History of Jharkhand - Revision history

Godrejsplende at 02:31, 13 March 2026

2026-03-13T02:31:27Z

Kingsman3 at 13:28, 21 October 2023

2023-10-21T13:28:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:58, 21 October 2023
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	==Colonial era==		==Colonial era==
	*~~1769–1805~~: ~~Chuad revolt~~ led by ~~Ganga Narayan~~ Singh and ~~Raghunath~~ Singh Bhumij in 1769.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ranchi/story/362948.html \|title=Chuaar Vidroh याद किए गए चुआड़ विद्रोह के महानायक वीर शहीद गंगा नारायण सिंह \|website=jagran.com.com}}</ref>		*1766–1778: [[Chuar Rebellion]] led by Jagannath Singh Patar, Subal Singh and Shyam Gunjam Singh
	*1772–1780: Paharia ~~revolt~~		*1772–1780: Paharia Rebellion
	*1780–1785: [[Tilka Manjhi]] led the tribal revolt and managed to injure the collector of Bhagalpur, [[Augustus Cleveland]], who died in [[Cape Town]] later. ~~In 1785~~, ~~Tilka Manjhi was hanged to death in [[Bhagalpur]].~~		*1780–1785: [[Tilka Manjhi]] led the tribal revolt and managed to injure the collector of Bhagalpur, Augustus Cleveland, who died in Cape Town later.
	*1795–1800: [[Tamar block\|Tamar]] ~~revolt~~		*1783–1816: 2nd Chuar Rebellion by Lal Singh, Baidyanath Singh and others
	*~~1795–1800~~: [[Munda people\|Munda]] ~~revolt~~ under the leadership of Vishnu ~~Manaki~~		*1795–1800: [[Tamar block\|Tamar]] Rebellion
	*~~1800–1802: Munda revolt under the stewardship of Dukhan Manaki of [[Tamar block\|Tamar]]~~		*1795–1802: [[Munda people\|Munda]] Rebellion under the leadership of Vishnu Manki and Dukhan Manki
			*
	*1812: [[Bakhtar Say]] and [[Mundal Singh]] rebelled against British East India company in [[Gumla]].		*1812: [[Bakhtar Say]] and [[Mundal Singh]] rebelled against British East India company in [[Gumla]].
	*1819–1820: Chero ~~revolt~~ in [[Palamu]] under the leadership of ~~Bhukan~~ Singh		*1819–1820: Chero Rebellion in Palamu under the leadership of Bukhan Singh
	*1832–1833: Kharwar ~~revolt~~ under the leadership of Bhagirath, Dubai Gosai, and Patel Singh		*1832–1833: Kharwar Rebellion under the leadership of Bhagirath, Dubai Gosai and Patel Singh
	*1831–1832: [[Kol uprising\|Kol ~~revolt~~]] under the leadership of ~~Buddhu~~ Bhagat, Madara Bhagat, and ~~Joe Bhagat~~		*1831–1832: [[Kol uprising\|Kol Rebellion]] under the leadership of Bindrai Manki, Surga Munda, Sindrai Manki, Budhu Bhagat, Madara Bhagat, Joa Bhagat and others.
	*~~1832–1833~~: Bhumij ~~revolt~~ under the leadership of Ganga Narayan Singh of [[~~Birbhum~~]]		*1832–1834: [[Bhumij rebellion\|Bhumij Rebellion]] under the leadership of [[Ganga Narayan Singh]] of [[Barabhum]]
	*1855: Santhals waged war against the permanent settlement of [[~~Lord Cornwallis~~]]		*1855: Santhals waged war against the permanent settlement of Lord Cornwallis, led by two brothers [[Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu]]
	[[File:Attack_by_600_Santhals_upon_a_party_of_50_sepoys,_40th_regiment_native_infantry.jpg\|thumb\|[[Santhal rebellion\|Santhal Rebellion]], c. 1856, from the [[The Illustrated London News\|Illustrated London News]]]]		[[File:Attack_by_600_Santhals_upon_a_party_of_50_sepoys,_40th_regiment_native_infantry.jpg\|thumb\|[[Santhal rebellion\|Santhal Rebellion]], c. 1856, from the [[The Illustrated London News\|Illustrated London News]]]]
	*1855–1860: During the late 1850s, Sidhu had accumulated about ten thousand Santhal to run a parallel government against British rule. The basic purpose was to collect taxes by making his own laws. British Government had announced an award of Rs. 10,000 to arrest Sidhu and his brother Kanhu betrayed.		*
	*1856–1857: ~~Martyr Sahid Lal,~~ [[Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo]], [[Pandey Ganpat Rai]], [[Tikait Umrao Singh]], [[Sheikh Bhikhari]], Nadir Ali~~, Jai Mangal Singh~~ and ~~Budhu Veer~~ led a movement against the British Government during [[Indian rebellion of 1857\|India's First War of Independence]], 1857, also called [[Indian Rebellion of 1857\|Sepoy Mutiny]].<ref name=Ustad1997>{{cite journal \| jstor=44143953 \| title=The Role of Bishwanath Sahi of Lohardaga district, During the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar \| author= Mathur Das Ustad \| journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress \| year=1997 \| volume=58 \| pages=493–500}}</ref>		*1856–1857: [[Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo]], [[Pandey Ganpat Rai]], [[Tikait Umrao Singh]], [[Sheikh Bhikhari]], [[Raja Arjun Singh]], [[Nilambar and Pitambar]], Nadir Ali and others led a movement against the British Government during [[Indian rebellion of 1857\|India's First War of Independence]], 1857, also called [[Indian Rebellion of 1857\|Sepoy Mutiny]].<ref name=Ustad1997>{{cite journal \| jstor=44143953 \| title=The Role of Bishwanath Sahi of Lohardaga district, During the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar \| author= Mathur Das Ustad \| journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress \| year=1997 \| volume=58 \| pages=493–500}}</ref>
	*~~[[Nilambar and Pitambar]] led a revolt against East India company in 1857.~~		*

	After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[Company rule in India\|rule]] of the British [[East India Company]] was transferred to the Crown in the person of [[Queen Victoria]],<ref>{{cite web\|last=Kaul\|first=Chandrika\|title=From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml\|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> who, in 1876, was proclaimed [[Empress of India]]. In 1874, the Kherwar Movement under the leadership of Bhagirathi Manjhi gained prominence. The Cheros and Kharwars again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed.<ref name="latehar.nic.in"/> Between 1895 and 1900, a movement against the British Raj was led by [[Birsa Munda]] (born 15 November 1875). Birsa Munda was captured by British forces and declared dead on 9 June 1900 in the Ranchi Jail, due to [[Cholera]], according to records of the British colonial government. All of these uprisings were quelled by the British through massive deployment of troops across the region.		After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[Company rule in India\|rule]] of the British [[East India Company]] was transferred to the Crown in the person of [[Queen Victoria]],<ref>{{cite web\|last=Kaul\|first=Chandrika\|title=From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml\|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> who, in 1876, was proclaimed [[Empress of India]]. In 1874, the Kherwar Movement under the leadership of Bhagirathi Manjhi gained prominence. The Cheros and Kharwars again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed.<ref name="latehar.nic.in"/> Between 1895 and 1900, a movement against the British Raj was led by [[Birsa Munda]] (born 15 November 1875). Birsa Munda was captured by British forces and declared dead on 9 June 1900 in the Ranchi Jail, due to [[Cholera]], according to records of the British colonial government. All of these uprisings were quelled by the British through massive deployment of troops across the region.

Kingsman3 at 13:14, 21 October 2023

2023-10-21T13:14:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:44, 21 October 2023
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	{{Short description\|History of a region of India}}		{{Short description\|History of a region of India}}
	~~{{Use Indian English\|date=September 2016}}~~
	~~{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2016}}~~

	The region have been inhabited since the [[Stone Age]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PcADgAAQBAJ&q=microlith+in+chota+nagpur+plateau&pg=PT14\|title=India – Pre- historic and Proto-historic periods\|first=India-Pre- historic and Proto-historic\|last=periods\|date=4 November 2016\|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting\|via=Google Books\|isbn=9788123023458}}</ref> [[Copper]] tools from the [[Chalcolithic]] period have been discovered.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal\|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/\|title=Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation"\|first=Paul\|last=Yule\|date=8 January 2019\|journal=Man in Environment\|volume=26\|pages=117–120\|via=crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de\|doi=10.11588/xarep.00000510}}</ref> This area entered the [[Iron Age in India\|Iron Age]] during the mid-2nd millennium BCE.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220\|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century\|first=Upinder\|last=Singh\|date=8 January 2019\|publisher=Pearson Education India\|via=Google Books\|isbn=9788131711200}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India \|pages=32–35 \|author=Gautam Kumar Bera \|publisher= Mittal Publications \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&q\|isbn=978-81-8324-145-8\|year=2008}}</ref>		The region have been inhabited since the [[Stone Age]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PcADgAAQBAJ&q=microlith+in+chota+nagpur+plateau&pg=PT14\|title=India – Pre- historic and Proto-historic periods\|first=India-Pre- historic and Proto-historic\|last=periods\|date=4 November 2016\|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting\|via=Google Books\|isbn=9788123023458}}</ref> [[Copper]] tools from the [[Chalcolithic]] period have been discovered.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal\|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/\|title=Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation"\|first=Paul\|last=Yule\|date=8 January 2019\|journal=Man in Environment\|volume=26\|pages=117–120\|via=crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de\|doi=10.11588/xarep.00000510}}</ref> This area entered the [[Iron Age in India\|Iron Age]] during the mid-2nd millennium BCE.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220\|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century\|first=Upinder\|last=Singh\|date=8 January 2019\|publisher=Pearson Education India\|via=Google Books\|isbn=9788131711200}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India \|pages=32–35 \|author=Gautam Kumar Bera \|publisher= Mittal Publications \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&q\|isbn=978-81-8324-145-8\|year=2008}}</ref>

Kingsman3: /* Colonial era */

2021-09-05T02:06:32Z

Colonial era

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:36, 5 September 2021
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	==Colonial era==		==Colonial era==
	*1769–1805: Chuad revolt led by [[Raghunath ~~Mahato]]~~ in 1769.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ranchi/story/362948.html \|title=चुआड़ विद्रोह के महानायक~~, क्रांतिवीर~~ शहीद ~~रघुनाथ महतो की 277 वीं जयंती~~ \|website=~~prabhatkhabar~~.com}}</ref>		*1769–1805: Chuad revolt led by Ganga Narayan Singh and Raghunath Singh Bhumij in 1769.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ranchi/story/362948.html \|title=Chuaar Vidroh याद किए गए चुआड़ विद्रोह के महानायक वीर शहीद गंगा नारायण सिंह \|website=jagran.com.com}}</ref>
	*1772–1780: Paharia revolt		*1772–1780: Paharia revolt
	*1780–1785: [[Tilka Manjhi]] led the tribal revolt and managed to injure the collector of Bhagalpur, [[Augustus Cleveland]], who died in [[Cape Town]] later. In 1785, Tilka Manjhi was hanged to death in [[Bhagalpur]].		*1780–1785: [[Tilka Manjhi]] led the tribal revolt and managed to injure the collector of Bhagalpur, [[Augustus Cleveland]], who died in [[Cape Town]] later. In 1785, Tilka Manjhi was hanged to death in [[Bhagalpur]].
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	*1832–1833: Kharwar revolt under the leadership of Bhagirath, Dubai Gosai, and Patel Singh		*1832–1833: Kharwar revolt under the leadership of Bhagirath, Dubai Gosai, and Patel Singh
	*1831–1832: [[Kol uprising\|Kol revolt]] under the leadership of Buddhu Bhagat, Madara Bhagat, and Joe Bhagat		*1831–1832: [[Kol uprising\|Kol revolt]] under the leadership of Buddhu Bhagat, Madara Bhagat, and Joe Bhagat
	*1832–1833: Bhumij revolt under the leadership of Ganga ~~Narain~~ of [[Birbhum]]		*1832–1833: Bhumij revolt under the leadership of Ganga Narayan Singh of [[Birbhum]]
	*1855: Santhals waged war against the permanent settlement of [[Lord Cornwallis]]		*1855: Santhals waged war against the permanent settlement of [[Lord Cornwallis]]
	[[File:Attack_by_600_Santhals_upon_a_party_of_50_sepoys,_40th_regiment_native_infantry.jpg\|thumb\|[[Santhal rebellion\|Santhal Rebellion]], c. 1856, from the [[The Illustrated London News\|Illustrated London News]]]]		[[File:Attack_by_600_Santhals_upon_a_party_of_50_sepoys,_40th_regiment_native_infantry.jpg\|thumb\|[[Santhal rebellion\|Santhal Rebellion]], c. 1856, from the [[The Illustrated London News\|Illustrated London News]]]]

>Dreamy Jazz: Reverted edits by Dhanbadi (talk) to last version by Giraffedata

2021-06-14T21:15:25Z

Reverted edits by Dhanbadi (talk) to last version by Giraffedata

New page

{{Short description|History of a region of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}

The region have been inhabited since the [[Stone Age]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PcADgAAQBAJ&q=microlith+in+chota+nagpur+plateau&pg=PT14|title=India – Pre- historic and Proto-historic periods|first=India-Pre- historic and Proto-historic|last=periods|date=4 November 2016|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|via=Google Books|isbn=9788123023458}}</ref> [[Copper]] tools from the [[Chalcolithic]] period have been discovered.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/|title=Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation"|first=Paul|last=Yule|date=8 January 2019|journal=Man in Environment|volume=26|pages=117–120|via=crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de|doi=10.11588/xarep.00000510}}</ref> This area entered the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]] during the mid-2nd millennium BCE.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|first=Upinder|last=Singh|date=8 January 2019|publisher=Pearson Education India|via=Google Books|isbn=9788131711200}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India |pages=32–35 |author=Gautam Kumar Bera |publisher= Mittal Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&q|isbn=978-81-8324-145-8|year=2008}}</ref>

The region came under the control of the [[Maurya Empire]] and much later (17th century) was later conquered by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperors [[Akbar]]. With the Mughal decline, the region came under local rulers from the [[Chero]] caste and others, before its subjugation by the [[British East India Company]] in the late 18th century, succeeded by the [[British Raj]] from the mid-19th century, both encountering much local resistance. At this time the territory was covered by nine [[princely state]]s. Under the Raj, till [[1905]], the region fell within the [[Bengal Presidency]], most of it then being transferred to the [[Central Provinces]] and [[Orissa Tributary States]]; then in 1936 the whole region was assigned to the [[Eastern States Agency]].

Following Indian independence in 1947, the region was divided between the new states of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], and [[Bihar]]. In 2000 a campaign led by the [[BJP]] for a separate state culminated with the passage of the [[Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000|Bihar Reorganisation Act]], creating [[Jharkhand]] as a new [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]].

==Prehistoric era==
Stone tools and [[microlith]]s from the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] periods have been discovered in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] region.<ref name="auto"/> There are also ancient cave paintings in Isko, [[Hazaribagh district]] which are from the Meso-Chalcolithic period (9,000–5,000 BC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/cave-paintings-lie-in-neglect/cid/605384|title=Cave paintings lie in neglect|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> A group of megaliths proven to date back to beyond 3000 BCE was also found at [[Barkagaon]], about 25 km from [[Hazaribagh]] at Punkri Barwadih.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indroyc.com/2017/12/04/punkri-barwadih-megaliths/|title=Hazaribagh - Ancient megaliths aligned to the Sun|first=Indrajit Roy|last=Choudhury|date=3 December 2017}}</ref>

During 2nd millennium BCE the use of Copper tools spread in [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and these find complex are known as the [[Copper Hoard Culture]].<ref name="auto1"/> In the Kabra-Kala mound, at the confluence of the [[Son River|Son]] and [[North Koel River|North Koel]] rivers in [[Palamu district]], various objects have been found which date from the [[Neolithic]] to the medieval period. The [[Sherd|pot-sherds]] of redware, [[Black and red ware culture|black and red ware]], black ware, [[Slipware|black slipware]] and [[Northern Black Polished Ware|NBP ware]] are from the [[Chalcolithic]] to the late medieval period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiranchi.org/activities-kabrakala.html|title=KABRA – KALA|website=www.asiranchi.org}}</ref>

==Ancient period==
{{Main|Iron Age in India}}
Barudih, located in the [[Singhbhum district]] of Jharkhand, yielded evidence of [[microlith]]s, [[Celt (tool)|Neolithic celts]], [[Slag|iron slags]], wheel made pottery, and iron objects (including a [[sickle]]). The earliest radio carbon dating give a range of 1401–837 BCE for this site.<ref name="auto2"/>

[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|Magadha and other Mahajanapadas in the Post Vedic period]]
Around {{circa|1200}}–1000 BCE, [[Rigvedic tribe|Vedic Aryans]] spread eastward to the fertile western [[Ganges]] plain and adopted [[Iron Age|iron tools]], which allowed for the clearing of forest and the adoption of a more settled, agricultural way of life. During this time, the central Ganges Plain was dominated by a related but non-Vedic [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] culture. The end of the Vedic period witnessed the rise of cities and large states (called [[mahajanapada|''mahajanapadas'']]), as well as ''[[śramaṇa]]'' movements (including [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]]) which challenged the Vedic orthodoxy.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=82}} According to Bronkhorst, the Sramana culture arose in "greater Magadha," which was Indo-European, but not Vedic. In this culture, [[Kshatriya]]s were placed higher than [[Brahmin]]s, and it rejected [[Vedic priesthood|Vedic]] authority and rituals.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007}}{{sfn|Long|2013|p=chapter II}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=31537|title=Review of Bronkhorst, Johannes, Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India|first=Alexander|last=Wynne|date=1 July 2011|publisher=H-Buddhism, H-Review|via=www.h-net.org}}</ref> In those days, the Jharkhand state was a part of [[Magadha]] and [[Anga]]. {{citation needed|date=August 2018}} [[Nanda Empire]] ruled the region during 4th century BCE. In [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] period, this region was ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the ''Atavika'' (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya empire]] during [[Ashoka]]'s reign (c. 232 BCE).

[[Samudragupta]], while marching through the present-day Chota Nagpur region, directed the first attack against the kingdom of [[Dakshina Kosala]] in the Mahanadi valley.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft|page=[https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/258 258]|title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions|first=Tej Ram|last=Sharma|date=8 January 1978|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
[[File:Gupta Empire, 320-550 CE.png|thumb|[[Gupta Empire]]]]

==Medieval period==
In the 7th century, Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang]] passed through the region. He described the kingdom as [[Karnasuvarna]] and [[Shashanka]] as its ruler. To the north of the kingdom was Magadha, Champa was in East, Mahendra in the west, and Orissa in the south.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxdkDwAAQBAJ&q=Sutiambe&pg=PT43|title=The Life and Times of Jaipal Singh Munda|isbn=9789352669431|last1=Kiro|first1=Santosh}}</ref> The region was also part of [[Pala Empire]].
[[File:BhadraKali Temple.jpg|thumb|This is the Sahastrakoot Jinaya (1008 the Temple of [[Jainism|Jain]] statues) at Bhadrakali in [[Itkhori block|Itkhori]] (10th Tirthankar the birthplace of [[Shitalanatha|Shitalnath]]). It is worshipped by assuming the Sahasrara [[Lingam|shivling]]]]

[[File:Bhadrakali Itkhori.jpg|thumb|Idols of Bhadrakali temple in Itkhori]]
[[File:Khakparta Temple.jpg|thumb|Khakparta Temple, 9th century Shiva temple in Lohardaga]]
==Modern period==
[[File:Palamau_Fort.jpg|thumb|The present structure of the [[Palamu Forts|Palamau Fort]] was built in the 17th century CE.]]
By the end of medieval and the beginning of the modern period, this region was under the rule of many dynasties including [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]], [[Khayaravala dynasty|Khayaravala]], [[Ramgarh Raj]], [[Raksel dynasty|Raksel]], [[Chero dynasty|Chero]], [[Dhanwar, Giridih|Raj Dhanwar]] and the [[Kharagdiha]] [[Zamindari]] estates of [[Koderma]], [[Parasnath|Gadi Palganj]], and [[Baghochia|Ledo Gadi]].

In [[Akbarnama]], the region of Chota Nagpur is described as Jharkhand. During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period, the region, then known as ''Khukhra'', was famous for its diamonds. [[Akbar]] was informed of a rebel Afghan sardar, Junaid Kararani, who was taking shelter in Chota Nagpur. Besides, the emperor also received information on diamonds being found in this area. Consequently, Akbar ordered [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]] to attack [[Khukhragarh|Khukhra]]. At that time, Raja [[Madhu Singh (king)|Madhu Singh]], the 42nd [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]] king was ruling at Khukhra. Akbar's army defeated the region and a sum of rupees six thousand was fixed as its annual revenue payable to the Mughals. Till the reign of Akbar, Chota Nagpur had not come under the suzerainty of the Mughals and the Nagvanshi rulers had been ruling over this region as independent rulers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119550/2015.119550.The-Nagbanshis-And-The-Cheros_djvu.txt|title=The Nagbanshis And The Cheros|website=archive.org}}</ref>
[[File:Nawratan gadh.jpg|thumb|[[Navratangarh|Navratangarh fort]]]]
[[File:IMGJagannathpur Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Jagannath temple, Ranchi|Jagannath temple]] at Ranchi built by king [[Ani Nath Shahdeo]]]]

By the advent of the reign of [[Jahangir]], king [[Durjan Sal]] had come to power in Chota Nagpur. He refused to pay the annual revenue fixed by Akbar. Jahangir ordered [[Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang|Ibrahim Khan]] (governor of Bihar) to attack Khukhra. Jahangir's intentions were two-pronged: defeat Durjan Sal and acquire the diamonds found in the [[Sankh River]]. In 1615 AD, Ibrahim Khan marched against Khukhra and defeated Durjan Sal, took him as a captive to Patna, and was finally imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior. The imprisonment lasted for twelve years. Ultimately, Jahangir granted his release after realising Sal's skill of distinguishing real diamonds. The title of "Shah" was conferred on Sal by Jahangir and his kingdom restored.

On his return to Chota Nagpur, Durjan Sal assumed the title of ''Maharaja'' and changed his surname. He shifted the capital from Khukhragarh to Doisa, also known as [[Navratangarh]]. The reign of Durjan Sal lasted for about thirteen years. He died in 1639 or 1640 AD.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiamike.com/india/jharkhand-f144/the-lost-kingdom-of-navratangarh-t233144/|title=The Lost Kingdom of Navratangarh|website=IndiaMike.com}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Raghunath Shah]]. He constructed several temples. He was also a poet and wrote several poems in [[Sadri language|Nagpuri language]].

In [[Palamu district]], the old [[fort]] in the plains, was built by the King of Raksel Rajput Dynasty. However, it was during the reign of King [[Medini Ray]] (1658–1674), who ruled from 1658 to 1674 in Palamau, the old fort was rebuilt into a defensive structure.{{Sfn|Lahiry|2014|p=24}} His rule extended to areas in South [[Gaya district|Gaya]] and [[Hazaribagh]]. He attacked Navratangarh ({{Convert|33|mi}} and defeated it. With the war bounty, he constructed the lower fort close to [[Satbarwa block|Satbarwa]].<ref name="palamu.nic.in" /> Following the death of Medini Ray, there was rivalry within the royal family of the Chero dynasty which ultimately led to its downfall; this was engineered by the ministers and advisers in the court.{{Sfn|Lahiry|2014|p=29}}

[[Daud Khan Panni|Daud Khan]], who launched his invasion on 3 April 1660 from Patna, attacked south of Gaya district and finally arrived at the Palamu forts on 9 December 1660. The terms of surrender and payment of tribute were not acceptable to the [[Chero]]s; Daud Khan wanted complete conversion of the [[Hindus]] to [[Islam]]. Following this, Khan mounted a series of attacks on the forts. Cheros defended the forts but ultimately lost and fled to the jungles. The temples were destroyed and Islamic rule was imposed.<ref name="palamu.nic.in">http://palamu.nic.in/palamufort.html</ref>

In 1765, the region came under the control of the [[British East India Company]] when Chitrajeet Rai's nephew, Gopal Rai, betrayed him and facilitated the Patna council of the East India Company to attack the fort. When the new fort was attacked by Captain Camac on 28 January 1771, the Chero soldiers fought valiantly but had to retreat to the old fort on account of water shortage. This helped the [[British army]] to occupy the new fort located on a hill without any struggle. The location was strategic and enabled the British to mount cannon-supported attacks on the old fort. The Cheros fought valiantly with their own cannons but the old fort was besieged by the British on 19 March 1771.{{Sfn|Lahiry|2014|p=30}} The fort was finally occupied by the British in 1772. The regions of [[Nagvanshi Kingdom|Nagvansh]] and [[Ramgarh Raj|Ramgarh]] also became parts of [[British Raj]].<ref name="latehar.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://latehar.nic.in/history.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013031700/http://latehar.nic.in/history.htm |archive-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Kharagdiha]] kingdom, which was founded in 15th century when the Maharaja of [[Bhumihar Brahmin|Bhumihar]] clan was able to influence and impress the [[Ghatwals and Mulraiyats|ghatwals]] of Kharagdiha Gadis, also came under the British Raj. After the [[Treaty of Allahabad]], this region, along with the rest of Suba Bengal, came under the rule of East India Company. The kingdom was considerably reduced. In 1809, the Maharajas of Kharagdiha became the Rajas of [[Dhanwar, Giridih|Dhanwar]]. The Kharagdiha gadis were semi-independent chiefdoms. Captain Camac found the rulers of these gadis very prominent in their chiefdoms, and as a result, these gadis were permanently settled as zamindari estates. [[Koderma]], [[Parasnath|Gadi Palganj]] and [[Baghochia|Ledo Gadi]] were notable zamindari estates in the district.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hazaribagh District Gazetteer |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13551/page/n5}}</ref>

Other princely states in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] came within the [[sphere of influence]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], but they became tributary states of East India Company as a result of the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars]] known as [[Chota Nagpur Tributary States]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gazetteer - Chota Nagpur Tributary States Gazetteer. Statistics, 1901-02 - South Asia Archive|url=http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100009/231191}}</ref>

==Colonial era==
*1769–1805: Chuad revolt led by [[Raghunath Mahato]] in 1769.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ranchi/story/362948.html |title=चुआड़ विद्रोह के महानायक, क्रांतिवीर शहीद रघुनाथ महतो की 277 वीं जयंती |website=prabhatkhabar.com}}</ref>
*1772–1780: Paharia revolt
*1780–1785: [[Tilka Manjhi]] led the tribal revolt and managed to injure the collector of Bhagalpur, [[Augustus Cleveland]], who died in [[Cape Town]] later. In 1785, Tilka Manjhi was hanged to death in [[Bhagalpur]].
*1795–1800: [[Tamar block|Tamar]] revolt
*1795–1800: [[Munda people|Munda]] revolt under the leadership of Vishnu Manaki
*1800–1802: Munda revolt under the stewardship of Dukhan Manaki of [[Tamar block|Tamar]]
*1812: [[Bakhtar Say]] and [[Mundal Singh]] rebelled against British East India company in [[Gumla]].
*1819–1820: Chero revolt in [[Palamu]] under the leadership of Bhukan Singh
*1832–1833: Kharwar revolt under the leadership of Bhagirath, Dubai Gosai, and Patel Singh
*1831–1832: [[Kol uprising|Kol revolt]] under the leadership of Buddhu Bhagat, Madara Bhagat, and Joe Bhagat
*1832–1833: Bhumij revolt under the leadership of Ganga Narain of [[Birbhum]]
*1855: Santhals waged war against the permanent settlement of [[Lord Cornwallis]]
[[File:Attack_by_600_Santhals_upon_a_party_of_50_sepoys,_40th_regiment_native_infantry.jpg|thumb|[[Santhal rebellion|Santhal Rebellion]], c. 1856, from the [[The Illustrated London News|Illustrated London News]]]]
*1855–1860: During the late 1850s, Sidhu had accumulated about ten thousand Santhal to run a parallel government against British rule. The basic purpose was to collect taxes by making his own laws. British Government had announced an award of Rs. 10,000 to arrest Sidhu and his brother Kanhu betrayed.
*1856–1857: Martyr Sahid Lal, [[Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo]], [[Pandey Ganpat Rai]], [[Tikait Umrao Singh]], [[Sheikh Bhikhari]], Nadir Ali, Jai Mangal Singh and Budhu Veer led a movement against the British Government during [[Indian rebellion of 1857|India's First War of Independence]], 1857, also called [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny]].<ref name=Ustad1997>{{cite journal | jstor=44143953 | title=The Role of Bishwanath Sahi of Lohardaga district, During the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar | author= Mathur Das Ustad | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | year=1997 | volume=58 | pages=493–500}}</ref>
*[[Nilambar and Pitambar]] led a revolt against East India company in 1857.

After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[Company rule in India|rule]] of the British [[East India Company]] was transferred to the Crown in the person of [[Queen Victoria]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaul|first=Chandrika|title=From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> who, in 1876, was proclaimed [[Empress of India]]. In 1874, the Kherwar Movement under the leadership of Bhagirathi Manjhi gained prominence. The Cheros and Kharwars again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed.<ref name="latehar.nic.in"/> Between 1895 and 1900, a movement against the British Raj was led by [[Birsa Munda]] (born 15 November 1875). Birsa Munda was captured by British forces and declared dead on 9 June 1900 in the Ranchi Jail, due to [[Cholera]], according to records of the British colonial government. All of these uprisings were quelled by the British through massive deployment of troops across the region.

In 1914, the [[Tana Bhagat]] resistance movement started, which gained the participation of more than 26,000 [[adivasis]], and eventually merged with [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Satyagraha]] and [[Civil Disobedience]] movement.

In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantly [[Hindi]]-speaking states of [[Chang Bhakar]], [[Jashpur]], [[Koriya]], [[Surguja]], and [[Udaipur]] was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the [[Central Provinces]], while the two [[Oriya language|Oriya]]-speaking states of [[Gangpur]] and [[Bonai]] were attached to the [[Orissa Tributary States]], leaving only [[Kharsawan]] and [[Saraikela]] answerable to the Bengal governor.<ref>Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', Volume 12. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford</ref>

In 1936, all nine states were transferred to the [[Eastern States Agency]], the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any Provinces.
[[File:Nehru bajaj sarojini khan azad1940a.jpg|thumb|right| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Jamnalal Bajaj]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Bacha Khan|Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], and [[Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Azad]] at the 1940 Ramgarh Session of the Indian National Congress]]
In March 1940, INC 53rd Session<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aicc.org.in/new/congress-sessions.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601092332/http://www.aicc.org.in/new/congress-sessions.php |archive-date=1 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Danik jagran Ranchi Page No.14, 2 October 2011</ref> was accomplished under the presidency of [[Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Abul Qalam Azad]] at Jhanda Chowk, Ramgarh (now, Ramgarh Cant.). [[Mahatma Gandhi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gandhimedia.org/cgi-bin/gm/gm.cgi?action=view&link=Images/Photographs/Personalities/Mahatma_Gandhi/1940&image=IMPHPEMG |title=Error}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Sardar Patel]], [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Acharya J.B. Kripalani]], Industrialist [[Jamnalal Bajaj]] and other leaders<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/gphotgallery/1933-1948/pages/g7.htm |title=Photo Gallery of Mahatma Gandhi (1933-1948)}}</ref> of Indian freedom movement attended the Ramgarh session.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianmovements.blogspot.in/2010/01/ramgarh-session-1940.html|title=RAMGARH SESSION-1940 }}</ref> Mahatma Gandhi also opened khadi and village industries exhibition at Ramgarh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gandhiserve.org/information/chronology_1940/chronology_1940.html |title=Chronology 1940 |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215617/http://gandhiserve.org/information/chronology_1940/chronology_1940.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>



==Post-independence==
After the Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of the states chose to accede to the [[Dominion of India]]. [[Changbhakar]], [[Jashpur State|Jashpur]], [[Koriya State|Koriya]], [[Surguja State|Surguja]], and [[Udaipur State]]s became part of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state; [[Gangpur State|Gangpur]] and [[Bonai]] became part of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] state; and [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]] and [[Saraikela State|Saraikela]] became part of [[Bihar]] state.<ref>Eastern States Agency. List of ruling chiefs & leading personages Delhi: ''Agent to Governor-General, Eastern States,'' 1936</ref>

In 1912, the state of Jharkhand was first proposed by a student of [[St. Columba's College, Hazaribagh|St.Columba's College]] in [[Hazaribagh]]. Unnati Samaj, the political wing of Christian tribals submitted a memorandum to the [[Simon Commission]] to constitute a tribal state in Eastern India. A prominent leader like [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] and [[Ram Narayan Singh]] demanded a separate state. [[Jharkhand Party]], led by Jaipal Singh Munda, submitted a memorandum to [[States Reorganization Commission]] for Jharkhand state, but it was rejected because the tribals were not in majority and the resultant adverse effects on the economy after separation from Bihar.

In 1972, [[Binod Bihari Mahato]], [[Shibu Soren]] and [[A. K. Roy]] founded [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] (JMM). [[Nirmal Mahto]] founded [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] (AJSU). They spearheaded the movement for a separate state of Jharkhand. AJSU introduced elements of violence in the movement and called for a boycott of the election while JMM opposed it. Due to differences, these parties parted away from each other. There was a provision for limited internal autonomy in the hill area of Assam. Other tribal areas were covered by the fifth schedule of the constitution. The Chota Nagpur and Santal Pargana development board was constituted under the chairmanship of then Chief Minister of Bihar under the provision of the fifth schedule in 1972. The Jharkhand coordination committee led by [[Ram Dayal Munda]], [[Visweshwar Prasad Kesri|Dr. B.P. Keshri]], [[Binod Bihari Mahato]], Santosh Rana, and Suraj Singh Besra started a fresh initiative in the matter. Dr. B.P. Keshri sent a memorandum to form Jharkhand state. The Centre government formed a committee on the Jharkhand matter in 1989. It stressed the need for greater allocation of the development funds for the area. Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council Bill passed in Bihar legislative assembly in December 1994. Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council was given the charge of 40 subjects including agriculture, rural health, public work, public health, and minerals. The council had the power to recommend legislation to the Assembly through the state government and to frame bylaws and regulations.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&q=Small+States+Syndrome+in+India+Jharkhand&pg=PA118|title=Small States Syndrome in India|isbn=9788170226918|last1=Kumāra|first1=Braja Bihārī|year=1998}}</ref><ref name="https">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fikvDwAAQBAJ&q=mukund+nayak|title=Unsung Heroes of Jharkhand Movement|isbn=9789352660001|last1=Sinha|first1=Anuj Kumar |date=January 0101|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fikvDwAAQBAJ&q=mukund+nayak|title=Unsung Heroes of Jharkhand Movement|isbn=9789352660001|last1=Sinha|first1=Anuj Kumar|date=January 0101}}</ref>

In 1998, when the separate state movement was falling apart, Justice [[Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo]] had led the movement. In 1998, the [[Union government]] decided to send the Bill concerning formation of Jharkhand State to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] to which [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] had said that the State would be divided over his dead body. [[BJP]], [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]], [[AJSU]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], a total of 16 political parties came in one platform and formed 'All Party Separate State Formation Committee' to start the movement. Justice Shahdeo was elected as the convener of the committee. The voting on Jharkhand Act was to be done on 21 September 1998 in Bihar legislation. On that day the committee, under the leadership of Justice Shahdeo called for Jharkhand Bandh and organised a protest march. Thousands of supporters of separate state took to streets in leadership of Justice Shahdeo. He was arrested and detained in police station for hours along with many supporters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/tributes-pour-in-for-justice-shahdeo.html|title=Tributes pour in for Justice Shahdeo|date=10 January 2018|access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/remembering-justice-lpn-shahdeo-on-his-7th-death-anniversary.html|title=Remembering Justice LPN Shahdeo on his 7th death anniversary|date=10 January 2019|access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, RJD's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganisation Bill (Jharkhand Bill). Finally, with the support from both RJD and Congress, the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the BJP which had made statehood a policy plank in the region in several previous elections, cleared the [[Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000|Jharkhand Bill]] in the monsoon session of the Parliament in 2000, thus paving the way for the creation of a separate Jharkhand state comprising [[Chota Nagpur Division]] and [[Santhal Pargana Division]] of South Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveljharkhand.com/jharkhand-tourism/jharkhand-overview/jharkhand-history.html|title=History of Jharkhand, Jharkhand History|author=gigisoftsolutions|work=traveljharkhand.com|access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Jharkhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{History of India by State}}

[[Category:History of Jharkhand| ]]
[[Category:History of West Bengal]]
[[Category:History of Bengal]]