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{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{primary sources|date=March 2015}}

[[Bidar]] is a historic place and city located in the north-eastern part of the South Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. Bidar is situated and built on the brink of a [[plateau]], and thus stands above the lowlands (''talghat'') towards the north and the east.<ref name=gy>{{cite book|author1=Ghulam Yazdani|author-link=Ghulam Yazdani|title=Bidar: Its History and Monuments|date=10 June 1944|publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of Archaeological Department, [[Nizam]]'s Government|location=Hyderabad}}</ref>{{rp|1}}

==Ancient period==
Traditional tales describe Bidar as the place where [[Vidura]] (one of the central character in the [[hindu]] epic [[Mahabharata]]) lived and the place was thus known as Viduranagara.<ref name=gaz>{{cite book|title=Karnataka Gazetteer|date=1 January 1983|publisher=Govt. of Karnataka|edition=Second}}</ref>
Legend has associated Bidar with the ancient [[Vidarbha Kingdom|kingdom of Vidarbha]], to which references are found in early [[Hindu literature]].<ref>Malavikagnimitra; [[Mahabharata]]; the Harivamsa, [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]], and a few other [[Puranas]].</ref> But the situation of the latter kingdom has been determined by modern research, and it is now considered that Vidarbha occupied the country which was called [[Berar Province|Berar]]. The rulers of the kingdom are supposed to have been vassals of the Andhra ''rajas'', whose dominions covered the plateau of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and at times extended over a much wider area. Bidar, which is some {{convert|200|mi|km}} south-east of [[Paithan]], the ancient capital of the Andhra kings, must have been included in the territory of the latter, and it has been associated with Vidarbha apparently on account of the similarity in names Bidar and Vidarbha. The identity of Bidar with Vidarbha was, however, a common belief in [[Firishta]]'s time, for he, when referring to the romances of the early rulers of [[Bidar district|Bidar]], describes the love-story of ''[[Nala]]'' and ''[[Damayanti]]'' (daughter of ''Raja Bhima'' of Vidarbha).<ref name=gy />{{rp|3}}

The ancient [[megalithic culture]] began from about 1200 B.C.-1100 B.C., flourished up to about 3rd and 2nd century B.C. and survived up to c. 100 B.C. The megalithic culture of the region perhaps had intrusions of two Megalithic strains of different sort from the [[Vidharba|Vidharba region]] and eastern India, indicating respectively by certain [[pottery]] types particularly lids and also by horse-bits & copper objects on the one hand and the stone alignments on the other in north-eastern part of Karnataka.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|214}}

This region formed the southern part of [[Mauryan Empire]] as attested by the edicts of [[Ashoka]]. It came to be a part of Mauryan empire by the fact that Mauryas defeated the [[Nandas]] and became the heirs to the Nanda Empire in which Karnataka was also included. [[Bindusara]] ruled over the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] including the parts of Karnataka.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|215}}

[[Satavahanas]] dominated the post-Mauryan period for about four centuries. [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] established his reign which was succeeded by his son [[Vashishtiputra Pulumāyi]]. Coins of this period are found in plenty in the deccan region which can be dated to a period from the 1st century to 3rd century.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|217}}

==Classical period==
During the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]]'s reign, the rule of ''Mayurasharma'' (325–345) and that of ''Kakusthavarma'' (405–430) were prominent.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|220}} Their rule was confined up to the southern part of [[Bidar district]]. Kadambas extended their patronage to [[Shaiva]], [[Vaishnava]] and [[Jainism|Jaina]] ''dharmas''.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|221}} Their rule lasted for over 200 years.

The history of the (Deccan) region in general and Karnataka in particular assumes special significance with the commencement of the rule of the [[Chalukyas of Badami]] (c. 500–757) also called as the ''Early Western Chalukyas'' to distinguish them from the Later Chalukyas who ruled from their Capital at [[Kalyani (Ancient Capital)|Kalyana]].<ref name=gaz />{{rp|231}} The Chinese traveller [[Hieun-Tsang]] visited the Chalukyan kingdom during 634–635 under the reign of [[Pulakeshi II]] and has paid a handsome tribute to the king and the prosperity of the kingdom.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|234}} ''Kirtivarma II'' (c.745–757) was the last ruler of the dynasty which was established by ''Jayasimha'' who ruled between 500 and 520.

==Medieval period==
[[Rashtrakutas]] established their rule from early 750s which lasted till early 970s. They were highly distinguished dynasties of the Deccan & Karnataka. Some accounts relate them to [[Latur]] as the place of their origins.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|238}} ''Krishna I'' and ''Govinda III'' were the great kings of the period. [[Amoghavarsha I]] moved the capital to [[Manyakheta]] (present day Malkhed) and beautified it. He patronised many religions including [[Buddhism]].<ref name=gaz />{{rp|242}} After a long reign of 64 years, he died in 878 and was succeeded by his son, ''Krishna II'', who later developed friendly relations with the ''Arabs''.

The Rashtrakuta Empire was perhaps the most extensive than any of their Hindu successors in the Deccan. In no other period of ancient Indian history did the Deccan enjoy their political prestige which it did during the time of Rashtrakutas. The remarks of Arab traveller ''Sulaiman'' (851) that this empire was one of the four great empires of the world and they were the most feared rulers of India.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|243}} Temple building saw a great boom in this period. [[Ellora]] and other rock-cut / cave temples have been built under this dynasty.

The [[Chalukyas of Kalyana]] were so called because they ruled from their capital Kalyananagara (modern day [[Basavakalyan]]) and are considered to be the descendants of the ''Chalukyas of Badami''. The first king of the dynasty was ''Taila II'' (''[[Tailapa II]]'') who ruled from 973–997 after overthrowing ''Karka II'', the last king of Rashtrakutas. The famous [[kannada]] poet ''[[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]]'' also mentions of him belonging to Badami lineage. ''Taila II'' fought against the [[Cholas]] and defeated [[Rajaraja Chola]] in 992 and later his son Ahavamalla ([[Satyashraya]]) in 995 again defeated Chola's Army.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|245}}

''Satyashraya'' who had the titles of ''Ahavamalla'', ''Irivabedanga'', ''Sahasabhima'' and ''Sattiga'' ruled from 997 to 1008 The hostility between Chalukyas and Cholas continued during this period also. [[Rajaraja Chola I]] and later his son [[Rajendra Chola]] marched against ''Satyashraya''. The Cholas came up to [[Bijapur]] (present day Vijayapura) and ransacked the whole kingdom causing great violence. But ''Satyashraya'' drove them back. Ranna was patronised by ''Satyashraya''.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|246}} Despite his military engagements, he built his capital [[Basavakalyan|Kalyana]] and made it famous.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|247}}

The fifty-year rule of [[Vikramaditya VI]] (1076–1127) was a glorious period in Karnataka's history. Many temples were built in this period which have some of the finest sculpture. In the temple at Jalsangi ([[Jalasangvi]]) is a beautiful sculpture which depicts a young woman writing an inscription paying great tribute to ''Vikramaditya VI''. Thus Karnataka became a great centre of cultural activities.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|248}} He was succeeded by [[Someshvara III]] (father of ''Taila III'').

During the reign of [[Tailapa III|Taila III]] (1149–1162), the Kalachuri [[Bijjala II]] was first to rebel against the Chalukyans and was largely responsible for the downfall of Chalukyas. By 1153, he proclaimed independence and occupied many parts of the Chalukyan kingdom. Thus was the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|southern Kalachuri]] established.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|249}}

The Kalachuris belonged to the Kattacchhuri family which ruled in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. ''Bijjala II'' was son of ''Permadi''. Kalachuri chiefs were subordinates to the Chalukyans and were also in matrimonial alliances with them. ''Bijjala II'' was also a grandson of ''Vikramaditya VI''. In about 1162, ''Bijjala II'' defeated ''Taila III'' replacing him as King. But his rule came to an end after 5 years due to opposition by the loyal feaudatories of Chalukyas. In all his political activities, Bijjala II was greatly helped by his able General ''Kasapayyanayaka''. Bijjalas treasurer was the celebrated religious leader [[Basaveshwara]]. ''Bijjala II'' died in 1167<ref name=gaz />{{rp|250}} Singhana was the last king of Kalachuri Dynasty which ended in 1184.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|252}}

[[Someshvara IV]] (successor of ''Taila III'') who had left the kingdom and ruled in nominal capacity re-captured the kingdom from Kalachuris in 1184 with the help of his able General ''Brahma'' and ruled until 1186. He was then challenged by the [[Hoysalas]] and [[Seunas]]. He lived up to 1198 as testified by the inscriptions but he was no longer the Chalukyan monarch. Hoysala [[Veera Ballala II|Ballala II]] took over the [[Basavakalyan fort]].<ref name=gaz />{{rp|253}}

During all this period it was political supremacy and cultural development moving hand in hand. In administration it evolved new principles which made the people happy and kingdoms prospered. Some of the luminaries in [[Kannada]] and [[Samskrita]] flourished in this era. The period also marked inauguration of a new social and religious movement under the leadership if Basaveshwara. This helped the growth of [[Vachana]] literature in Kannada.<ref name=gaz />{{rp|253}}

In the [[Excavations, Archaeological|excavations]] carried out by the Archaeological Department, ''State of Hyderabad'', some sculptures and broken tablets bearing inscriptions have been found in the [[Bidar fort]]; but they do not carry back the history of the place earlier than the 10th century, when it was apparently included in the kingdom of the later [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Chalukyas]] (A.D. 974–1190), whose capital, Kalyani (present day [[Basavakalyan]]) is only {{convert|36|mi|km}} west of [[Bidar]]. The power of the Chalukyas, however, rapidly declined during the rule of the last three kings of the dynasty, and a large portion of their territory was occupied by the [[Yadavas of Deogiri]] and the [[Kakatiyas of Warangal]], whose kingdoms were at the zenith of their glory in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Bidar was apparently annexed to the Kakatiya kingdom, for in 1322, when Prince ''Ulugh Khan'' marched upon [[Warangal]], he besieged and conquered the town of [[Bidar]], which was on the frontiers of [[Telangana]].<ref name=gy />{{rp|3}}

An inscription of ''Ghiyath-ud-Din Tughluq'', dated 1323, recently found at Kalyani, shows that the latter town was also conquered by Ulugh Khan in this expedition, but the absence of Kalyani's name in this connexion in contemporary history shows that Bidar at that time was a more important town than Kalyani, the glory of which seems to have faded with the decline of the [[Chalukyas]]. In this inscription Kalyani is mentioned as only a ''qasba'', or minor town.<ref name=gy />{{rp|3}}

=== Bahmani Sultanate ===
{{Main|Bahmani Sultanate}}
The [[Delhi Sultanate]] invaded the area first by [[Allauddin Khilji]], and later, [[Muhammad Tughlaq|Muhammed-bin-Tughluq]] took control of entire [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan]] including Bidar. In the middle of the 14th century, the Sultan of Delhi's officers that were stationed in Deccan rebelled and this resulted in the establishment of [[Bahamani|Bahmanid Dynasty]] in 1347 at Gulbarga/Hasanabad (present [[Kalaburagi]]). There was frequent warfare between the Bahmanids and the [[Vijaynagar Empire|Vijaynagar Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bidartourism.com/history.html |title=History of Bidar |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903204128/http://www.bidartourism.com/history.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The history of the present fort at Bidar is attributed to the sultan [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani]], the sultan of the Bahmani dynasty till 1427, when he shifted his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar since it had better climatic conditions and was also a fertile and fruit-bearing land. The earliest recorded history of its existence as a small and strong fort is also traced to prince Ulugh Khan in 1322, whereafter it came under the reign of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://kannadasiri.kar.nic.in/heritage/heritage_areas.htm | title=Heritage Areas}}</ref>

With the establishment of the Bahmanid dynasty (1347), Bidar was occupied by Sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah Bahmani. During the rule of Ahmad Shah I (1422–1486), Bidar was made the capital city of [[Bahmani Kingdom]].{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=5}}<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=106–108}}</ref> The old fort was rebuilt and [[madrasa]]s, [[mosques]], palaces, and gardens were raised. [[Mahmud Gawan]], who became the [[prime minister]] in 1466, was a notable figure in the history of Bidar. 

==Early modern period==
{{Expand section|date=August 2024}}{{more citations needed|section|date=July 2024}}

=== Bidar and Bijapur sultanates ===
{{Main|Bidar Sultanate}}
The [[Bidar Sultanate]] (also known as Barid Shahi dynasty) ruled the city formally from 1542 to 1619, although they formally held power since 1492. The dynasty was founded by [[Qasim Barid I|Qasim Barid]], who served as Prime Minister of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]. His son Amir Barid succeeded him as Prime Minister and later became ''de facto'' ruler when the last Bahmani ruler fled from Bidar.

[[Ali Barid Shah I]], son of Amir Barid was the first to assume the royal title of ''Shah''. He also played a key role in the [[Battle of Talikota]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} The Bidar Sultanate ruled Bidar until its conquest by the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] in 1619.

[[Aurangazeb|Aurangzeb]] came to Bidar after his father, [[Padshah]] (emperor) [[Shah Jahan]], appointed him the Prince of Deccan. He wrested the Bidar Fort from the Adil Shahis after a 21-day war in 1656. With this, Bidar became a part of the [[Mughal dynasty]] for the second time.<ref>{{cite news|title=An occasion to recall Aurangazeb's association with this historic city|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/an-occasion-to-recall-aurangazebs-association-with-this-historic-city/article1505356.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=5 March 2015|date=3 March 2011|last1=Desai|first1=Rishikesh Bahadur}}</ref><ref name="Britanica">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64749/Bidar|title=Geography and travel|access-date=2009-11-08|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091204074805/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64749/Bidar| archive-date= 4 December 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

=== Bidar Subah ===
[[File:Elaborately illustrated map of the Bidar Subah of the Mughal Empire, commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770.jpg|thumb|Elaborately illustrated map of the Bidar Subah of the Mughal Empire, commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770]]
Following Bidar's conquest by the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1656, it was made the capital of the new Bidar [[Subah]], (an imperial top-level province) which [[Telangana Subah]] was merged into the next year.{{sfn|Haig, 1907|pp=102}}

==Hyderabad State and British colonial rule==
{{Expand section|date=August 2024}}
In 1724, Bidar became a part of the Asaf Jahi Kingdom of the [[Nizams]]. Third son of Asaf jah l (Nizam l) [[Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan, Salabat Jang]] ruled from [[Bidar fort]] from 1751 to 1762, till his brother Mir Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah III imprisoned him in this fort, and was killed in Bidar fort on 16 September 1763. ''Mohammedabad'' old name of Bidar is also on his name. It was connected to Hyderabad by rail in the early 20th century.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=20}}

==Post-independence period==
{{Expand section|date=August 2024}}
After India's independence, in 1956 all Kannada speaking areas were merged to form the Mysore State and Bidar became part of the new Mysore (now Karnataka) state.<ref name="Britanica" /><ref name="Sherwani">{{Cite book
| last = Sherwani | first = Haroon Khan
| title = Cultural trends in medieval India: architecture, painting, literature & language
| pages = 14–16
| access-date = 2009-11-07
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u_YtAAAAMAAJ&q=Gulbarga+Fort
| publisher = Asia Pub. House
| year = 1969
| isbn = 9780210981436
}}</ref><ref name="online">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho0000430s6u00044000.html|title=Gulbarga Fort|access-date=2009-11-07|publisher=British Library On Line gallery|archive-date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018115928/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho0000430s6u00044000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{source-attribution}}
{{Reflist|2}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |title=Historic Landmarks of the Deccan |last1=Haig |first1=Major T. W. |year=1907 |publisher=Pioneer Press, Allahabad |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Historic_Landmarks_of_the_Deccan |ref={{sfnref|Haig, 1907}}}}
* {{cite book |title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1 |year=1947 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Yazdani, 1947}}}}

[[Category:Bidar]]
[[Category:Bidar district]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka by city|Bidar]]

History of Bidar - Revision history

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