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Etymology

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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	~~{{Portal\|Hinduism\|Society\|Religion~~
	}}
	* [[History of Hinduism]]		* [[History of Hinduism]]
	* [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]		* [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]

WikiDwarf: /* Etymology */

2023-07-29T14:38:42Z

Etymology

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	{{For\|the racehorse\|Hindus (horse)}}		{{For\|the racehorse\|Hindus (horse)}}
	{{Redirect2\|Hindoo\|Hindu\|other uses\|Hindoo (disambiguation)\|and\|Hindu (disambiguation)}}		{{Redirect2\|Hindoo\|Hindu\|other uses\|Hindoo (disambiguation)\|and\|Hindu (disambiguation)}}


	{{Use Indian English\|date=July 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=July 2016}}
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	== Etymology ==		== Etymology ==
	{{Further\|Hinduism}}		{{Further\|Hinduism}}
	The word ''Hindu'' is an [[Endonym and exonym\|exonym]].<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2sEL7Kj6lcC\|title= Nietzsche, Power and Politics: Rethinking Nietzsche's Legacy for Political Thought \|author=Herman Siemens, Vasti Roodt \|publisher =Walter de Gruyter\|year=2009 \|page= 546\|isbn= 978-3-11-021733-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRavAwAAQBAJ\|title= The Anthropology of Eastern Religions: Ideas, Organizations, and Constituencies \|author=Murray J. Leaf \|authorlink = Murray Leaf\|publisher =Lexington Books\|year=2014 \|page= 36\|isbn= 978-0-7391-9241-2 }}</ref> This word ''Hindu'' is derived from the [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]]{{sfn\|Flood\|2008\|p=3}} and [[Sanskrit]]{{sfn\|Flood\|2008\|p=3}}{{sfn\|Flood\|1996\|p=6}} word ''Sindhu'', which means "a large body of water", covering "river, ocean".<ref name="TakacsCline2015">{{citation \|last1=Takacs \|first1=Sarolta Anna \|last2=Cline \|first2=Eric H. \|title=The Ancient World \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPcvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 \|date=17 July 2015 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-45839-5 \|pages=377–}}</ref>{{efn\|{{harvtxt\|Flood\|2008\|p=3}}: The Indo-Aryan word ''Sindhu'' means "river", "ocean".}} It was used as the name of the [[Indus River]] and also referred to its tributaries. The actual term '{{not a typo\|hindu}}' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as "a [[Persian language\|Persian]] geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: ''Sindhu'')",{{sfn\|Flood\|1996\|p=6}} more specifically in the 6th-century BCE inscription of [[Darius I]].~~<ref name=arvindsharmahhhh />~~ The [[Punjab region]], called [[Sapta Sindhu]] in the Vedas, is called ''Hapta Hindu'' in [[Zend Avesta]]. The 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I mentions the province of ''Hi[n]dush'', referring to northwestern India.~~<ref name=arvindsharmahhhh>~~{{~~citation~~ \|~~last=Sharma~~ \|~~first=Arvind~~ \|~~author-link=Arvind Sharma \|title=On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva \|journal=Numen \|publisher=Brill \|volume=49 \|pages=1–36 \|number~~=1 ~~\|year=2002 \|jstor=3270470 \|doi=10.1163/15685270252772759~~}}~~</ref>~~{{sfn\|Thapar\|2003\|p=38}}{{sfn\|Jha\|2009\|p=15}} The people of India were referred to as ''Hinduvān'' ~~(Hindus)~~ and ''hindavī'' was used as the adjective for Indian in the 8th century text ''[[Chachnama]]''.{{sfn\|Jha\|2009\|p=15}} ~~The~~ term 'Hindu' in these ancient records is an ethno-geographical term and did not refer to a religion.~~{{sfn\|Flood\|1996\|p=6}}~~{{sfn\|Jha\|2009\|p=16}}		The word ''Hindu'' is an [[Endonym and exonym\|exonym]].<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2sEL7Kj6lcC\|title= Nietzsche, Power and Politics: Rethinking Nietzsche's Legacy for Political Thought \|author=Herman Siemens, Vasti Roodt \|publisher =Walter de Gruyter\|year=2009 \|page= 546\|isbn= 978-3-11-021733-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRavAwAAQBAJ\|title= The Anthropology of Eastern Religions: Ideas, Organizations, and Constituencies \|author=Murray J. Leaf \|authorlink = Murray Leaf\|publisher =Lexington Books\|year=2014 \|page= 36\|isbn= 978-0-7391-9241-2 }}</ref> This word ''Hindu'' is derived from the [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]]{{sfn\|Flood\|2008\|p=3}} and [[Sanskrit]]{{sfn\|Flood\|2008\|p=3}}{{sfn\|Flood\|1996\|p=6}} word ''Sindhu'', which means "a large body of water", covering "river, ocean".<ref name="TakacsCline2015">{{citation \|last1=Takacs \|first1=Sarolta Anna \|last2=Cline \|first2=Eric H. \|title=The Ancient World \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPcvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 \|date=17 July 2015 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-45839-5 \|pages=377–}}</ref>{{efn\|{{harvtxt\|Flood\|2008\|p=3}}: The Indo-Aryan word ''Sindhu'' means "river", "ocean".}} It was used as the name of the [[Indus River]] and also referred to its tributaries. The actual term '{{not a typo\|hindu}}' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as "a [[Persian language\|Persian]] geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: ''Sindhu'')",{{sfn\|Flood\|1996\|p=6}} more specifically in the 6th-century BCE inscription of [[Darius I]]{{sfn\|Sharmaa\|2002\|p=2\|ps= " An inscription of
			Darius I which is “considered to have been carved between c. 518 and 515 BC, adds Hidu [Hindu] to the list of subject countries” (Raychaud- huri 1996:584). Similarly, clay tablets from Persepolis, in Elamite, “datable to different years from the thirteenth to the twenty-eighth reg- nal year of Darius” mention Hi-in-tu (India) (ib. 585). These examples, establishing the primacy of the territorial meaning, are confirmed by Herodotus (Historiae III, 91, 94, 98–102) in his employment of the word as ‘Indoi’ in Greek, which, “lacking an alphabetic character of the sound of h, did not in this case preserve it” (Narayanan 1996:14)."}} The [[Punjab region]], called [[Sapta Sindhu]] in the Vedas, is called ''Hapta Hindu'' in [[Zend Avesta]]. The 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I mentions the province of ''Hi[n]dush'', referring to northwestern India.{{sfn\|Sharmaa\|2002\|p=1-36}}{{sfn\|Thapar\|2003\|p=38}}{{sfn\|Jha\|2009\|p=15}} The people of India were referred to as ''Hinduvān'' and ''hindavī'' was used as the adjective for Indian language in the 8th century text ''[[Chachnama]]''.{{sfn\|Jha\|2009\|p=15}} According to [[D. N. Jha]], the term 'Hindu' in these ancient records is an ethno-geographical term and did not refer to a religion.{{sfn\|Jha\|2009\|p=16}}

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			Among the earliest known records of 'Hindu' with connotations of religion may be in the 7th-century CE Chinese text [[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions\|''Records on the Western Regions'']] by the Buddhist scholar [[Xuanzang]]. Xuanzang uses the transliterated term ''In-tu'' whose "connotation overflows in the religious" according to [[Arvind Sharma]].{{sfn\|Sharmaa\|2002\|p=3\|ps=" The word Hindu derives, by common consent, from the word
			Sindhu. It is remarkable that the direction of transformation of Sindhu - Hindu - Ind is paralleled in the account of the Buddhist pilgrim
			Xanzuang (= Hiuen Tsang, 7th century), by the words Shin-tu-Hien-tau-Tien-chu, and even more surprising that it becomes In-tu, at which point its connotation overflows into the religious, at least in Xanzuang’s interpretation of it (Beal 1969 [1884]:69)"}} While Xuanzang suggested that the term refers to the country named after the moon, another Buddhist scholar [[I-tsing]] contradicted the conclusion saying that ''In-tu'' was not a common name for the country.{{sfn\|Jha\|2009\|p=14\|ps="But the religious affiliation, if any, of these “holy men and sages” remains unknown, which hardly supports the view that Hsian Tsang used the word In-tu (Hindu) in a specifically religious sense: indeed, the later Chinese pilgrim I-tsing questioned the veracity of the statement that it was a common name for the country."}}

	~~Among the earliest known records of~~ '~~Hindu' with connotations of religion may be in the 7th~~-century ~~CE Chinese~~ text ~~[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions\|~~''~~Records on the Western Regions~~''~~]] by~~ the ~~Buddhist scholar~~ [[~~Xuanzang~~]]~~. Xuanzang uses~~ the ~~transliterated~~ term ''In-tu'' ~~whose "connotation overflows~~ in the ~~religious"~~ according to [[~~Arvind Sharma~~]].<ref name=~~arvindsharmahhhh /~~>{{qn\|date=~~June 2023~~}} ~~While Xuanzang suggested that the term refers to the country named after the moon, another Buddhist~~ scholar [[~~I-tsing~~]] ~~contradicted~~ the ~~conclusion saying that~~ ''~~In-tu~~'' ~~was not a common name for~~ the ~~country~~.{{sfn\|~~Jha~~\|~~2009~~\|p=~~15}}{{qn\|date=June 2023~~}}		[[Al-Biruni]]'s 11th-century text ''Tarikh Al-Hind'', and the texts of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] period use the term 'Hindu', where it includes all non-Islamic people such as Buddhists, and retains the ambiguity of being "a region or a religion".{{sfn\|Sharmaa\|2002\|p=1-36}}{{qn\|date=June 2023}} The 'Hindu' community occurs as the amorphous 'Other' of the Muslim community in the court chronicles, according to the Indian historian [[Romila Thapar]].<ref name="Thapar tyranny">{{citation \|last=Thapar \|first=Romila \|author-link=Romila Thapar \|date=September–October 1996 \|title=The Tyranny of Labels \|journal=Social Scientist \|volume=24 \|pages=3–23 \|number=9/10 \|jstor=3520140 \|doi=10.2307/3520140}}</ref> The comparative religion scholar [[Wilfred Cantwell Smith]] notes that the term 'Hindu' retained its geographical reference initially: 'Indian', 'indigenous, local', virtually 'native'. Slowly, the Indian groups themselves started using the term, differentiating themselves and their "traditional ways" from those of the invaders.{{sfn\|Wilfred Cantwell Smith\|1981\|p=62}}

	[[Al-Biruni]]'s 11th-century text ''Tarikh Al-Hind'', and the texts of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] period use the term 'Hindu', where it includes all non-Islamic people such as Buddhists, and retains the ambiguity of being "a region or a religion".<ref name=arvindsharmahhhh />{{qn\|date=June 2023}} The 'Hindu' community occurs as the amorphous 'Other' of the Muslim community in the court chronicles, according to the Indian historian [[Romila Thapar]].<ref name="Thapar tyranny">{{citation \|last=Thapar \|first=Romila \|author-link=Romila Thapar \|date=September–October 1996 \|title=The Tyranny of Labels \|journal=Social Scientist \|volume=24 \|pages=3–23 \|number=9/10 \|jstor=3520140 \|doi=10.2307/3520140}}</ref> The comparative religion scholar [[Wilfred Cantwell Smith]] notes that the term 'Hindu' retained its geographical reference initially: 'Indian', 'indigenous, local', virtually 'native'. Slowly, the Indian groups themselves started using the term, differentiating themselves and their "traditional ways" from those of the invaders.{{sfn\|Wilfred Cantwell Smith\|1981\|p=62}}

	~~<!-- Do we still need this?~~
	'Hindu', or 'Hindoo', was used towards the end of the eighteenth century by the British to refer to the people of 'Hindustan', the people of northwest India. Eventually 'Hindu' became virtually equivalent to an 'Indian' who was not a Muslim, Sikh, Jain or Christian, thereby encompassing a range of religious beliefs and practices.{{sfn\|Flood\|1996\|p=6}}
	~~-->~~
	The text ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', by [[Chand Bardai]], about the 1192 CE defeat of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] at the hands of [[Muhammad Ghori]], is full of references to "Hindus" and "Turks", and at one stage, says "both the religions have drawn their curved swords;" however, the date of this text is unclear and considered by most scholars to be more recent.{{sfn\|Lorenzen\|2006\|p=33}} In Islamic literature, [[Isami (historian)\|'Abd al-Malik Isami]]'s Persian work, ''Futuhu's-salatin'', composed in the [[Bahmani Sultanate\|Deccan under Bahmani rule]] in 1350, uses the word ''{{'}}{{not a typo\|hindi}}' '' to mean Indian in the ethno-geographical sense and the word ''{{'}}{{not a typo\|hindu}}' '' to mean 'Hindu' in the sense of a follower of the Hindu religion".{{sfn\|Lorenzen\|2006\|p=33}} The poet [[Vidyapati]]'s ''Kirtilata'' (1380) uses the term ''Hindu'' in thr sense of a religion, it contrasts the cultures of Hindus and Turks (Muslims) in a city and concludes "The Hindus and the Turks live close together; Each makes fun of the other's religion (''dhamme'')."{{sfn\|Lorenzen\|2006\|p=31}}<ref>{{cite book\|title=Rethinking Religion in India: The Colonial Construction of Hinduism\|editor=Esther Bloch, Marianne Keppens, Rajaram Hegde\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrqLAgAAQBAJ&dq=India%27s+communities+kirtilata&pg=PA29\|page=29\|year=2009\|publisher=Routledge\|quote=For his part, Vidyapati, in his Apabhransha text Kirtilata, makes use of the phrase 'Hindu and Turk dharmas' in a clearly religious sense and highlights the local conflicts between the two communities.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The Felt Community\|page=189\|author=Rajat Kanta Ray \|year=2003\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|quote=The Kirtilata is said to have been composed in 1380.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UxuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kirtilata+composed+in}}</ref>		The text ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', by [[Chand Bardai]], about the 1192 CE defeat of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] at the hands of [[Muhammad Ghori]], is full of references to "Hindus" and "Turks", and at one stage, says "both the religions have drawn their curved swords;" however, the date of this text is unclear and considered by most scholars to be more recent.{{sfn\|Lorenzen\|2006\|p=33}} In Islamic literature, [[Isami (historian)\|'Abd al-Malik Isami]]'s Persian work, ''Futuhu's-salatin'', composed in the [[Bahmani Sultanate\|Deccan under Bahmani rule]] in 1350, uses the word ''{{'}}{{not a typo\|hindi}}' '' to mean Indian in the ethno-geographical sense and the word ''{{'}}{{not a typo\|hindu}}' '' to mean 'Hindu' in the sense of a follower of the Hindu religion".{{sfn\|Lorenzen\|2006\|p=33}} The poet [[Vidyapati]]'s ''Kirtilata'' (1380) uses the term ''Hindu'' in thr sense of a religion, it contrasts the cultures of Hindus and Turks (Muslims) in a city and concludes "The Hindus and the Turks live close together; Each makes fun of the other's religion (''dhamme'')."{{sfn\|Lorenzen\|2006\|p=31}}<ref>{{cite book\|title=Rethinking Religion in India: The Colonial Construction of Hinduism\|editor=Esther Bloch, Marianne Keppens, Rajaram Hegde\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrqLAgAAQBAJ&dq=India%27s+communities+kirtilata&pg=PA29\|page=29\|year=2009\|publisher=Routledge\|quote=For his part, Vidyapati, in his Apabhransha text Kirtilata, makes use of the phrase 'Hindu and Turk dharmas' in a clearly religious sense and highlights the local conflicts between the two communities.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The Felt Community\|page=189\|author=Rajat Kanta Ray \|year=2003\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|quote=The Kirtilata is said to have been composed in 1380.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UxuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kirtilata+composed+in}}</ref>

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	* {{Citation \| last =Thapar \| first =Romila \|author-link=Romila Thapar \|chapter=Imagined religious communities? \| year =1993 \| title =Interpreting Early India \| place =Delhi \| publisher =Oxford University Press \|pages=60–88 }}		* {{Citation \| last =Thapar \| first =Romila \|author-link=Romila Thapar \|chapter=Imagined religious communities? \| year =1993 \| title =Interpreting Early India \| place =Delhi \| publisher =Oxford University Press \|pages=60–88 }}
	* {{Citation \| last =Thapar \| first =Romula \|author-link=Romila Thapar \|year =2003 \| title =The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 \| publisher =Penguin Books India \| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC&q=%22puranic+hinduism%22+-wikipedia \| isbn =978-0-14-302989-2}}		* {{Citation \| last =Thapar \| first =Romula \|author-link=Romila Thapar \|year =2003 \| title =The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 \| publisher =Penguin Books India \| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC&q=%22puranic+hinduism%22+-wikipedia \| isbn =978-0-14-302989-2}}
			* {{citation \|last=Sharmaa \|first=Arvind \|author-link=Arvind Sharma \|title=On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva \|journal=Numen \|publisher=Brill \|volume=49 \|pages=1–36 \|number=1 \|year=2002 \|jstor=3270470 \|doi=10.1163/15685270252772759}}
	{{Refend}}		{{Refend}}

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	== External links ==		== External links ==


	{{Hindudharma}}		{{Hindudharma}}
	{{Religion topics}}		{{Religion topics}}
	~~{{Authority control}}~~

	[[Category:Hindus\| ]]		[[Category:Hindus\| ]]

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