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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|Hinduism\|Philosophy}}~~
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	* [[Āstika and nāstika]]		* [[Āstika and nāstika]]

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	{{Hindu philosophy}}		{{Hindu philosophy}}
	{{Philosophy sidebar\|expanded=Traditions}}		{{Philosophy sidebar\|expanded=Traditions}}
	'''Hindu philosophy''' encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=darzana&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 Soken Sanskrit, ''darzana'']</ref> of [[Hinduism]] that emerged in [[History of India\|Ancient India]]~~. These~~ include six systems (''[[darśana\|shad-darśana]]'') – [[Samkhya\|Sankhya]], [[Yoga (philosophy)\|Yoga]], [[Nyaya]], [[Vaisheshika]], [[Mīmāṃsā\|Mimamsa]] and [[Vedanta]].<ref name=andrewoverview>Andrew Nicholson (2013), Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0231149877}}, pages 2–5</ref> In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is '''Darshana''' (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskrit root ''drish'' (to see, to experience).<ref>[https://www.esamskriti.com/e/Spirituality/Philosophy/What-does-DARSHANA-mean-1.aspx Meaning of word Darshana]</ref>		'''Hindu philosophy''' encompasses the philosophies, world views and teachings<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=darzana&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 Soken Sanskrit, ''darzana'']</ref> of [[Hinduism]] that emerged in [[History of India\|Ancient India]] which include six systems (''[[darśana\|shad-darśana]]'') – [[Samkhya\|Sankhya]], [[Yoga (philosophy)\|Yoga]], [[Nyaya]], [[Vaisheshika]], [[Mīmāṃsā\|Mimamsa]] and [[Vedanta]].<ref name=andrewoverview>Andrew Nicholson (2013), Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0231149877}}, pages 2–5</ref> In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is '''Darshana''' (Viewpoint or perspective), from the Sanskrit root ''drish'' (to see, to experience).<ref>[https://www.esamskriti.com/e/Spirituality/Philosophy/What-does-DARSHANA-mean-1.aspx Meaning of word Darshana]</ref>

	These are also called the [[Āstika and nāstika\|Astika]] (theistic) philosophical traditions and are those that accept the [[Vedas]] as an authoritative, important source of knowledge.<ref name="KK26" />{{refn\|group=note\|M Chadha (2015), in The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy of Religion, states that Vedas were knowledge source but interpreted differently by different schools of Hindu philosophy: "The sacred texts of the Hindus, the Vedas, are variously interpreted by the six traditional Hindu philosophical schools. Even within a single school, philosophers disagree on the import of Vedic statements. (...) Hindu intellectual traditions must be understood as standing for the collection of philosophical views that share a textual connection. There is no single, comprehensive philosophical doctrine shared by all intellectual traditions in Hinduism that distinguishes their view from other Indian religions such as [[Buddhism]] or [[Jainism]] on issues of epistemology, metaphysics, logic, ethics or cosmology. The Vedas are regarded as Apauruseya, but by the same token, they are not the Word of God either.<ref>M Chadha (2015), The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy of Religion (Editor: Graham Oppy), Routledge, {{ISBN\|978-1844658312}}, pages 127–128</ref>}}{{refn\|group=note\|Elisa Freschi (2012): The Vedas are not [[Deontological ethics\|deontic]] authorities in absolute sense and may be disobeyed, but are recognized as an [[epistemology\|epistemic]] authority by an orthodox school of Hindu philosophy;<ref>Elisa Freschi (2012), Duty, Language and Exegesis in Prabhakara Mimamsa, BRILL, {{ISBN\|978-9004222601}}, page 62</ref> (Note: This differentiation between epistemic and deontic authority is true for all Indian religions)}} Ancient and medieval India was also the source of philosophies that share philosophical concepts but rejected the Vedas, and these have been called ''nāstika'' (heterodox or non-orthodox) Indian philosophies.<ref name=andrewoverview/><ref name="KK26" /> Nāstika Indian philosophies include [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[~~Cārvāka~~]], [[Ājīvika]], and others.<ref name=bilimoriaastika>P Bilimoria (2000), Indian Philosophy (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, {{ISBN\|978-1135703226}}, page 88</ref>		These are also called the [[Āstika and nāstika\|Astika]] (theistic) philosophical traditions and are those that accept the [[Vedas]] as an authoritative, important source of knowledge.<ref name="KK26" />{{refn\|group=note\|M Chadha (2015), in The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy of Religion, states that Vedas were knowledge source but interpreted differently by different schools of Hindu philosophy: "The sacred texts of the Hindus, the Vedas, are variously interpreted by the six traditional Hindu philosophical schools. Even within a single school, philosophers disagree on the import of Vedic statements. (...) Hindu intellectual traditions must be understood as standing for the collection of philosophical views that share a textual connection. There is no single, comprehensive philosophical doctrine shared by all intellectual traditions in Hinduism that distinguishes their view from other Indian religions such as [[Buddhism]] or [[Jainism]] on issues of epistemology, metaphysics, logic, ethics or cosmology. The Vedas are regarded as Apauruseya, but by the same token, they are not the Word of God either.<ref>M Chadha (2015), The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy of Religion (Editor: Graham Oppy), Routledge, {{ISBN\|978-1844658312}}, pages 127–128</ref>}}{{refn\|group=note\|Elisa Freschi (2012): The Vedas are not [[Deontological ethics\|deontic]] authorities in absolute sense and may be disobeyed, but are recognized as an [[epistemology\|epistemic]] authority by an orthodox school of Hindu philosophy;<ref>Elisa Freschi (2012), Duty, Language and Exegesis in Prabhakara Mimamsa, BRILL, {{ISBN\|978-9004222601}}, page 62</ref> (Note: This differentiation between epistemic and deontic authority is true for all Indian religions)}} Ancient and medieval India was also the source of philosophies that share philosophical concepts but rejected the Vedas, and these have been called ''nāstika'' (heterodox or non-orthodox) Indian philosophies.<ref name=andrewoverview/><ref name="KK26" /> Nāstika Indian philosophies include [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Charvaka\|Chārvāka]], [[Ājīvika]], and others.<ref name=bilimoriaastika>P Bilimoria (2000), Indian Philosophy (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, {{ISBN\|978-1135703226}}, page 88</ref>

	Western scholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of [[Indology\|Indologists]] and [[Orientalism\|Orientalists]] of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies.<ref name=andrewoverview/> The various sibling traditions included in Hindu philosophies are diverse, and they are united by shared history and concepts, same textual resources, similar ontological and soteriological focus, and cosmology.<ref name=frazierintrop2>{{cite book\|last1=Frazier\|first1=Jessica\|title=The Continuum companion to Hindu studies \| date=2011\|publisher=Continuum\|location=London\|isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0\|pages=1–15}}</ref><ref>Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0813540689}}, pages 101-119</ref> While Buddhism and Jainism are considered distinct philosophies and religions, some heterodox ([[Āstika and nāstika\|nāstika]]) traditions such as Cārvāka are often considered as distinct schools within Hindu philosophy because the word [[Hindus\|Hindu]] is also an [[Endonym and exonym\|exonym]] and historically, the term has also been used as a geographical and cultural identifier for people living in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Pennington\|first=Brian K.\|title=Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction of Religion\|year=2005\|isbn=978-0-19-803729-3\|location=Oxford university press\|pages=111–118}}</ref><ref>R Thomas (2014), Hindu Perspectives on Evolution: Darwin, Dharma, and Design. Sociology of Religion, Vol. 75, No. 1, pages 164–165, '''Quote''': "some of the ancient Hindu traditions like Carvaka have a rich tradition of materialism, in general, other schools..."</ref><ref name="KN Tiwari 1998 page 67">KN Tiwari (1998), Classical Indian Ethical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120816077}}, page 67; '''Quote''': "Of the three heterodox systems, the remaining one, the Cārvāka system, is a Hindu system.";</ref><ref>V.V. Raman (2012), Hinduism and Science: Some Reflections, Zygon – Journal of Religion and Science, 47(3): 549–574, Quote (page 557): "Aside from nontheistic schools like the Samkhya, there have also been explicitly atheistic schools in the Hindu tradition. One virulently anti-supernatural system is/was the so-called Carvaka school.", {{doi\|10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01274.x}}<br />Bill Cooke (2005), Dictionary of Atheism, Skepticism, and Humanism, {{ISBN\|978-1591022992}}, page 84;<br />For a general discussion of Cārvāka and other atheistic traditions within Hindu philosophy, see Jessica Frazier (2014), Hinduism in The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0199644650}}, pages 367–378</ref>		Western scholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of [[Indology\|Indologists]] and [[Orientalism\|Orientalists]] of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies.<ref name=andrewoverview/> The various sibling traditions included in Hindu philosophies are diverse, and they are united by shared history and concepts, same textual resources, similar ontological and soteriological focus, and cosmology.<ref name=frazierintrop2>{{cite book\|last1=Frazier\|first1=Jessica\|title=The Continuum companion to Hindu studies \| date=2011\|publisher=Continuum\|location=London\|isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0\|pages=1–15}}</ref><ref>Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0813540689}}, pages 101-119</ref> While Buddhism and Jainism are considered distinct philosophies and religions, some heterodox ([[Āstika and nāstika\|nāstika]]) traditions such as Cārvāka are often considered as distinct schools within Hindu philosophy because the word [[Hindus\|Hindu]] is also an [[Endonym and exonym\|exonym]] and historically, the term has also been used as a geographical and cultural identifier for people living in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Pennington\|first=Brian K.\|title=Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction of Religion\|year=2005\|isbn=978-0-19-803729-3\|location=Oxford university press\|pages=111–118}}</ref><ref>R Thomas (2014), Hindu Perspectives on Evolution: Darwin, Dharma, and Design. Sociology of Religion, Vol. 75, No. 1, pages 164–165, '''Quote''': "some of the ancient Hindu traditions like Carvaka have a rich tradition of materialism, in general, other schools..."</ref><ref name="KN Tiwari 1998 page 67">KN Tiwari (1998), Classical Indian Ethical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120816077}}, page 67; '''Quote''': "Of the three heterodox systems, the remaining one, the Cārvāka system, is a Hindu system.";</ref><ref>V.V. Raman (2012), Hinduism and Science: Some Reflections, Zygon – Journal of Religion and Science, 47(3): 549–574, Quote (page 557): "Aside from nontheistic schools like the Samkhya, there have also been explicitly atheistic schools in the Hindu tradition. One virulently anti-supernatural system is/was the so-called Carvaka school.", {{doi\|10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01274.x}}<br />Bill Cooke (2005), Dictionary of Atheism, Skepticism, and Humanism, {{ISBN\|978-1591022992}}, page 84;<br />For a general discussion of Cārvāka and other atheistic traditions within Hindu philosophy, see Jessica Frazier (2014), Hinduism in The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0199644650}}, pages 367–378</ref>
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	===Other schools===		===Other schools===
	Besides the major orthodox and non-orthodox schools, there have existed syncretic sub-schools that have combined ideas and introduced new ones of their own. The medieval scholar [[Vidyaranya]] ~~(1238–1317 CE){{Citation needed\|date=October 2020}}~~, in his book 'Sarva-~~Darshana~~-~~Samgraha~~', includes the following, along with Buddhism<ref>Cowell and Gough (1882, Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell#page/n21/mode/2up The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy] by Madhva Acharya, Trubner's Oriental Series, pages 12–35</ref> and Jainism,<ref>Cowell and Gough (1882, Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell#page/n45/mode/2up The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy] by Madhva Acharya, Trubner's Oriental Series, pages 36–63</ref> as sub-schools of Hindu philosophy:		Besides the major orthodox and non-orthodox schools, there have existed syncretic sub-schools that have combined ideas and introduced new ones of their own. The medieval scholar Madhavacharya, indentified by some as [[Vidyaranya]], in his book '[[Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha]]', includes the following, along with Buddhism<ref>Cowell and Gough (1882, Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell#page/n21/mode/2up The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy] by Madhva Acharya, Trubner's Oriental Series, pages 12–35</ref> and Jainism,<ref>Cowell and Gough (1882, Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell#page/n45/mode/2up The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy] by Madhva Acharya, Trubner's Oriental Series, pages 36–63</ref> as sub-schools of Hindu philosophy:
	* [[Pashupata Shaivism]], developed by Nakulisa<ref>Cowell and Gough (1882, Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell#page/n111/mode/2up The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy] by Madhva Acharya, Trubner's Oriental Series, pages 103–111</ref>		* [[Pashupata Shaivism]], developed by Nakulisa<ref>Cowell and Gough (1882, Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell#page/n111/mode/2up The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy] by Madhva Acharya, Trubner's Oriental Series, pages 103–111</ref>
	* [[Shaiva Siddhanta]], the theistic Sankhya school<ref>Cowell and Gough (1882, Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell#page/n121/mode/2up The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy] by Madhva Acharya, Trubner's Oriental Series, pages 112–127</ref>{{sfn\|King\|2007\|p=45}}		* [[Shaiva Siddhanta]], the theistic Sankhya school<ref>Cowell and Gough (1882, Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell#page/n121/mode/2up The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy] by Madhva Acharya, Trubner's Oriental Series, pages 112–127</ref>{{sfn\|King\|2007\|p=45}}
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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
			* {{cite book \|surname=Dasgupta \|given=Surendranath \|year=1922–1955 \|authorlink=Surendranath Dasgupta \|title=A History of Indian Philosophy \|volume=1–5 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|place=London \|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/reports-proceedings/history-indian-philosophy-vol-i}} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96713 Vol. 1] \| [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57593 Vol. 2] \| [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57392 Vol. 3] \| [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.231099 Vol. 4] \| [https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfIndianPhilosophyVol5/page/n1/mode/2up Vol. 5.]
			* {{cite encyclopedia \|editor-surname=Potter \|editor-given=Karl H. \|editor-link=Karl Harrington Potter \|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophers \|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/xencyclo.html \|place=Delhi \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass \|year=1970–2019 \|volume=1–25- \|postscript=. Ongoing [[monographic series]] project.}}
	* {{cite book \|year=1923–1927 \|surname=Radhakrishnan \|given=Sarvepalli \|author-link=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan \|title=Indian Philosophy \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|volume=2-volume Set \|url=https://archive.org/details/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan.Indian.Philosophy.Volume.1-2}}		* {{cite book \|year=1923–1927 \|surname=Radhakrishnan \|given=Sarvepalli \|author-link=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan \|title=Indian Philosophy \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|volume=2-volume Set \|url=https://archive.org/details/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan.Indian.Philosophy.Volume.1-2}}
	* Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. ''A Source Book in Indian Philosophy''. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. {{ISBN\|0-691-01958-4}}.		* Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. ''A Source Book in Indian Philosophy''. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. {{ISBN\|0-691-01958-4}}.
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	{{Indian philosophy}}		{{Indian philosophy}}
	{{Philosophy topics}}		{{Philosophy topics}}
	~~{{Philosophy of religion}}~~
	{{Religion topics}}		{{Religion topics}}
	~~{{History of religions}}~~		{{Authority control}}
	~~{{philosophy of science}}~~{{Authority control}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Philosophy}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Philosophy}}
	[[Category:Hindu philosophy\| ]]		[[Category:Hindu philosophy\| ]]
	[[Category:Indian philosophy\|*]]		[[Category:Indian philosophy\|*]]
	~~[[Category:Metaphilosophy]]~~
	~~[[Category:Āstika]]~~

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