Hindavi Swarajya - Revision history

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	'''Hindavi Swarajya''' ({{IAST\|Hindavī Svarājya}}; "self-rule of Hindu people"~~, meaning independence from foreign rule)~~{{sfn\|Smith, On Understanding Islam\|1981\|pp=194–195}}<ref name="Pagadi, Shivaji 1983 98">{{harvnb\|Pagadi, Shivaji\|1983\|p=98}}: "Chhatrapati Shivaji's coronation and setting himself up as a sovereign prince symbolises the rise of the Indian people in all parts of the country. It was a bid for ''Hindawi Swarajya'' (Indian rule), a term in use in Marathi sources of history."</~~ref~~><ref name=Jackson>{{cite book \|title=Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature \|last=Jackson \|first=William Joseph \|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. \|year=2005 \|isbn=9780754639503 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&pg=PA38 \|page=38}}: "Probably the earliest use of a word like 'Hindu' was in 1645 in a phrase in a letter of Shivaji, ''Hindavi swarajya'', meaning independence from foreign rule, 'self-rule of Hindu people'."</~~ref~~> is a term attributed to [[Shivaji]], the founder of the [[Maratha ~~Empire~~]].<ref name=Jackson/> After Shivaji's death, the term ''swarajya'' came into widespread use, without "Hindavi" but rather associated with "Maratha". According to André Wink, the term "Maratha ~~swarajya"~~ meant a form of zamindari sovereignty, not necessarily attached to any particular territory.<ref name="Wink swarajva">{{harvp\|Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India\|2007\|pp=43–44}}: "~~Maratha~~ ''~~svarajya~~'' was a form of ‘zamindari sovereignty’ not merely in the eyes of the Mughals but actually established by people who were often just one or two generations away from village or district zamindari status and the practice of ‘organizing cultivation and expelling robbers’."</ref>		{{Short description\|Hindu nationalistic term of historical significance}}
	The term ''[[Swaraj]]'' was later adopted by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], one of the early leaders of the [[Indian independence movement]] against the [[British Empire]].<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lokmanya-bal-gangadhar-tilak-death-anniversary-know-about-the-freedom-fighter-who-said-swaraj-is-my-birth-right-2272338 ~~Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Freedom Fighter Who Said, "Swaraj Is My Birth Right"],~~ NDTV~~, 1 August 2020~~.</ref><ref>Ratnadeep ~~Choudhary, [~~https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/lokmanya-tilak-the-strongest-advocate-of-swaraj-a-prime-architect-of-freedom-movement/86985/ ~~Lokmanya Tilak — the strongest advocate of Swaraj & a prime architect of freedom movement], The Print, 23 July 2018.~~</ref>
			'''Hindavi Swarajya''' ({{IAST\|Hindavī Svarājya}}; "self-rule of Hindu people"{{sfn\|Smith, On Understanding Islam\|1981\|pp=194–195}}<ref name="Pagadi, Shivaji 1983 98"/><ref name="Jackson" />) is a term attributed to [[Shivaji]], the founder of the [[Maratha Kingdom]].<ref name="Jackson" /> After Shivaji's death, the term ''swarajya'' came into widespread use, without "Hindavi" but rather associated with "[[Maratha Empire\|Maratha]]". According to [[André Wink]], the term ''Maratha Swarajya'' meant a form of zamindari sovereignty, not necessarily attached to any particular territory.<ref name="Wink swarajva">{{harvp\|Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India\|2007\|pp=43–44}}: "''Maratha Svarajya'' was a form of ‘zamindari sovereignty’ not merely in the eyes of the Mughals but actually established by people who were often just one or two generations away from village or district zamindari status and the practice of ‘organizing cultivation and expelling robbers’."</ref>

			The term ''[[Swaraj]]'' was later adopted by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], one of the early leaders of the [[Indian independence movement]] against the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Freedom Fighter Who Said, "Swaraj Is My Birth Right" \|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lokmanya-bal-gangadhar-tilak-death-anniversary-know-about-the-freedom-fighter-who-said-swaraj-is-my-birth-right-2272338 \|access-date=2023-12-17 \|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Choudhary \|first=Ratnadeep \|date=2018-07-23 \|title=Lokmanya Tilak — the strongest advocate of Swaraj & a prime architect of freedom movement \|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/lokmanya-tilak-the-strongest-advocate-of-swaraj-a-prime-architect-of-freedom-movement/86985/ \|access-date=2023-12-17 \|website=ThePrint \|language=en-US}}</ref>

	== Origin ==		== Origin ==
	~~Early modern~~ Maratha warrior [[Shivaji]] ~~is believed to have~~ used the phrase ''Hindavi Swarajya'' in a letter to Dadaji Naras Prabhu Deshpande of Rohidkhore on 17 April 1645. The letter, in [[Marathi language\|Marathi]], states:		Popular belief holds that the Maratha warrior [[Shivaji]] used the phrase ''Hindavi Swarajya'' in a letter to Dadaji Naras Prabhu Deshpande of Rohidkhore on 17 April 1645. The purported letter, in [[Marathi language\|Marathi]], states:
	{{quote\|It is God Rohireshvar that has given us victory; and that God would enable us to fulfil our wish of ''Hindavi Swarajya''. It is God's will that this kingdom should be established.{{sfn\|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya\|1975\|p=50}}}}		{{quote\|It is God Rohireshvar that has given us victory; and that God would enable us to fulfil our wish of ''Hindavi Swarajya''. It is God's will that this kingdom should be established.{{sfn\|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya\|1975\|p=50}}}}
	Scholars do not agree on the authenticity of the letter.{{sfn\|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya\|1975\|p=50-51}}<ref>		Scholars do not agree on the authenticity of the letter.{{sfn\|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya\|1975\|pp=50-51}}<ref>
	{{harvnb\|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji\|1975\|p=10}}: "The authenticity of this letter has, however, been questioned by several eminent scholars, who consider that its language is not the language of the 17th century."		{{harvnb\|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji\|1975\|p=10}}: "The authenticity of this letter has, however, been questioned by several eminent scholars, who consider that its language is not the language of the 17th century."
	</ref> Historian [[Setumadhavarao Pagadi]] states that a lot of the historical source material on Shivaji is spurious, contributed by various influential families of Maharashtra to show how close their ancestors were to Shivaji.{{sfn\|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji\|1975\|p=10}} J. V. Naik states that, irrespective of the authenticity of the letter, Shivaji's career itself amply demonstrates his conception of ''Swarajya''.{{sfn\|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya\|1975\|p=51}}		</ref> Historian [[Setumadhavarao Pagadi]] states that a lot of the historical source material on Shivaji is spurious, contributed by various influential families of Maharashtra to show how close their ancestors were to Shivaji.{{sfn\|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji\|1975\|p=10}} J. V. Naik states that, irrespective of the authenticity of the letter, Shivaji's career itself amply demonstrates his conception of ''Swarajya''.{{sfn\|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya\|1975\|p=51}}

			== Interpretation ==
			Scholar [[Wilfred Cantwell Smith]] interprets Shivaji's ''Hindavi Swarajya'' to mean "Indian independence from foreign rule."{{sfn\|Smith, On Understanding Islam\|1981\|pp=194–195}} Historian Pagadi also interprets it as "Indian rule."<ref name="Pagadi, Shivaji 1983 98">{{harvnb\|Pagadi, Shivaji\|1983\|p=98}}: "Shivaji's coronation and setting himself up as a sovereign prince symbolises the rise of the Indian people in all parts of the country. It was a bid for ''Hindawi Swarajya'' (Indian rule), a term in use in Marathi sources of history."</ref> Religious studies scholar William Jackson, while agreeing that it means independence from foreign rule, thinks its literal meaning is "self-rule of Hindu people."<ref name="Jackson">{{cite book \|title=Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature \|last=Jackson \|first=William Joseph \|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. \|year=2005 \|isbn=9780754639503 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&pg=PA38 \|page=38}}: "Probably the earliest use of a word like 'Hindu' was in 1645 in a phrase in a letter of Shivaji, ''Hindavi swarajya'', meaning independence from foreign rule, 'self-rule of Hindu people'."</ref>

	The term ''Hindavi'' (or ''Hindawi'', as also ''Hindui'' and ''Hindi'') has been in use since the 14th century with the meaning of "Indian". Poet [[Amir Khusro]] listed various "''Hindavi'' languages" in use in his time.<ref>		Historian [[Irfan Habib]] states that the term "Hindu" had acquired a religious sense by this time (though not with the present day meaning) and so, other terms such as ''Hindi'', ''Hindustani'' and ''Hindavi'' began to be employed to mean "Indian", spanning both Hindus and Muslims.{{sfn\|Habib, The Formation of India\|1997\|p=7}} According to Pagadi, ''Hindavi'' had the sense of "the sons of the soil" in this context.{{sfn\|Pagadi, Shivaji\|1983\|p=i}}
	{{citation \|editor=Romesh Thapar \|title=Seminar, Issues 473–484 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3YAMAQAAMAAJ \|year=1999 \|publisher=R. Thapur \|p=879}}: "The last [''Hindawi''] was the name given to Indian languages; Amir Khusro talks of Sindhi Hindawi, Gujarati Hindawi as also Ma'abari Hindawi by which he meant the languages of the South. Amir Khusro wrote in Northern or Dille Hindawi besides Persian."
	~~</ref><ref>~~
	{{harvnb\|Ali, The Evolution of the Perception of India\|1996}}: "He [Khusrau] goes on to associate India with certain languages that had currency in it [India].... there were the regional languages (''Hindawi's''), of which Khusrau lists 12 (including Tamil, Kannada) and, finally, Sanskrit, the language of the learned Brahmans. He takes special pride in this wealth of languages."
	~~</ref> These were distinguished from [[Persian language\|Persian]], the court language in most Muslim states.<ref>~~
	{{citation \|last=Amin \|first=Shahid \|title=Conquest and Community: The Afterlife of Warrior Saint Ghazi Miyan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2kpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 \|date=2016 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|isbn=978-0-226-37260-0 \|p=183}}
	~~</ref>~~ Historian [[Irfan Habib]] states that~~, as~~ the term "Hindu" had acquired a religious sense by this time, other terms such as ''Hindi'', ''Hindustani'' and ''Hindavi'' began to be employed to mean "Indian", spanning ~~for all Indian people~~.{{sfn\|Habib, The Formation of India\|1997\|p=7}} According to Pagadi, ''Hindavi'' had the sense of "the sons of the soil" in this context~~.{{sfn\|Pagadi, Shivaji\|1983\|p=i}}~~

	''Swarajya'' ([[IAST]]: svarājya) is a [[Sanskrit language\|Sanskrit]] term, whose meaning is "independent dominion or sovereignty" according to the [[Monier Williams]] dictionary.<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/ Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision)], entry for "svarAjya".</ref> Pagadi notes that Shivaji had referred to his jagir in Pune as a ''rajya''.{{sfn\|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji\|1975\|pp=10–11}} He takes ''Swarajya'' to have meant a "homeland",{{sfn\|Pagadi, Shivaji\|1983\|p=89}} and ''Hindavi Swarajya'' a "state of the sons of the soil".{{sfn\|Pagadi, Shivaji\|1983\|p=i}}

	== ~~Maratha~~ Swarajya ==		''Swarajya'' ([[IAST]]: svarājya) is a [[Sanskrit language\|Sanskrit]] term, whose meaning is "independent dominion or sovereignty" according to the [[Monier Williams]] dictionary.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary 1899 Basic \|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc/indexcaller.php \|access-date=2023-12-17 \|website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref> Pagadi notes that Shivaji had referred to his [[jagir]] in Pune as a ''rajya''.{{sfn\|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji\|1975\|pp=10–11}} He takes ''Swarajya'' to have meant a "homeland"{{sfn\|Pagadi, Shivaji\|1983\|p=89}} and ''Hindavi Swarajya'' a "state of the sons of the soil."{{sfn\|Pagadi, Shivaji\|1983\|p=i}}
	{{~~expand section~~\|~~date~~=~~March 2021~~}}

	==References==		==References==
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	==Bibliography==		==Bibliography==
	* {{citation \|first=M. Athar \|last=Ali \|title=The Evolution of the Perception of India: Akbar and Abu'l Fazl \|journal=Social Scientist \|volume=24 \|number=1/3 \|date= January 1996 \|pp=80–88 \|jstor=3520120 \|ref={{sfnref\|Ali, The Evolution of the Perception of India\|1996}}}}		* {{citation \|first=M. Athar \|last=Ali \|title=The Evolution of the Perception of India: Akbar and Abu'l Fazl \|journal=Social Scientist \|volume=24 \|number=1/3 \|date= January 1996 \|pages=80–88 \|doi=10.2307/3520120 \|jstor=3520120 \|ref={{sfnref\|Ali, The Evolution of the Perception of India\|1996}}}}
	* {{citation \|first=Irfan \|last=Habib \|authorlink=Irfan Habib \|title=The Formation of India: Notes on the History of an Idea\|journal=Social Scientist \|volume=25 \|number=7/8 \|date=July 1997 \|pp=3–10 \|jstor=3517600 \|ref={{sfnref\|Habib, The Formation of India\|1997\|p=7}}}}		* {{citation \|first=Irfan \|last=Habib \|authorlink=Irfan Habib \|title=The Formation of India: Notes on the History of an Idea\|journal=Social Scientist \|volume=25 \|number=7/8 \|date=July 1997 \|pages=3–10 \|doi=10.2307/3517600 \|jstor=3517600 \|ref={{sfnref\|Habib, The Formation of India\|1997\|p=7}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Naik \|first=J. V. \|chapter=The Foundation of Swarajya \|title=Shivaji and swarajya \|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.275725/2015.275725.Shivaji-And#page/n1/mode/2up \|year=1975 \|publisher=Orient Longman, for Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch \|pp=43–57 \|ref={{~~harvtxt~~\|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya\|1975}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Naik \|first=J. V. \|chapter=The Foundation of Swarajya \|title=Shivaji and swarajya \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.275725/2015.275725.Shivaji-And#page/n1/mode/2up \|year=1975 \|publisher=Orient Longman, for Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch \|pages=43–57 \|ref={{sfnref\|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya\|1975}}}}
	* {{cite book \|first=Setumadhava Rao \|last=Pagadi \|authorlink=Setumadhavarao Pagadi \| title=Shivaji \| year=1983 \| publisher=National Book Trust, India \|url=https://archive.org/details/ShivajiSetumadhavaraoSPagadi1983 \|ref={{sfnref\|Pagadi, Shivaji\|1983}}}}		* {{cite book \|first=Setumadhava Rao \|last=Pagadi \|authorlink=Setumadhavarao Pagadi \| title=Shivaji \| year=1983 \| publisher=National Book Trust, India \|url=https://archive.org/details/ShivajiSetumadhavaraoSPagadi1983 \|ref={{sfnref\|Pagadi, Shivaji\|1983}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Pagadi \|first=Setu Madhava Rao \|authorlink=Setumadhavarao Pagadi \|chapter=The Life and Times of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj \|title=Shivaji and swarajya \|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.275725/2015.275725.Shivaji-And#page/n1/mode/2up \|year=1975 \|publisher=Orient Longman, for Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch \|pp=1–42 \|ref={{sfnref\|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji\|1975}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Pagadi \|first=Setu Madhava Rao \|authorlink=Setumadhavarao Pagadi \|chapter=The Life and Times of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj \|title=Shivaji and swarajya \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.275725/2015.275725.Shivaji-And#page/n1/mode/2up \|year=1975 \|publisher=Orient Longman, for Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch \|pages=1–42 \|ref={{sfnref\|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji\|1975}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Smith \|first=Wilfred C. \|authorlink=Wilfred Cantwell Smith \|title=On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVTH0MepJBYC \|year=1981 \|publisher=Walter de Gruyter \|isbn=978-3-11-082580-0 \|ref={{sfnref\|Smith, On Understanding Islam\|1981}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Smith \|first=Wilfred C. \|authorlink=Wilfred Cantwell Smith \|title=On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVTH0MepJBYC \|year=1981 \|publisher=Walter de Gruyter \|isbn=978-3-11-082580-0 \|ref={{sfnref\|Smith, On Understanding Islam\|1981}}}}
	* {{citation \|last=Wink \|first=André \|title=Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGL3IQAACAAJ \|year=2007 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-0-521-05180-4 \|ref={{sfnref\|Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India\|2007}}}}		* {{citation \|last=Wink \|first=André \|title=Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGL3IQAACAAJ \|year=2007 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-0-521-05180-4 \|ref={{sfnref\|Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India\|2007}}}}

>Pachu Kannan: Reverting edit(s) by 103.170.1.234 (talk) to rev. 1038696217 by Rdp060707: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

2021-10-08T09:17:08Z

Reverting edit(s) by 103.170.1.234 (talk) to rev. 1038696217 by Rdp060707: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

New page

'''Hindavi Swarajya''' ({{IAST|Hindavī Svarājya}}; "self-rule of Hindu people", meaning independence from foreign rule){{sfn|Smith, On Understanding Islam|1981|pp=194–195}}<ref name="Pagadi, Shivaji 1983 98">{{harvnb|Pagadi, Shivaji|1983|p=98}}: "Chhatrapati Shivaji's coronation and setting himself up as a sovereign prince symbolises the rise of the Indian people in all parts of the country. It was a bid for ''Hindawi Swarajya'' (Indian rule), a term in use in Marathi sources of history."</ref><ref name=Jackson>{{cite book |title=Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature |last=Jackson |first=William Joseph |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year=2005 |isbn=9780754639503 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&pg=PA38 |page=38}}: "Probably the earliest use of a word like 'Hindu' was in 1645 in a phrase in a letter of Shivaji, ''Hindavi swarajya'', meaning independence from foreign rule, 'self-rule of Hindu people'."</ref> is a term attributed to [[Shivaji]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name=Jackson/> After Shivaji's death, the term ''swarajya'' came into widespread use, without "Hindavi" but rather associated with "Maratha". According to André Wink, the term "Maratha swarajya" meant a form of zamindari sovereignty, not necessarily attached to any particular territory.<ref name="Wink swarajva">{{harvp|Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India|2007|pp=43–44}}: "Maratha ''svarajya'' was a form of ‘zamindari sovereignty’ not merely in the eyes of the Mughals but actually established by people who were often just one or two generations away from village or district zamindari status and the practice of ‘organizing cultivation and expelling robbers’."</ref>
The term ''[[Swaraj]]'' was later adopted by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], one of the early leaders of the [[Indian independence movement]] against the [[British Empire]].<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lokmanya-bal-gangadhar-tilak-death-anniversary-know-about-the-freedom-fighter-who-said-swaraj-is-my-birth-right-2272338 Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Freedom Fighter Who Said, "Swaraj Is My Birth Right"], NDTV, 1 August 2020.</ref><ref>Ratnadeep Choudhary, [https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/lokmanya-tilak-the-strongest-advocate-of-swaraj-a-prime-architect-of-freedom-movement/86985/ Lokmanya Tilak — the strongest advocate of Swaraj & a prime architect of freedom movement], The Print, 23 July 2018.</ref>

== Origin ==
Early modern Maratha warrior [[Shivaji]] is believed to have used the phrase ''Hindavi Swarajya'' in a letter to Dadaji Naras Prabhu Deshpande of Rohidkhore on 17 April 1645. The letter, in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], states:
{{quote|It is God Rohireshvar that has given us victory; and that God would enable us to fulfil our wish of ''Hindavi Swarajya''. It is God's will that this kingdom should be established.{{sfn|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya|1975|p=50}}}}
Scholars do not agree on the authenticity of the letter.{{sfn|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya|1975|p=50-51}}<ref>
{{harvnb|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji|1975|p=10}}: "The authenticity of this letter has, however, been questioned by several eminent scholars, who consider that its language is not the language of the 17th century."
</ref> Historian [[Setumadhavarao Pagadi]] states that a lot of the historical source material on Shivaji is spurious, contributed by various influential families of Maharashtra to show how close their ancestors were to Shivaji.{{sfn|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji|1975|p=10}} J. V. Naik states that, irrespective of the authenticity of the letter, Shivaji's career itself amply demonstrates his conception of ''Swarajya''.{{sfn|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya|1975|p=51}}

The term ''Hindavi'' (or ''Hindawi'', as also ''Hindui'' and ''Hindi'') has been in use since the 14th century with the meaning of "Indian". Poet [[Amir Khusro]] listed various "''Hindavi'' languages" in use in his time.<ref>
{{citation |editor=Romesh Thapar |title=Seminar, Issues 473–484 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3YAMAQAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=R. Thapur |p=879}}: "The last [''Hindawi''] was the name given to Indian languages; Amir Khusro talks of Sindhi Hindawi, Gujarati Hindawi as also Ma'abari Hindawi by which he meant the languages of the South. Amir Khusro wrote in Northern or Dille Hindawi besides Persian."
</ref><ref>
{{harvnb|Ali, The Evolution of the Perception of India|1996}}: "He [Khusrau] goes on to associate India with certain languages that had currency in it [India].... there were the regional languages (''Hindawi's''), of which Khusrau lists 12 (including Tamil, Kannada) and, finally, Sanskrit, the language of the learned Brahmans. He takes special pride in this wealth of languages."
</ref> These were distinguished from [[Persian language|Persian]], the court language in most Muslim states.<ref>
{{citation |last=Amin |first=Shahid |title=Conquest and Community: The Afterlife of Warrior Saint Ghazi Miyan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2kpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 |date=2016 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-37260-0 |p=183}}
</ref> Historian [[Irfan Habib]] states that, as the term "Hindu" had acquired a religious sense by this time, other terms such as ''Hindi'', ''Hindustani'' and ''Hindavi'' began to be employed to mean "Indian", spanning for all Indian people.{{sfn|Habib, The Formation of India|1997|p=7}} According to Pagadi, ''Hindavi'' had the sense of "the sons of the soil" in this context.{{sfn|Pagadi, Shivaji|1983|p=i}}

''Swarajya'' ([[IAST]]: svarājya) is a [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] term, whose meaning is "independent dominion or sovereignty" according to the [[Monier Williams]] dictionary.<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/ Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision)], entry for "svarAjya".</ref> Pagadi notes that Shivaji had referred to his jagir in Pune as a ''rajya''.{{sfn|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji|1975|pp=10–11}} He takes ''Swarajya'' to have meant a "homeland",{{sfn|Pagadi, Shivaji|1983|p=89}} and ''Hindavi Swarajya'' a "state of the sons of the soil".{{sfn|Pagadi, Shivaji|1983|p=i}}

== Maratha Swarajya ==
{{expand section|date=March 2021}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first=M. Athar |last=Ali |title=The Evolution of the Perception of India: Akbar and Abu'l Fazl |journal=Social Scientist |volume=24 |number=1/3 |date= January 1996 |pp=80–88 |jstor=3520120 |ref={{sfnref|Ali, The Evolution of the Perception of India|1996}}}}
* {{citation |first=Irfan |last=Habib |authorlink=Irfan Habib |title=The Formation of India: Notes on the History of an Idea|journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |number=7/8 |date=July 1997 |pp=3–10 |jstor=3517600 |ref={{sfnref|Habib, The Formation of India|1997|p=7}}}}
* {{citation |last=Naik |first=J. V. |chapter=The Foundation of Swarajya |title=Shivaji and swarajya |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.275725/2015.275725.Shivaji-And#page/n1/mode/2up |year=1975 |publisher=Orient Longman, for Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch |pp=43–57 |ref={{harvtxt|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya|1975}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Setumadhava Rao |last=Pagadi |authorlink=Setumadhavarao Pagadi | title=Shivaji | year=1983 | publisher=National Book Trust, India |url=https://archive.org/details/ShivajiSetumadhavaraoSPagadi1983 |ref={{sfnref|Pagadi, Shivaji|1983}}}}
* {{citation |last=Pagadi |first=Setu Madhava Rao |authorlink=Setumadhavarao Pagadi |chapter=The Life and Times of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |title=Shivaji and swarajya |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.275725/2015.275725.Shivaji-And#page/n1/mode/2up |year=1975 |publisher=Orient Longman, for Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch |pp=1–42 |ref={{sfnref|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji|1975}}}}
* {{citation |last=Smith |first=Wilfred C. |authorlink=Wilfred Cantwell Smith |title=On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVTH0MepJBYC |year=1981 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-082580-0 |ref={{sfnref|Smith, On Understanding Islam|1981}}}}
* {{citation |last=Wink |first=André |title=Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGL3IQAACAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-05180-4 |ref={{sfnref|Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India|2007}}}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Wars of independence]]