Himalayas - Revision history

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	\| map_caption = Mount Everest and surrounding peaks as seen from the north-northwest over the Tibetan Plateau. Four eight-thousanders can be seen, Makalu (8,462 m), Everest (8,848 m), Cho Oyu (8,201 m), and Lhotse (8,516 m).		\| map_caption = Mount Everest and surrounding peaks as seen from the north-northwest over the Tibetan Plateau. Four eight-thousanders can be seen, Makalu (8,462 m), Everest (8,848 m), Cho Oyu (8,201 m), and Lhotse (8,516 m).
	}}		}}
	The '''Himalayas''', or '''Himalaya''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|h\|ɪ\|m\|ə\|ˈ\|l\|eɪ\|.\|ə\|,_\|h\|ɪ\|ˈ\|m\|ɑː\|l\|ə\|j\|ə}}; {{IPA-sa\|ɦɪmaːlɐjɐ\|lang}}; {{etymology\|sa\|{{IAST\|himá}}\|snow, frost\|\|{{IAST\|ā-laya}}\|dwelling, abode}}),<ref name=OED-Himalayan>{{cite OED\|Himalayan \|access-date=2021-08-05 \|quote=Etymology: < ''Himālaya'' (Sanskrit < ''hima'' snow + ''ālaya'' dwelling, abode) + -an suffix)}}</ref> is a [[mountain range]] in Asia, separating the [[~~Plain\|plains~~]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. The range has some of the [[Earth]]'s highest peaks, including the very highest, [[Mount Everest]]; over [[list of highest mountains on Earth\|100 peaks]] exceeding elevations of {{Convert\|7200\|m\|abbr=on}} above sea level lie in the Himalayas.		The '''Himalayas''', or '''Himalaya''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|h\|ɪ\|m\|ə\|ˈ\|l\|eɪ\|.\|ə\|,_\|h\|ɪ\|ˈ\|m\|ɑː\|l\|ə\|j\|ə}}; {{IPA-sa\|ɦɪmaːlɐjɐ\|lang}}; {{etymology\|sa\|{{IAST\|himá}}\|snow, frost\|\|{{IAST\|ā-laya}}\|dwelling, abode}}),<ref name=OED-Himalayan>{{cite OED\|Himalayan \|access-date=2021-08-05 \|quote=Etymology: < ''Himālaya'' (Sanskrit < ''hima'' snow + ''ālaya'' dwelling, abode) + -an suffix)}}</ref> is a [[mountain range]] in Asia, separating the [[plain]]s of the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. The range has some of the [[Earth]]'s highest peaks, including the very highest, [[Mount Everest]]; over [[list of highest mountains on Earth\|100 peaks]] exceeding elevations of {{Convert\|7200\|m\|abbr=on}} above sea level lie in the Himalayas.

	The Himalayas abut or cross [[Himalayan states\|five countries]]: [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[China]], and [[Pakistan]]. The sovereignty of the range in the [[Kashmir]] region is disputed among India, Pakistan, and China.<ref name=bishop-britannica>{{cite web\|last=Bishop\|first=Barry\|author-link=Barry Bishop (mountaineer)\|title=Himalayas (mountains, Asia)\|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266037/Himalayas\|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the [[Karakoram]] and [[Hindu Kush]] ranges, on the north by the Tibetan Plateau, and on the south by the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. Some of the world's major [[river]]s, the [[Indus River\|Indus]], the [[Ganges river\|Ganges]], and the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River\|Tsangpo]]–[[Brahmaputra River\|Brahmaputra]], rise in the vicinity of the Himalayas, and their combined [[drainage basin]] is home to some 600 million people; 53 million people live in the Himalayas.<ref name="DimriBookhagen2019">{{cite book\|author1=A.P. Dimri\|author2=B. Bookhagen\|author3=M. Stoffel\|author4=T. Yasunari\|title=Himalayan Weather and Climate and their Impact on the Environment\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ea9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA380\|date=8 November 2019\|publisher=Springer Nature\|isbn=978-3-030-29684-1\|page=380}}</ref> The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of [[South Asia]] and [[Tibet]]. Many Himalayan peaks are sacred in [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. The summits of several—[[Kangchenjunga]] (from the Indian side), [[Gangkhar Puensum]], [[Machapuchare]], [[Nanda Devi]], and [[Kailas]] in the Tibetan [[Transhimalaya]]—are off-limits to climbers.		The Himalayas abut or cross [[Himalayan states\|five countries]]: [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[China]], and [[Pakistan]]. The sovereignty of the range in the [[Kashmir]] region is disputed among India, Pakistan, and China.<ref name=bishop-britannica>{{cite web\|last=Bishop\|first=Barry\|author-link=Barry Bishop (mountaineer)\|title=Himalayas (mountains, Asia)\|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266037/Himalayas\|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the [[Karakoram]] and [[Hindu Kush]] ranges, on the north by the Tibetan Plateau, and on the south by the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. Some of the world's major [[river]]s, the [[Indus River\|Indus]], the [[Ganges river\|Ganges]], and the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River\|Tsangpo]]–[[Brahmaputra River\|Brahmaputra]], rise in the vicinity of the Himalayas, and their combined [[drainage basin]] is home to some 600 million people; 53 million people live in the Himalayas.<ref name="DimriBookhagen2019">{{cite book\|author1=A.P. Dimri\|author2=B. Bookhagen\|author3=M. Stoffel\|author4=T. Yasunari\|title=Himalayan Weather and Climate and their Impact on the Environment\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ea9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA380\|date=8 November 2019\|publisher=Springer Nature\|isbn=978-3-030-29684-1\|page=380}}</ref> The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of [[South Asia]] and [[Tibet]]. Many Himalayan peaks are sacred in [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. The summits of several—[[Kangchenjunga]] (from the Indian side), [[Gangkhar Puensum]], [[Machapuchare]], [[Nanda Devi]], and [[Kailas]] in the Tibetan [[Transhimalaya]]—are off-limits to climbers.
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	}}		}}

	The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall, and soil conditions, combined with the very high snow line, supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities.<ref name="O'Neill_2019"/> The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure), combined with extreme cold, favor [[extremophile]] organisms.<ref>{{cite web\|first=C. Michael\|last=Hogan\|year=2010\|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Extremophiles\|title=Extremophile\|editor1-first=E.\|editor1-last=Monosson \|website=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]]\|publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment\|location=Washington, DC}}</ref~~><ref name="oneill_khecheopalri"/~~>		The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall, and soil conditions, combined with the very high snow line, supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities.<ref name="O'Neill_2019"/> The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure), combined with extreme cold, favor [[extremophile]] organisms.<ref name="oneill_khecheopalri"/><ref>{{cite web\|first=C. Michael\|last=Hogan\|year=2010\|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Extremophiles\|title=Extremophile\|editor1-first=E.\|editor1-last=Monosson \|website=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]]\|publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment\|location=Washington, DC}}</ref>

	At high altitudes, the elusive and previously endangered [[snow leopard]] is the main predator. Its prey includes members of the goat family grazing on the alpine pastures and living on the rocky terrain, notably the endemic [[bharal]] or Himalayan blue sheep. The [[Himalayan musk deer]] is also found at high altitudes. Hunted for its musk, it is now rare and endangered. Other endemic or near-endemic herbivores include the [[Himalayan tahr]], the [[takin]], the [[Himalayan serow]], and the [[Himalayan goral]]. The critically endangered [[Himalayan brown bear\|Himalayan]] subspecies of the [[brown bear]] is found sporadically across the range, as is the [[Asian black bear]]. In the mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests of the eastern Himalayas, [[Red panda]] feed in the dense understories of bamboo. Lower down, the forests of the foothills are inhabited by several different primates, including the endangered [[Gee's golden langur]] and the [[Kashmir gray langur]], with highly restricted ranges in the east and west of the Himalayas, respectively.<ref name="oneill_khecheopalri"/>		At high altitudes, the elusive and previously endangered [[snow leopard]] is the main predator. Its prey includes members of the goat family grazing on the alpine pastures and living on the rocky terrain, notably the endemic [[bharal]] or Himalayan blue sheep. The [[Himalayan musk deer]] is also found at high altitudes. Hunted for its musk, it is now rare and endangered. Other endemic or near-endemic herbivores include the [[Himalayan tahr]], the [[takin]], the [[Himalayan serow]], and the [[Himalayan goral]]. The critically endangered [[Himalayan brown bear\|Himalayan]] subspecies of the [[brown bear]] is found sporadically across the range, as is the [[Asian black bear]]. In the mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests of the eastern Himalayas, [[Red panda]] feed in the dense understories of bamboo. Lower down, the forests of the foothills are inhabited by several different primates, including the endangered [[Gee's golden langur]] and the [[Kashmir gray langur]], with highly restricted ranges in the east and west of the Himalayas, respectively.<ref name="oneill_khecheopalri"/>

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← Older revision		Revision as of 20:56, 30 July 2023
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	[[Category:Physiographic divisions]]		[[Category:Physiographic divisions]]
	[[Category:Tibetan Plateau]]		[[Category:Tibetan Plateau]]
			[[Category:Mountains and Hills of India]]
			[[Category:Mountains of China]]
			[[Category:Mountains of Nepal]]
			[[Category:Mountains of Bhutan]]

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	{{About\|a mountain range\|other uses\|Himalaya (disambiguation)}}		{{About\|a mountain range\|other uses\|Himalaya (disambiguation)}}
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	{{Redirect2\|Himalaya\|Imaus\|the genus of moths\|Imaus (moth){{!}}''Imaus'' (moth)\|other uses\|Himalaya (disambiguation)}}		{{Redirect2\|Himalaya\|Imaus\|the genus of moths\|Imaus (moth){{!}}''Imaus'' (moth)\|other uses\|Himalaya (disambiguation)}}
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	The '''Himalayas''',{{Efn\|They are also known as "{{nowrap\|the Himalaya Mountains}}". In western literature, some writers refer to it as ''the Himalaya'' not changed in English.<ref>[https://himalayatra.com/ the Himalaya], Himalayatra, Feel the Soul of Himalaya</ref> Other names: {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ}}}} in [[Urdu]], {{lang\|bn\|হিমালয় পর্বতমালা}} ''Himaloẏ Porbōtmala'' in [[Bengali language\|Bengali]], {{lang-zh\|s=喜马拉雅[[wikt:山脉\|山脉]]\|p=Xǐmǎlāyǎ Shānmài\|c=\|t=喜馬拉雅[[wikt:山脉\|山脉]]}} in [[Chinese language\|Chinese]].}} or '''Himalaya''',{{Efn\|{{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|h\|ɪ\|m\|ə\|ˈ\|l\|eɪ\|.\|ə\|,_\|h\|ɪ\|ˈ\|m\|ɑː\|l\|ə\|j\|ə}} {{respell\|HIM\|ə\|LAY\|ə\|,_\|hih\|MAH\|lə\|yə}}; pronounced in {{IPA\|sa\|ɦɪmaːlɐjɐ\|lang}}; {{etymology\|sa\|{{IAST\|himá}}\|snow, frost\|\|{{IAST\|ā-laya}}\|dwelling, abode}}),<ref name=OED-Himalayan>{{cite OED\|Himalayan \|access-date=2021-08-05 \|quote=Etymology: < ''Himālaya'' (Sanskrit < ''hima'' snow + ''ālaya'' dwelling, abode) + -an suffix)}}</ref>}} is a [[mountain range]] in Asia separating the [[plain]]s of the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. The range has some of the [[Earth]]'s highest peaks, including the highest, [[Mount Everest]]. More than [[List of highest mountains on Earth\|100 peaks]] exceeding elevations of {{Convert\|7200\|m\|abbr=off}} above [[sea level]] lie in the Himalayas.		The '''Himalayas''',{{Efn\|They are also known as "{{nowrap\|the Himalaya Mountains}}". In western literature, some writers refer to it as ''the Himalaya'' not changed in English.<ref>[https://himalayatra.com/ the Himalaya], Himalayatra, Feel the Soul of Himalaya</ref> Other names: {{lang\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ}}}} in [[Urdu]], {{lang\|bn\|হিমালয় পর্বতমালা}} ''Himaloẏ Porbōtmala'' in [[Bengali language\|Bengali]], {{lang-zh\|s=喜马拉雅[[wikt:山脉\|山脉]]\|p=Xǐmǎlāyǎ Shānmài\|c=\|t=喜馬拉雅[[wikt:山脉\|山脉]]}} in [[Chinese language\|Chinese]].}} or '''Himalaya''',{{Efn\|{{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|h\|ɪ\|m\|ə\|ˈ\|l\|eɪ\|.\|ə\|,_\|h\|ɪ\|ˈ\|m\|ɑː\|l\|ə\|j\|ə}} {{respell\|HIM\|ə\|LAY\|ə\|,_\|hih\|MAH\|lə\|yə}}; pronounced in {{IPA\|sa\|ɦɪmaːlɐjɐ\|lang}}; {{etymology\|sa\|{{IAST\|himá}}\|snow, frost\|\|{{IAST\|ā-laya}}\|dwelling, abode}}),<ref name=OED-Himalayan>{{cite OED\|Himalayan \|access-date=2021-08-05 \|quote=Etymology: < ''Himālaya'' (Sanskrit < ''hima'' snow + ''ālaya'' dwelling, abode) + -an suffix)}}</ref>}} is a [[mountain range]] in Asia separating the [[plain]]s of the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. The range has some of the [[Earth]]'s highest peaks, including the highest, [[Mount Everest]]. More than [[List of highest mountains on Earth\|100 peaks]] exceeding elevations of {{Convert\|7200\|m\|abbr=off}} above [[sea level]] lie in the Himalayas.

	The Himalayas ~~abut on or cross territories of~~ [[Himalayan states\|five countries]]: [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Pakistan]]. The sovereignty of the range in the [[Kashmir]] region is disputed among [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[China]].<ref name="bishop-britannica">{{cite web\|last=Bishop\|first=Barry\|author-link=Barry Bishop (mountaineer)\|title=Himalayas (mountains, Asia)\|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266037/Himalayas\|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the [[Karakoram]] and [[Hindu Kush]] ranges, on the north by the [[Tibetan Plateau]], and on the south by the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. Some of the world's major [[river]]s, the [[Indus River\|Indus]], the [[Ganges river\|Ganges]], and the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River\|Tsangpo]]–[[Brahmaputra River\|Brahmaputra]], rise in the vicinity of the Himalayas, and their combined [[drainage basin]] is home to some 600 million people; 53 million people live in the Himalayas.<ref name="DimriBookhagen2019">{{cite book \|author1=A.P. Dimri \|author2=B. Bookhagen \|author3=M. Stoffel \|author4=T. Yasunari \|year=2019 \|title=Himalayan Weather and Climate and their Impact on the Environment \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ea9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA380 \|publisher=Springer Nature \|page=380 \|isbn=978-3-030-29684-1}}</ref> The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of [[South Asia]] and [[Tibet]]. Many Himalayan peaks are sacred in [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. The summits of several—[[Kangchenjunga]] (from the Indian side), [[Gangkhar Puensum]], [[Machapuchare]], [[Nanda Devi]], and [[Kailas]]h in the Tibetan [[Transhimalaya]]—are off-limits to climbers.		The Himalayas span [[Himalayan states\|five countries]]: [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Pakistan]]. The sovereignty of the range in the [[Kashmir]] region is disputed among India, Pakistan, and China.<ref name="bishop-britannica">{{cite web\|last=Bishop\|first=Barry\|author-link=Barry Bishop (mountaineer)\|title=Himalayas (mountains, Asia)\|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266037/Himalayas\|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the [[Karakoram]] and [[Hindu Kush]] ranges, on the north by the [[Tibetan Plateau]], and on the south by the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. Some of the world's major [[river]]s, the [[Indus River\|Indus]], the [[Ganges river\|Ganges]], and the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River\|Tsangpo]]–[[Brahmaputra River\|Brahmaputra]], rise in the vicinity of the Himalayas, and their combined [[drainage basin]] is home to some 600 million people; 53 million people live in the Himalayas.<ref name="DimriBookhagen2019">{{cite book \|author1=A.P. Dimri \|author2=B. Bookhagen \|author3=M. Stoffel \|author4=T. Yasunari \|year=2019 \|title=Himalayan Weather and Climate and their Impact on the Environment \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ea9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA380 \|publisher=Springer Nature \|page=380 \|isbn=978-3-030-29684-1}}</ref> The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of [[South Asia]] and [[Tibet]]. Many Himalayan peaks are sacred in [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. The summits of several—[[Kangchenjunga]] (from the Indian side), [[Gangkhar Puensum]], [[Machapuchare]], [[Nanda Devi]], and [[Kailas]]h in the Tibetan [[Transhimalaya]]—are off-limits to climbers.

	The Himalayas were [[Tectonic uplift\|uplifted]] after the collision of the [[Indian Plate\|Indian tectonic plate]] with the [[Eurasian plate]], specifically, by the folding, or [[nappe]]-formation of the uppermost Indian crust, even as a lower layer continued to push on into Tibet and add thickness to its plateau; the still lower crust, along with the mantle, however, [[subduction\|subducted]] under Eurasia. The Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc {{Convert\|2400\|km\|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Wadia \|first=D. N. \|year=1931 \|title=The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya: its rocks, tectonics and orogeny \|journal=Record Geol. Survey of India \|volume=65 \|issue=2 \|pages=189–220}}</ref> Its western [[syntaxis (geology)\|anchor]], [[Nanga Parbat]], lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus river. Its eastern anchor, [[Namcha Barwa]], lies immediately west of the great bend of the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]]. The [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]], along which the headwaters of these two rivers flow, separates the Himalayas from the Tibetan plateau; the rivers also separate the Himalayas from the [[Karakoram\|Karakorams]], the Hindu Kush, and the [[Transhimalaya]]. The range varies in width from {{Convert\|350\|km\|abbr=off}} in the west to {{Convert\|151\|km\|abbr=on}} in the east.<ref name="books.google.pl">{{cite book \|last=Apollo \|first=M. \|year=2017 \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313849476 \|chapter=Chapter 9: The population of Himalayan regions – by the numbers: Past, present and future \|editor1-first=R. \|editor1-last=Efe \|editor2-first=M. \|editor2-last=Öztürk \|title=Contemporary Studies in Environment and Tourism \|pages=143–159 \|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref>		The Himalayas were [[Tectonic uplift\|uplifted]] after the collision of the [[Indian Plate\|Indian tectonic plate]] with the [[Eurasian plate]], specifically, by the folding, or [[nappe]]-formation of the uppermost Indian crust, even as a lower layer continued to push on into Tibet and add thickness to its plateau; the still lower crust, along with the mantle, however, [[subduction\|subducted]] under Eurasia. The Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc {{Convert\|2400\|km\|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Wadia \|first=D. N. \|year=1931 \|title=The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya: its rocks, tectonics and orogeny \|journal=Record Geol. Survey of India \|volume=65 \|issue=2 \|pages=189–220}}</ref> Its western [[syntaxis (geology)\|anchor]], [[Nanga Parbat]], lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus river. Its eastern anchor, [[Namcha Barwa]], lies immediately west of the great bend of the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]]. The [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]], along which the headwaters of these two rivers flow, separates the Himalayas from the Tibetan plateau; the rivers also separate the Himalayas from the [[Karakoram\|Karakorams]], the Hindu Kush, and the [[Transhimalaya]]. The range varies in width from {{Convert\|350\|km\|abbr=off}} in the west to {{Convert\|151\|km\|abbr=on}} in the east.<ref name="books.google.pl">{{cite book \|last=Apollo \|first=M. \|year=2017 \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313849476 \|chapter=Chapter 9: The population of Himalayan regions – by the numbers: Past, present and future \|editor1-first=R. \|editor1-last=Efe \|editor2-first=M. \|editor2-last=Öztürk \|title=Contemporary Studies in Environment and Tourism \|pages=143–159 \|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref>
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	This name was also previously transcribed as ''Himmaleh'', as in [[Emily Dickinson]]'s poetry<ref>{{citation \|last=Dickinson \|first=Emily \|title=The Himmaleh was known to stoop \|author-link=Emily Dickinson \|title-link=:s:The Himmaleh was known to stoop}}.</ref> and [[Henry David Thoreau]]'s essays.<ref>{{citation \|last=Thoreau \|first=Henry David \|title=A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers \|date=1849 \|author-link=Henry David Thoreau}}.</ref>		This name was also previously transcribed as ''Himmaleh'', as in [[Emily Dickinson]]'s poetry<ref>{{citation \|last=Dickinson \|first=Emily \|title=The Himmaleh was known to stoop \|author-link=Emily Dickinson \|title-link=:s:The Himmaleh was known to stoop}}.</ref> and [[Henry David Thoreau]]'s essays.<ref>{{citation \|last=Thoreau \|first=Henry David \|title=A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers \|date=1849 \|author-link=Henry David Thoreau}}.</ref>

	The name of the range is sometimes also given as ~~[[Himavat\|Himavan]]~~ in older writings, including the Sanskrit epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{cite book \|author=Roshen Dalal \|author-link=Roshen Dalal \|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ \|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] \|date=2014\|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 }} Entry: "Himavan"</ref> [[Himavat]] ([[Sanskrit]]: हिमवत्'')'' or Himavan '''Himavān''' ([[Sanskrit]]: हिमवान्) is a Hindu deity who is the personification of the Himalayan Mountain Range. Other epithets include '''Himaraja''' ([[Sanskrit]]: हिमराज, {{lit\|king of snow}}) 'The Land of Snow' ({{lang\|bo\|གངས་ཅན་ལྗོངས་}}) in [[Standard Tibetan\|Tibetan]], or '''Parvateshwara''' ([[Sanskrit]]: पर्वतेश्वर, {{lit\|lord of mountains}}).		The name of the range is sometimes also given as "Himivan" in older writings, including the Sanskrit epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{cite book \|author=Roshen Dalal \|author-link=Roshen Dalal \|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ \|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] \|date=2014\|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 }} Entry: "Himavan"</ref> [[Himavat]] ([[Sanskrit]]: हिमवत्'')'' or Himavan '''Himavān''' (Sanskrit: हिमवान्) is a Hindu deity who is the personification of the Himalayan Mountain Range. Other epithets include '''Himaraja''' (Sanskrit: हिमराज, {{lit\|king of snow}}) 'The Land of Snow' ({{lang\|bo\|གངས་ཅན་ལྗོངས་}}) in [[Standard Tibetan\|Tibetan]], or '''Parvateshwara''' (Sanskrit: पर्वतेश्वर, {{lit\|lord of mountains}}).

	==Geography and key features==		==Geography and key features==
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	The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to [[climate change]]. ''[[Hydrangea hirta]]'' is an example of floral species that can be found in this area. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species, especially [[rhododendron]], apple, and ''[[Myrica esculenta\|box myrtle]]''. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is ''[[Juniperus tibetica]],'' located at {{convert\|4900\|m\|abbr=on\|-1}} in Southeastern Tibet.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb19/personal/professoren/miehe/pdfs/20074.pdf\|title=Highest Treeline in the Northern Hemisphere Found in Southern Tibet\|first1=Georg\|last1=Miehe\|first2=Sabine\|last2=Miehe\|first3=Jonas\|last3=Vogel\|first4=Sonam\|last4=Co\|first5=La\|last5=Duo\|journal=Mountain Research and Development\|volume=27\|issue=2\|date=May 2007\|pages=169–173\|doi=10.1659/mrd.0792\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606103046/http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb19/personal/professoren/miehe/pdfs/20074.pdf\|archive-date=6 June 2013\|hdl=1956/2482\|s2cid=6061587\|hdl-access=free}}</ref>		The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to [[climate change]]. ''[[Hydrangea hirta]]'' is an example of floral species that can be found in this area. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species, especially [[rhododendron]], apple, and ''[[Myrica esculenta\|box myrtle]]''. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is ''[[Juniperus tibetica]],'' located at {{convert\|4900\|m\|abbr=on\|-1}} in Southeastern Tibet.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb19/personal/professoren/miehe/pdfs/20074.pdf\|title=Highest Treeline in the Northern Hemisphere Found in Southern Tibet\|first1=Georg\|last1=Miehe\|first2=Sabine\|last2=Miehe\|first3=Jonas\|last3=Vogel\|first4=Sonam\|last4=Co\|first5=La\|last5=Duo\|journal=Mountain Research and Development\|volume=27\|issue=2\|date=May 2007\|pages=169–173\|doi=10.1659/mrd.0792\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606103046/http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb19/personal/professoren/miehe/pdfs/20074.pdf\|archive-date=6 June 2013\|hdl=1956/2482\|s2cid=6061587\|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
	<gallery heights="~~200~~">		<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
	~~File:HT Bhagirathi~~.jpg\|[[Himalayan tahr]]s (male, kid and female) drinking from the [[Bhagirathi River]] near [[Uttarkashi]], India		HT_Bhagirathi.jpg\|[[Himalayan tahr]]s (male, kid and female) drinking from the [[Bhagirathi River]] near [[Uttarkashi]], India
	~~File:~~Two Red Panda Cubs in the Tree 01.jpg\|Two [[red panda]] cubs perched in a tree at the [[Langtang National Park]] in Nepal		Two Red Panda Cubs in the Tree 01.jpg\|Two [[red panda]] cubs perched in a tree at the [[Langtang National Park]] in Nepal
	~~File:~~Valley of flowers national park, Uttarakhand, India 03 (edit).jpg\|Himalayan flora at the [[Valley of Flowers National Park]] in India		Valley of flowers national park, Uttarakhand, India 03 (edit).jpg\|Himalayan flora at the [[Valley of Flowers National Park]] in India
	~~File:~~Himalayan Monal at Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal.jpg\|A male [[Himalayan monal]] in [[Sagarmatha National Park]], Nepal		Himalayan Monal at Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal.jpg\|A male [[Himalayan monal]] in [[Sagarmatha National Park]], Nepal
	~~File:~~A New Year's Snow Leopard Encounter in India.webm\|A [[snow leopard]] duo filmed in the [[Spiti Valley]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India		A New Year's Snow Leopard Encounter in India.webm\|A [[snow leopard]] duo filmed in the [[Spiti Valley]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
	~~File:~~Takins at Motithang Takin Preserve, Bhutan.jpg\|[[Takin]]s at the [[Motithang Takin Preserve]] in [[Thimphu]], Bhutan		Takins at Motithang Takin Preserve, Bhutan.jpg\|[[Takin]]s at the [[Motithang Takin Preserve]] in [[Thimphu]], Bhutan
	~~File:Blue-throated Blue Flycatcher (Cyornis rubeculoides) (46511242922).jpg\|[[Blue-throated blue flycatcher]] perched on a tree in [[Margalla Hills]], Pakistan~~
	~~File:Brown bear at the Shilla village - Northern Pakistan.jpg\|[[Himalayan brown bear]] in [[Deosai National Park]], Pakistan~~
	</gallery>		</gallery>