] and participated in the Hindu festivals during the early part of their rule.{{sfn|King|2005|pp=73–75}} The city evolved as a political and industrial complex through the 19th and 20th centuries to become a district headquarters of a larger Madurai district.{{sfn|King|2005|pp=73–75}} In 1837, the fortifications around the temple were demolished by the British.{{sfn|Reynolds|Bardwell|1987|p=18}} The moat was drained and the debris was used to construct new streets – Veli, Marat and Perumaal Mesthiri streets.{{sfn|Narasaiah|2009|p=85}} The city was constituted as a municipality in 1866 CE.{{sfn|Madurai Corporation – citizen charter}} The British government faced initial hiccups during the earlier period of the establishment of municipality in land ceiling and tax collection in Madurai and Dindigul districts under the direct administration of the officers of the government.{{sfn|Imperial gazetteer of India: Provincial series, Volume 18|1908|pp=229–230}} The city, along with the district, was resurveyed between 1880 and 1885 CE and subsequently, five municipalities were constituted in the two districts and six taluk boards were set up for local administration.{{sfn|Imperial gazetteer of India: Provincial series, Volume 18|1908|pp=229–230}} Police stations were established in Madurai city, housing the headquarters of the District Superintendent.{{sfn|Imperial gazetteer of India: Provincial series, Volume 18|1908|pp=229–230}} Under the British Madurai prospered.

It was in Madurai, in 1921, that [[Mahatma Gandhi]], pre-eminent leader of [[Indian nationalism]] in British-ruled India, first adopted the loin cloth as his mode of dress after seeing agricultural labourers wearing it.{{sfn|Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai}} Leaders of the independence movement in Madurai included [[N.M.R. Subbaraman]],{{sfn|Kamat Research Database, Biography: N.M.R.Subbaraman}}{{sfn|David Arnold|1977|p=128}} [[Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar]] and Mohammad Ismail Sahib.{{sfn|More J. B. P|1977|p=106}} The Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act passed by the government of [[Madras Presidency]] under [[C. Rajagopalachari]] in 1939 removed restrictions prohibiting [[Shanars]] and [[Dalits]] from entering Hindu temples. The temple entry movement was first led in Madurai Meenakshi temple by independence activist [[A. Vaidyanatha Iyer]] in 1939.{{sfn|Press Information Bureau archives, Government of India}}{{sfn|''The Hindu''|26 February 2011}}

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}{{History of India by City}}

[[Category:History of Madurai| ]]
[[Category:Histories of cities in India]]

History of Madurai - Revision history

>Bellowhead678: outsted->ousted - Fix a typo in one click