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{{Short description|British ophthalmologist}}{{Infobox medical person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Herbert Herbert
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 25 February 1865
| birth_place = Tranmere, Cheshire
| death_date = {{death date and age|1942|3|19|1865|2|25|df=y}}
| death_place = Rugby, Warwickshire
| death_cause =
| residence =
| nationality = British
| citizenship =
| education = [[Leeds Medical School]]
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = *Reports on [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics|cholera epidemics]]
*Herbert's pits in [[trachoma]]
*[[Sclerotomy]] in [[glaucoma]]
| relations =
| website =
| profession = [[Surgeon]]
| field = Opthamology
| work_institutions = *[[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]]
*Midland Eye Infirmary
*[[Worthing Hospital]]
| specialism =
| research_field =
| notable_works =
| prizes =
| child =
| module2 =
| signature =
}}
Lieutenant-Colonel '''Herbert Herbert''', [[Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England|FRCS]] (25 February 1865 – 19 March 1942) was a British [[ophthalmologist]] and officer in the [[Indian Medical Service]] (IMS), known for his work on [[trachoma]], cataract and [[glaucoma]]. Later, he was vice-president of the Ophthalmological Society of the UK.

Herbert was commissioned with the IMS in 1887, and served in [[Middle East]] and the [[Gulf of Aden]] in 1890, as surgeon. He became Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1891, and around that time took an interest in eye diseases. In 1892, he was appointed professor at the [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]] (GMC) and first surgeon at the Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Hospital (JJ Hospital). The following year, he became civil surgeon at [[Kheda district|Kheda]], Gujerat. In India, he reported on cholera epidemics and his papers included "Rainfall and Seasonal Cholera" (1894) and "The Natural History of Hardwar Fair Cholera Outbreaks" (1895). In 1897 he was ophthalmic surgeon to JJ Hospital and professor of ophthalmic surgery at GMC. He described "the pits" in people with trachoma, the "trap-door" method of [[sclerotomy]] in [[glaucoma]], features of [[punctate epithelial erosions|superficial punctate keratitis]], and was the first to document the presence of [[eosinophil]]s in [[conjunctivitis]].

He returned to England following retirement in 1907, and was appointed at first surgeon then consulting surgeon to the Midland Eye Infirmary, Nottingham. He rejoined the IMS during the [[First World War]] and held posts on hospital ships, at the [[No. 1 New Zealand General Hospital|Indian Hospital]] at [[Brockenhurst]], and in India. After the war, he settled in Sussex and continued to consult in matters of the eye, to the [[Worthing Hospital]], and in pathology to the Sussex Eye Hospital, Brighton.

==Early life and education==
Herbert Herbert, born Herbert Sherwood, was born on 25 February 1865 at [[Tranmere, Cheshire|Tranmere]], Cheshire, to Richard Sherwood, a barrister and judge, and his second relationship with Alice Sherwood, following three children with his first wife. His surname was changed to Herbert at the age of 12, and the circumstances of his father, and his father’s first marriage and relationship with his mother, are unclear. It is possible that Alice Sherwood was really Alice Herbert, who then fell out with Richard Sherwood, possibly because he would not marry her, and then changed her son’s surname to her own. Unable to change his Christian name, he became 'Herbert Herbert'.<ref name="Feibel2014">{{cite journal |last1=Feibel |first1=Robert M. |title=Herbert Herbert: his corneal pits and scleral slits |journal=Ophthalmology |date=May 2014 |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=1142–1148 |doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.11.018 |pmid=24424250 |url=https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=historyofmedicine_facpubs |issn=1549-4713}}</ref> He attended school at Liverpool and gained admission to study medicine at the [[Leeds Medical School]]. In 1886 he took the English Conjoint qualification.<ref name="Lives">{{cite web |title=Herbert, Herbert (1865–1942) |url=https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:376372/one?qu=%22rcs%3A+E004189%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier |website=livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503085618/https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:376372/one?qu=%22rcs%3A+E004189%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> In the same year, he gained membership of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|Royal College of Surgeons]] and the [[LRCP|licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians]].<ref name="Feibel2014"/>

==Early career==
On 31 March 1887, Herbert was commissioned with the IMS, and served in [[Middle East]] and the [[Gulf of Aden]] in 1890, as surgeon.<ref name="Feibel2014"/><ref name="Lives"/> He became Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1891, and around that time took an interest in eye diseases.<ref name="Feibel2014"/> He remained on military duty until 1892,<ref name=Office1905>{{Cite book|last=Office|first=Great Britain India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Herbert+Herbert%22+kaira&pg=RA1-PA519|title=The India List and India Office List for 1905|date=1905|page=519|publisher=Harrison and Sons|language=en}}</ref> when he was appointed professor at the [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]] (GMC) and first surgeon at the Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Hospital (JJ Hospital).<ref name="BMJ15Oct1892">{{cite journal|date=15 October 1892|title=Naval and Military Medical Services|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=1659|pages=874–875|pmc=2421123|issn=0007-1447}}</ref> The following April, he became civil surgeon at [[Kheda district|Kheda]], Gujerat, where he was appointed to the district's central prison.<ref name=Office1905/><ref name="BMJMay1893">{{cite journal|date=20 May 1893|title=Naval and Military Medical Services|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/1/1690/1086.2|journal=British Medical Journal|language=en|volume=1|issue=1690|pages=1086–1087|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.1690.1086-a|s2cid=220011261|issn=0007-1447}}</ref>

He published reports on the cholera epidemics of the 19th century.<ref name="Quadri2021">{{cite journal |last1=Quadri |first1=Sayed A. |last2=Padala |first2=Prasad R. |title=An Aspect of Kumbh Mela Massive Gathering and COVID-19 |journal=Current Tropical Medicine Reports |date=29 March 2021 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1007/s40475-021-00238-1 |pmid=33816058 |pmc=8006868 |issn=2196-3045|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1894, as surgeon-captain at [[Rajkot]], he read his paper "Rainfall and Seasonal Cholera" at the International Congress of Hygiene at Budapest.<ref name=ICHD>{{Cite book|last1=International Congress of Hygiene and Demography (10th : 1894 : Budapest|first1=Hungary)|url=http://archive.org/details/b24997791|title=Jelentés az 1894. szeptember hó 1-töl 9-ig Budapesten tartott VIII-ik Nemzetközi közegészségi és demografia congressusról és annak tudományos munkálatairól... Tome 1|last2=Gerloczy|first2=Zsigmond|last3=London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine|date=1895|publisher=Budapest : Pesti könyvnyomda-részvénytársaság|others=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Library & Archives Service}}</ref> It was discussed later that year at the first Indian Medical Congress held at [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]], Calcutta.<ref name=IMS1894>{{cite book |last1=Indian Medical Congress (1st : 1894 : St. Xavier's College |first1=Calcutta) |title=Transactions of the First Indian Medical Congress held at St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, 24th to 29th December, 1894 [electronic resource] |publisher=Calcutta : Printed at the Caledonian Steam Printing Works |url=https://archive.org/details/b20400196/page/n69/mode/2up?q=herbert|page=43}}</ref> In 1895, he published a paper suggesting that predominantly three factors led to [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics|cholera epidemics]] during the [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela|Kumbh Mela at Haridwar]]. These were; polluting of the waters by an extraordinary large number of people relative to the amount of available water, growth of the ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' aided by intense hot weather, and a particularly greater [[virulence]] of the cholera bacteria in other parts of India.<ref name="Sridhar">{{cite journal|last1=Sridhar|first1=S.|last2=Gautret|first2=P.|last3=Brouqui|first3=P.|title=A comprehensive review of the Kumbh Mela: identifying risks for spread of infectious diseases|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|year=2014|volume=21|issue=2|pages=128–133|doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2014.11.021|pmid=25682278|pmc=7128512|issn=1198-743X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Herbert|first1=H.|date=August 1895|title=The Natural History of Hardwar Fair Cholera Outbreaks|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=30|issue=8|pages=298–300|issn=0019-5863|pmid=29001598|pmc=5142980}}</ref>

In 1897 he was ophthalmic surgeon to JJ Hospital and professor of ophthalmic surgery at GMC.<ref name="Lives"/><ref name="Duggan">{{cite journal|last1=Duggan|first1=J. N.|last2=Chitnis|first2=V. K.|date=May 1940|title=The development of ophthalmology in Bombay|journal=The British Journal of Ophthalmology|volume=24|issue=5|pages=213–229|doi=10.1136/bjo.24.5.213|issn=0007-1161|pmid=18169693|pmc=1143185}}</ref> On 31 March 1899, he became major.<ref name="Lives"/> On 31 March 1907, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel.<ref name="Lives"/><ref name=IMG1907>[https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5165844&blobtype=pdf "Service notices"]. ''The Indian Medical Gazette''. July 1907, p. 277.</ref> While he was in India, he described features in [[trachoma]].<ref name="Feibel2014"/> In 1903, Herbert was the first to demonstrate "the pits" in people with trachoma.<ref name="Feibel2014"/><ref name="BJOMay1942">{{cite journal|date=May 1942|title=Lieut.-Colonel H. Herbert|journal=The British Journal of Ophthalmology|volume=26|issue=5|pages=238–239|issn=0007-1161|pmid=1143413|pmc=1143413|last1=Schrör|first1=K.|last2=Becker|first2=H. P.|last3=Berg|first3=M.|last4=Krebs|first4=R.|doi=10.1136/bjo.26.5.238}}</ref> He described the "trap-door" method of [[sclerotomy]] in [[glaucoma]], published one of the earliest papers on [[punctate epithelial erosions|superficial punctate keratitis]], and was the first to document the presence of [[eosinophil]]s in [[conjunctivitis]] (vernal catarrh).<ref name="Feibel2014"/><ref name="Lives"/> He also wrote on [[cataract]].<ref name="BJOMay1942"/>

==Later career==
On 20 October 1907, Herbert retired, and the following year he returned to England, where he was appointed at first surgeon then consulting surgeon to the Midland Eye Infirmary, Nottingham.<ref name="Lives"/> He rejoined the IMS during the [[First World War]].<ref name="Lives"/> Between October 1914 and 1 April 1919, he held posts on hospital ships, at the [[No. 1 New Zealand General Hospital|Indian Hospital]] at [[Brockenhurst]], and in India.<ref name="Lives"/> After the war he resided at 6 Southview Drive, [[West Worthing]], Sussex.<ref name="Lives"/> He continued to consult in matters of the eye, to the [[Worthing Hospital]], and in pathology to the [[Royal Sussex County Hospital|Sussex Eye Hospital]], Brighton.<ref name="Lives"/>

He was a vice-president of the Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom.<ref name="Lives"/>

==Personal and family==
He married in 1899, and they had two sons and two daughters.<ref name="Lives"/> Two of his children studied medicine.<ref name="Feibel2014"/>

==Death and legacy==
Herbert died at the age of 77 on 19 March 1942 in Rugby.<ref name="Lives"/> "Herbert's pits" in the cornea of people with [[trachoma]] are named for him.<ref name="Lives"/>

He is considered one of the four ophthalmology pioneers of the IMS, the others being [[Henry “Jullundur” Smith]], [[Robert Henry Elliot (surgeon)|Robert Henry Elliot]] and [[Robert E. Wright (surgeon)|Robert E. Wright]].<ref name="Feibel2014"/>

== Selected publications ==
Herbert's books on cataract surgery were founded on his experience of 5,000 extractions performed in India.<ref name="Feibel2014"/>

===Articles===
* {{cite journal|date=September 1894|title=Rainfall and Seasonal Cholera in India*To be read at the International Congress of Hygiene at Budapest.|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=29|issue=9|pages=329–332|issn=0019-5863|pmid=29001598|pmc=5197332|author1=Herbert H I M S}}
*{{cite journal |title=Atmospheric Pressure and Cholera in India |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |date=November 1894 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=415–418 |pmid=29001640 |pmc=5197383 |issn=0019-5863|last1=Herbert |first1=H. }}
* {{cite journal|date=August 1895|title=The Natural History of Hardwar Fair Cholera Outbreaks|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=30|issue=8|pages=298–300|issn=0019-5863|pmid=29001598|pmc=5142980|author1=Herbert H I M S}}
* {{cite journal|date=July 1894|title=Note on Cholera in the Berar Province|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=29|issue=7|pages=245|issn=0019-5863|pmid=29001474|pmc=5197171|last1=Herbert|first1=H.}}
*"Superficial punctate keratitis associated with an encapsuled bacillus". ''Ophthalmology Reviews'', 1901, Vol. 20, p. 339.
*[https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/15/11/633.full.pdf "The micro-organism of Indian superficial punctate keratitis"]. ''[[British Journal of Ophthalmology]]'', 1931, Vol. 15, p. 633.

===Books===
*''The practical details of cataract extraction''. London, 1902; 2nd edition, 1903.
*''Cataract extraction''. London, 1908.
*''The operative treatment of glaucoma''. London, 1923.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |title=Association Intelligence |journal=British Medical Journal |date=8 April 1893 |volume=1 |issue=1684 |pages=765–768 |pmid=2402920 |pmc=2402920 |issn=0007-1447|last1=Suchocka-Luczak |first1=S. |last2=Siwińska |first2=A. |last3=Rachocka |first3=J. }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Herbert, Herbert}}
[[Category:British surgeons]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds]]
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons]]
[[Category:British people of colonial India]]
[[Category:People from Cheshire (before 1974)]]
[[Category:Ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers]]

Herbert Herbert - Revision history

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