History of India - Revision history

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	{{main\|Nanda Empire}}		{{main\|Nanda Empire}}
	{{See also\|Indian campaign of Alexander the Great}}		{{See also\|Indian campaign of Alexander the Great}}
	The [[Nanda Empire]] (c. 345–322 BCE), at its greatest extent, extended from Bengal in the east, to the [[Punjab region]] in the west and as far south as the [[Vindhya Range]].{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=28–33}} The Nanda dynasty was famed for their great wealth. The [[Nanda dynasty]] built on the foundations laid by their [[Haryanka dynasty\|Haryanka]] and [[Shishunaga dynasty\|Shishunaga]] predecessors to create the first great empire of [[north India]].{{sfn\|Upinder Singh\|2008\|p=273}} To achieve this objective they built a vast army, consisting of 200,000 [[infantry]], 20,000 [[cavalry]], 2,000 war [[chariot]]s and 3,000 [[war elephant]]s (at the lowest estimates).{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=34}}<ref name="Sastri1988p16">{{cite book \|editor-last=Sastri \|editor-first=K. A. Nilakanta \|editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri \|year=1988 \|orig-year=First published 1952 \|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas \|edition=2nd \|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] \|page=16 \|isbn=978-81-208-0465-4}}</ref><ref>{{citation \|last=Gabriel \|first=Richard A. \|author-link=Richard A. Gabriel \|title=The Great Armies of Antiquity \|year=2002 \|publisher=Praeger \|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.] \|isbn=978-0-275-97809-9 \|page=218 \|edition=1.udg. \|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index=books&linkCode=qs&keywords=9780275978099 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105032930/http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index=books \|archive-date=5 January 2014 }}</ref~~><ref name="Sastri1988p16" /~~><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Raychaudhuri \|first1=Hem Chandra \|author1-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri \|last2=Mukherjee \|first2=Bratindra Nath \|author2-link=B. N. Mukherjee \|year=1996 \|orig-year=First published 1923 \|title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty \|edition=8th \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|pages=204–210 \|isbn=978-0-19-563789-2}}</ref>		The [[Nanda Empire]] (c. 345–322 BCE), at its greatest extent, extended from Bengal in the east, to the [[Punjab region]] in the west and as far south as the [[Vindhya Range]].{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=28–33}} The Nanda dynasty was famed for their great wealth. The [[Nanda dynasty]] built on the foundations laid by their [[Haryanka dynasty\|Haryanka]] and [[Shishunaga dynasty\|Shishunaga]] predecessors to create the first great empire of [[north India]].{{sfn\|Upinder Singh\|2008\|p=273}} To achieve this objective they built a vast army, consisting of 200,000 [[infantry]], 20,000 [[cavalry]], 2,000 war [[chariot]]s and 3,000 [[war elephant]]s (at the lowest estimates).{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=34}}<ref name="Sastri1988p16">{{cite book \|editor-last=Sastri \|editor-first=K. A. Nilakanta \|editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri \|year=1988 \|orig-year=First published 1952 \|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas \|edition=2nd \|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] \|page=16 \|isbn=978-81-208-0465-4}}</ref><ref name="Sastri1988p16" /><ref>{{citation \|last=Gabriel \|first=Richard A. \|author-link=Richard A. Gabriel \|title=The Great Armies of Antiquity \|year=2002 \|publisher=Praeger \|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.] \|isbn=978-0-275-97809-9 \|page=218 \|edition=1.udg. \|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index=books&linkCode=qs&keywords=9780275978099 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105032930/http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index=books \|archive-date=5 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Raychaudhuri \|first1=Hem Chandra \|author1-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri \|last2=Mukherjee \|first2=Bratindra Nath \|author2-link=B. N. Mukherjee \|year=1996 \|orig-year=First published 1923 \|title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty \|edition=8th \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|pages=204–210 \|isbn=978-0-19-563789-2}}</ref>

	==== Maurya Empire ====		==== Maurya Empire ====
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	They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation. They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs and the Chinese empire.<ref>''Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations'' by Tansen Sen p. 229</ref> Rajaraja Chola I and his son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power.<ref>''History of Asia'' by B.V. Rao p. 297</ref> Under the Cholas, the South India reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India.<ref>''Indian Civilization and Culture'' by Suhas Chatterjee p. 417</ref>		They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation. They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs and the Chinese empire.<ref>''Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations'' by Tansen Sen p. 229</ref> Rajaraja Chola I and his son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power.<ref>''History of Asia'' by B.V. Rao p. 297</ref> Under the Cholas, the South India reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India.<ref>''Indian Civilization and Culture'' by Suhas Chatterjee p. 417</ref>

	[[File:Ranganathaswamy temple tiruchirappalli.jpg\|800px\|thumb\|centre\|[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam\|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple]] is the world's largest functioning Hindu temple.<ref>https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5894/</ref> present in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The temple is a significant archaeological and epigraphical site, providing a historic window into the early and mid medieval South Indian society and culture. The temple is mentioned in the [[Ramayana]]<ref>http://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/ayodhya/sarga6/ayodhyaroman6.htm</ref>, [[Mahabharatha]], [[Sangam literature]](500 BCE to the 300 CE<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/art/shangam-literature Sangam literature], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>)and Various books. Beyond the ancient textual history, archaeological evidence such as inscriptions refer to this temple, and these stone inscriptions are from late '''100 BCE to 100 CE'''.{{CN\|date=September 2023}} Hence, making it one of the oldest surviving active temple complexes in South India.]]		[[File:Ranganathaswamy temple tiruchirappalli.jpg\|800px\|thumb\|centre\|[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam\|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple]] is the world's largest functioning Hindu temple.<ref>https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5894/</ref> present in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The temple is a significant archaeological and epigraphical site, providing a historic window into the early and mid medieval South Indian society and culture. The temple is mentioned in the [[Ramayana]],<ref>http://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/ayodhya/sarga6/ayodhyaroman6.htm</ref> [[Mahabharatha]], [[Sangam literature]](500 BCE to the 300 CE<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/art/shangam-literature Sangam literature], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>)and Various books. Beyond the ancient textual history, archaeological evidence such as inscriptions refer to this temple, and these stone inscriptions are from late '''100 BCE to 100 CE'''.{{CN\|date=September 2023}} Hence, making it one of the oldest surviving active temple complexes in South India.]]

	{{Gallery\|align=center		{{Gallery\|align=center

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* Maurya Empire */Minor correction

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Maurya Empire: Minor correction

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	{{multiple image\|perrow=2\|total_width=400\|caption_align=center		{{multiple image\|perrow=2\|total_width=400\|caption_align=center
	\| title = Maurya Empire		\| title = Maurya Empire
	\| image1 = ~~Maurya~~ Empire~~, c.250~~ BCE.png\|caption1=The [[Maurya Empire]] under [[Ashoka the Great]].		\| image1 = Mauryan Empire 260 BCE.png\|caption1=The [[Maurya Empire]] under [[Ashoka the Great]].
	\| image2 = Asokanpillar2.jpg\|caption2=[[Ashokan pillar]] at [[Vaishali (ancient city)\|Vaishali]], 3rd century BCE.		\| image2 = Asokanpillar2.jpg\|caption2=[[Ashokan pillar]] at [[Vaishali (ancient city)\|Vaishali]], 3rd century BCE.
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	{{Short description\|Pre-1947 history of the Indian subcontinent}}		{{Short description\|Pre-1947 history of the Indian subcontinent}}
	{{about\|the pre-1947 history of the Indian subcontinent\|post-1947 history\|History of India (1947–present)}}		{{about\|the pre-1947 history of the Indian subcontinent\|post-1947 history\|History of India (1947–present)}}
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	Remains (stone tools and a [[skull]]) in central India show presence of an early species of man, ''[[Homo erectus]]''.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.gsi.gov.in/homonag.htm \|title=The Hathnora Skull Fossil from Madhya Pradesh, India \|accessdate=7 May 2007 \|date= 2005 \|work= Multi Disciplinary Geoscientific Studies\|publisher=Geological Survey of India \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619031729/http://www.gsi.gov.in/homonag.htm \|archivedate = 19 June 2007 }}</ref> [[Archeology\|Archeologists]] think they lived in India between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago. This period is known as the [[Paleolithic\|paleolithic era]].		Remains (stone tools and a [[skull]]) in central India show presence of an early species of man, ''[[Homo erectus]]''.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.gsi.gov.in/homonag.htm \|title=The Hathnora Skull Fossil from Madhya Pradesh, India \|accessdate=7 May 2007 \|date= 2005 \|work= Multi Disciplinary Geoscientific Studies\|publisher=Geological Survey of India \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619031729/http://www.gsi.gov.in/homonag.htm \|archivedate = 19 June 2007 }}</ref> [[Archeology\|Archeologists]] think they lived in India between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago. This period is known as the [[Paleolithic\|paleolithic era]].

	The earliest [[archaeological site]] in the subcontinent is the paleolithic [[hominid]] site in the [[Soan River\|Soan River valley]].<ref name="ppisv">{{cite book \|last=Rendell H.R. \|author2=Dennell R.W. and Halim M \|title= Pleistocene and Palaeolithic investigations in the Soan Valley, northern Pakistan \|year=1989 \|page=364 \|series= British Archaeological Reports International Series \|publisher= Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-86054-691-8 \|oclc= 29222688}}</ref> Soanian sites are found in the [[Sivalik Hills\|Sivalik region]] across India, Pakistan and Nepal.<ref>Parth R. Chauhan. [http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region]. ''An overview of the Siwalik acheulian & reconsidering its chronological relationship with the Soanian – a theoretical perspective''.</ref>		The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the paleolithic [[hominid]] site in the [[Soan River\|Soan River valley]].<ref name="ppisv">{{cite book \|last=Rendell H.R. \|author2=Dennell R.W. and Halim M \|title= Pleistocene and Palaeolithic investigations in the Soan Valley, northern Pakistan \|year=1989 \|page=364 \|series= British Archaeological Reports International Series \|publisher= Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-86054-691-8 \|oclc= 29222688}}</ref> Soanian sites are found in the [[Sivalik Hills\|Sivalik region]] across India, Pakistan and Nepal.<ref>Parth R. Chauhan. [http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region]. ''An overview of the Siwalik acheulian & reconsidering its chronological relationship with the Soanian – a theoretical perspective''.</ref>

	=== Mesolithic ===		=== Mesolithic ===

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	'''The History of India''' covers thousands of years and discusses many diverse languages, cultures, periods, and [[Dynasty\|dynasties]]. Indian civilization began in the Indus Valley and some literature survives from that time. More is known of the time after the Persian Empire conquered India.		'''The History of India''' covers thousands of years and discusses many diverse languages, cultures, periods, and [[Dynasty\|dynasties]]. Indian civilization began in the Indus Valley and some literature survives from that time. More is known of the time after the Persian Empire conquered India.

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	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

	~~{{Source\|Wiki\|S}}~~
	== More reading ==		== More reading ==
	* Allan, J. T. Wolseley Haig, and H. H. Dodwell, ''The Cambridge Shorter History of India'' (1934)		* Allan, J. T. Wolseley Haig, and H. H. Dodwell, ''The Cambridge Shorter History of India'' (1934)
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	[[Category:History of India\| ]]		[[Category:History of India\| ]]


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	=== The Kingdom of Mysore ===		=== The Kingdom of Mysore ===
	The [[Kingdom of Mysore]] was a kingdom of southern India. People known as [[Wodeyar]]s founded this kingdom in the year 1400. Later on, [[Hyder Ali]] and his son, [[Tipu Sultan]], fought with the Wodeyar rulers. They also fought with the forces of the British Raj, but were defeated. Under the British Raj, Wodeyar kings continued to rule a large part of Karnataka. When India became independent on ~~15th~~ August 1947, Wodeyars’ kingdom chose to become a part of India.		The [[Kingdom of Mysore]] was a kingdom of southern India. People known as [[Wodeyar]]s founded this kingdom in the year 1400. Later on, [[Hyder Ali]] and his son, [[Tipu Sultan]], fought with the Wodeyar rulers. They also fought with the forces of the British Raj, but were defeated. Under the British Raj, Wodeyar kings continued to rule a large part of Karnataka. When India became independent on 15 August 1947, Wodeyars’ kingdom chose to become a part of India.

	=== The Punjab ===		=== The Punjab ===
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	== More reading ==		== More reading ==
	* Allan, J. T. Wolseley Haig, and H. H. Dodwell, ''The Cambridge Shorter History of India'' (1934)		* Allan, J. T. Wolseley Haig, and H. H. Dodwell, ''The Cambridge Shorter History of India'' (1934)

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	{{about\|the pre-1947 history of the Indian subcontinent\|post-1947 history\|History of India (1947–present)}}		{{about\|the pre-1947 history of the Indian subcontinent\|post-1947 history\|History of India (1947–present)}}
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