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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|India\|Languages}}~~
	{{col div\|colwidth=25em}}		{{col div\|colwidth=25em}}
	* [[Kanglish]]		* [[Kanglish]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{short description|Hybrid language}}
{{distinguish|Indian English}}
'''Hinglish''', a [[portmanteau]] of [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/840341/the-rise-of-hinglish-how-the-media-created-a-new-lingua-franca-for-indias-elites|title=The rise of Hinglish: How the media created a new lingua franca for India's elites}}</ref> is the [[Macaronic language|macaronic]] hybrid use of English and [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian languages]] from across the [[Indian subcontinent]], involving [[code-switching]] or [[translanguaging]] between these languages whereby they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6122072.stm|title=It's Hinglish, innit?|work=BBC News Magazine|date=8 November 2006|first=Sean|last=Coughlan|access-date=19 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104152511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6122072.stm|archive-date=4 January 2009}} [http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic543017.files/Contact%20and%20Convergence%20II/Required/Western%20Media%20on%20Hinglish/Its_Hinglish_innit.pdf Alt URL]
</ref>

The word ''Hinglish'' was first recorded in 1967.<ref name="Lambert, James 2018">Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 25. {{DOI| 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam}}</ref> Other colloquial portmanteau words for Hindi-influenced English include: ''Hindish'' (recorded from 1972), ''Hindlish'' (1985), ''Henglish'' (1993) and ''Hinlish'' (2013).<ref name="Lambert, James 2018"/>

While the name is based on the Hindi language, it does not refer exclusively to Hindi, but "is used in India, with English words blending with [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]], and also in [[British Asian]] families to enliven standard English".<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="toi">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/citizen-journalists/citizen-journalists-reports/nishath-rahman/Hinglish-is-the-new-NRI-and-global-language/articleshow/46094811.cms | title=Hinglish is the new NRI and global language | newspaper=The Times of India | date=2 February 2015 | access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> Sometimes, though rarely, ''Hinglish'' is used to refer to Hindi written in English script and mixing with English words or phrases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/mandi-hinglish-is-taking-place-in-hindi-and-english-18693872.html|title=Mandi Hinglish is taking place in Hindi and English|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>

==History and evolution==
Hindi has an approximately [[History of Hindustani|ten-century history]]. In this period, it has accommodated several linguistic influences. Contact with [[Sanskrit]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]] and [[Turkic languages]] has led to historical 'mixes' or fusions, e.g., [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Rekhta]]. Linguistic fusions were celebrated by Bhakti poets, in approximately the 15th-17th centuries as 'khichdi boli' – or amalgamated speech.<ref>{{cite book |last= Kothari |first= Rita |date= 19 April 2011 |title= Chutnefying English |publisher= Penguin Books |page = 37 }}</ref>

At the turn of the 18th century, with the rising dominion of the [[East India Company]], also called 'Company Raj' (literally, 'Company Rule'), the languages of India were brought into contact with the foreign element of English. In colonized India, English became a symbol of authority and a powerful hegemonic tool to propagate British culture, including Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mukherjee |first= Alok |date= 18 October 2009 |title= This Gift of English |publisher = Orient Blackswan Pvt. Ltd. |page = 175 |isbn = 978-8125036012}}</ref> The political ascendancy of the British reflected into social and professional roles; this meant that the legal system, as well as the studies in medicine and science, were conducted in English.

This led to an interest in the promotion of English into the society of Indian natives. Educated Indians, or 'brown sahibs', wished to participate in academia and pursue professional careers. Raja Rammohan Roy, a social and education reformer, advocated that English be taught to Indians by certain British gentlemen for the benefit and instruction of the native Indians.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgEEptNmwEwC&pg=PA1&dq=the+history+of+hinglish |title=The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes. |publisher= The University of Illinois Press |page = 7 |author= Braj Kachru|isbn=9780252061721 |year=1986 }}</ref> Charles Grant, the president of the East India Company's board of control, championed the cause of English education as a 'cure for darkness' where 'darkness' was 'Hindoo ignorance'. The Charter Act was passed in 1813. This legalized missionary work by the Company, including the introduction of English education.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mukherjee |first= Alok |date= 18 October 2009 |title= This Gift of English |publisher = Orient Blackswan Pvt. Ltd. |pages = 114–116 |isbn=978-8125036012}}</ref> By the beginning of the twentieth century, English had become the unifying language in the Indian struggle for independence against the British.

Meanwhile, English was on its way to becoming the first global lingua franca. By the end of the twentieth century, it had special status in seventy countries, including India.<ref>{{cite book |last= Crystal |first= David |date= 1 March 1997 |title= English as a Global Language |publisher = Cambridge University Press |pages = 1–2}}</ref> Worldwide, English began to represent modernization and internationalization, with more and more jobs requiring basic fluency in it.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://englishforbusiness.free.fr/yes/blogger/Not_the_Queen's_English_Newsweek.pdf| title = Not the Queen's English| date = 7 March 2007| author = Carla Power| publisher = Newsweek MSNBC International}}</ref> In India especially, the language came to acquire a social prestige, 'a class apart of education', which prompted native Indian or South Asian speakers to turn bilingual, speaking their mother tongue at home or in a local context, but English in academic or work environments.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgEEptNmwEwC&pg=PA1&dq=the+history+of+hinglish |title=The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes. |publisher= The University of Illinois Press |page = 1|author= Braj Kachru|isbn=9780252061721 |year=1986 }}</ref>

The contact of 'South Asian' languages, which is a category that refers inclusively to Hindi and Indian languages, with English, led to the emergence of the linguistic phenomenon now known as Hinglish. Many common Indic words such as 'pyjamas', 'karma', 'guru' and 'yoga' were incorporated into English usage, and vice versa ('road', 'sweater', and 'plate'). This is in parallel with several other similar hybrids around the world, like [[Spanglish]] (Spanish + English) and [[Taglish]] (Tagalog + English).

In recent years, due to an increase in literacy and connectivity, the interchange of languages has reached new heights, especially due to increasing online immersion. English is the most widely used language on the internet, and this is a further impetus to the use of Hinglish online by native Hindi speakers, especially among the youth. Google's Gboard mobile keyboard app gives an option of Hinglish as a typing language where one can type a Hindi sentence in the Roman script and suggestions will be Hindi words but in the Roman script.

While Hinglish has arisen from the presence of English in India, it is not merely Hindi and English spoken side by side, but a language type in itself, like all linguistic fusions (see Multiple language mixing, Bhatia, Tej K. 1987. English in Advertising: multiple mixing and media, ''World Englishes'' 6.1: 33-48). . Aside from the borrowing of vocabulary, there is the phenomenon of switching between languages, called [[code-switching]] and [[code-mixing]], direct translations, adapting certain words, and infusing the flavours of each language into each other.<ref>{{cite book |last= Kothari |first= Rita |date= 19 April 2011 |title= Chutnefying English |publisher= Penguin Books |page = 39 }}</ref><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/eltj/article-abstract/65/4/473/360940?redirectedFrom=fulltext] Hinglish: code-switching in Indian English, ELT Journal, Volume 65, Issue 4, 1 October 2011, pp 473–480, https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccr047</ref>

The Indian English variety, or simply Hinglish, is the Indian adaption of English in a very [[Endocentric and exocentric|endocentric]] manner, which is why it is popular among the youth. Like other dynamic language mixes, Hinglish is now thought to 'have a life of its own'.<ref>{{cite book |last= Agnihotri |first= Ramakant |date= 18 October 2009 |title= Indian English |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan |page = 212 |isbn = 9780230220393}}</ref>

==Computational analysis==
With its widespread use in social media such as blogs, Facebook and Twitter, the analysis of Hinglish using computers has become important in a number of [[Natural Language Processing|natural language processing]] applications like [[Machine Translation|machine translation]] (MT) and speech-to-speech translation.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/26517855/Code-Mixing_in_Social_Media_Text_The_Last_Language_Identification_Frontier] Amitava Das, Björn Gambäck Code-Mixing in Social Media Text The Last Language Identification Frontier,
TAL Vol 54 – no3/2013</ref><ref>[https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3914]“I am borrowing ya mixing ?”
An Analysis of English-Hindi Code Mixing in Facebook Proceedings of The First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching, pp 116–126, 25 October 2014, Doha, Qatar. 2014 ACL.</ref>

Alongside Hinglish, Benglish is a term that has been used in academic papers to describe a mixture of Bangla ([[Bengali language]]) and English in academic papers, for example Benglish verbs are described as a particular type of complex predicate, which consists of an English word and a Bengali verb e.g. {{lang|bn-Latn|yāksiḍenṭ karā}} ‘to have an accident’, {{lang|bn-Latn|in karā}} ‘to get/come/put in’ or {{lang|bn-Latn|kanphyuj karā}} ‘to confuse’.<ref>[http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y10-1011] Shishir Bhattacharja, 2010 Benglish Verbs: a Case of Code-Mixing in Bengali PACLIC 24 Proceedings</ref><ref>[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6481827] Kundu ; Subhash Chandra, 2012 Automatic detection of English words in Benglish text: A statistical approach 2012 4th International Conference on Intelligent Human Computer Interaction (IHCI)</ref><ref>[https://www.academia.edu/9886491/Hunting_Elusive_English_in_Hinglish_and_Benglish_Text_Unfolding_Challenges_and_Remedies] Hunting Elusive English in Hinglish and Benglish Text: Unfolding
Challenges and Remedies, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC)</ref>

==Dictionary==
A dictionary using the term Hinglish in its title has been published. In fact, it covers a number of words from Indian languages that are commonly used in urban Britain.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mahal |first= Baljinder K |date= 2006|title= The Queens Hinglish: How to Speak Pukka |publisher = Collins |isbn=9780007241125}}</ref>

==Users==
Hinglish is more commonly heard in urban and semi-urban centers of the [[Hindi]]-speaking states of [[India]]<ref name=lingua>{{cite journal |last1=Thakur |first1= Saroj|last2=Dutta |first2=Kamlesh|last3=Thakur|first3=Aushima |year= 2007|title=Hinglish: Code switching, code mixing and indigenization in multilingual environment |journal=Lingua et Linguistica|volume=1 |issue= 2|pages=112–6 |publisher=Journal of Language and Linguistics|editor1-first=Graeme |editor1-last=Davis|editor2-first=Karl |editor2-last=Bernhardt|isbn= 978-1-84799-129-4}}</ref> and is spoken even by the Indian diaspora.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/hinglish-gets-the-most-laughs-say-mumbais-standup-comics/articleshow/58555949.cms|title=Hinglish gets the most laughs, say Mumbai's standup comics}}</ref> Research into the linguistic dynamics of India shows that while the use of English is definitely on the rise, there are more people fluent in Hinglish than in pure English.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/the-rise-and-rise-of-hinglish-in-india-53476|title=The rise and rise of Hinglish|work=The Conversation|date=11 February 2016|author=Vineeta Chand}}</ref> [[David Crystal]], a British linguist at the [[University of Wales]], projected in 2004 that at about 350 million, the world's Hinglish speakers may soon outnumber [[first language|native English speakers]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/1123/p01s03-wosc.html|title=A Hindi-English jumble, spoken by 350 million|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|date=23 November 2004|author=Scott Baldauf}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Languages}}
{{col div|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Kanglish]]
* [[Creole languages]]
* [[Franglais]]
* ''[[Hobson-Jobson]]''
* [[Indian English]]
* [[Madras Tamil]]
* [[Manglish]]
* [[Portuñol]]
* [[Romanagari]]
* [[Singlish]]
* [[Svorsk]]
* [[Translanguaging]]
* [[Urdish|Urglish]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Sailaja, Pingali. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160727005358/http://eltj.oxfordjournals.org/content/65/4/473.short Hinglish: code-switching in Indian English]''. ''[[ELT Journal]]'', [[Oxford Journals]] (2011) 65 (4): 473-480. {{doi| 10.1093/elt/ccr047}}. First published online: 1 August 2011
*Bhatia, Tej K. 2011. The multilingual mind, optimization theory and Hinglish. In Chutneyfying English: The phenomenon of Hinglish, Rita Kothari and Rupert Snell (eds.) pp. 37–52. New Delhi: Penguin Books India.
*Bhatia, Tej and William C. Ritchie. 2009. Language Mixing, Universal Grammar and Second Language Acquisition. In: The New Handbook of Second Language Acquisition. William C. Ritchie and Tej K. Bhatia (eds.), Chapter 25, pp. 591–622. Bingley, UK: Emeralds Group Publishing Ltd.

==External links==
{{wiktionary|Hinglish}}
* {{cite journal| url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/1123/p01s03-wosc.html|title=A Hindi-English jumble, spoken by 350 million|journal=Christian Science Monitor|date=23 November 2004}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6575473|title=Practicing 'The Queen's Hinglish' in Central England|publisher=NPR|date=4 December 2006|author=Rob Gifford, Baljinder Mahal}}

{{interlanguage varieties}}

[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Macaronic forms of English]]
[[Category:Indian English]]

Hinglish - Revision history

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