Henry Montgomery Lawrence - Revision history

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	{{Infobox military person		{{Infobox military person
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	Despite the success of the Board of Administration, internal tensions had arisen and the new Governor General, [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie\|Lord Dalhousie]], preferred to invest power in the hands of single administrator. Part of the reason for this was Lawrence's insistence on compensating the Sikh nobility and aristocracy who had suffered ruin following defeat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Lawrence, mindful of the potential for discontent to be sewn by disgruntled aristocrats, liberally offered financial assistance, a policy opposed by both his brother John and Dalhousie<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p431</ref> Both Lawrence and his brother John tendered their resignation, however Dalhousie chose John as his new Lieutenant-Governor. Dalhousie explained his decision by stating that after some years of military administration in the Punjab, there was now a need for a civil administration to which John Lawrence would be more suited.<ref>{{Cite book \|first=H.M. \|last=Vibart \|title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note \|place=Westminster \|publisher=Archibald Constable \|year=1894 \|page=357 \|ol=23336661M }}</ref> The decision deeply hurt Henry who felt he had proved his self-taught civil administrative abilities over the course of the previous twenty years.<ref>{{Cite book \|first=H.M. \|last=Vibart \|title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note \|place=Westminster \|publisher=Archibald Constable \|year=1894 \|page=357 \|ol=23336661M }}</ref>		Despite the success of the Board of Administration, internal tensions had arisen and the new Governor General, [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie\|Lord Dalhousie]], preferred to invest power in the hands of single administrator. Part of the reason for this was Lawrence's insistence on compensating the Sikh nobility and aristocracy who had suffered ruin following defeat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Lawrence, mindful of the potential for discontent to be sewn by disgruntled aristocrats, liberally offered financial assistance, a policy opposed by both his brother John and Dalhousie<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p431</ref> Both Lawrence and his brother John tendered their resignation, however Dalhousie chose John as his new Lieutenant-Governor. Dalhousie explained his decision by stating that after some years of military administration in the Punjab, there was now a need for a civil administration to which John Lawrence would be more suited.<ref>{{Cite book \|first=H.M. \|last=Vibart \|title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note \|place=Westminster \|publisher=Archibald Constable \|year=1894 \|page=357 \|ol=23336661M }}</ref> The decision deeply hurt Henry who felt he had proved his self-taught civil administrative abilities over the course of the previous twenty years.<ref>{{Cite book \|first=H.M. \|last=Vibart \|title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note \|place=Westminster \|publisher=Archibald Constable \|year=1894 \|page=357 \|ol=23336661M }}</ref>

	==~~Oudh(Awadh)~~ and Rajputana==		==Oude and Rajputana==
	Lawrence began his new role as the Governor-General's [[Rajputana Agency\|Agent in Rajputana]] in 1853. Much of his energy was devoted to two principal causes, the abolition of widow-burning in Rajputana and reforming the prison system.<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p437</ref> Whilst in Rajputana his wife Honoria died and his health began to fail, prompting first a desire to succeed [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet\|Sir James Outram]] as Resident at [[Lucknow]], for which he was overlooked for a civilian, and thereafter a desire to undertake leave to England.		Lawrence began his new role as the Governor-General's [[Rajputana Agency\|Agent in Rajputana]] in 1853. Much of his energy was devoted to two principal causes, the abolition of widow-burning in Rajputana and reforming the prison system.<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p437</ref> Whilst in Rajputana his wife Honoria died and his health began to fail, prompting first a desire to succeed [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet\|Sir James Outram]] as Resident at [[Lucknow]], for which he was overlooked for a civilian, and thereafter a desire to undertake leave to England.

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	\| laterwork = [[Resident (title)\|Resident Minister]] at [[Lahore]]<br />[[Chief Commissioner]] of [[Awadh]]		\| laterwork = [[Resident (title)\|Resident Minister]] at [[Lahore]]<br />[[Chief Commissioner]] of [[Awadh]]
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	[[Brigadier-General]] '''Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence''' <small>[[Order of the Bath\|KCB]]</small> (28 June 1806{{snd}}4 July 1857) was a British military officer, surveyor, administrator and statesman in [[British India]]. He is best known for leading a group of administrators in the Punjab affectionately known as [[Henry Lawrence's "Young Men"]], as the founder of the [[Lawrence Military Asylums]] and for his death at the [[Siege of Lucknow]] during the [[Indian ~~Rebellion~~ of 1857\|Indian Rebellion]].		[[Brigadier-General]] '''Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence''' <small>[[Order of the Bath\|KCB]]</small> (28 June 1806{{snd}}4 July 1857) was a British military officer, surveyor, administrator and statesman in [[British India]]. He is best known for leading a group of administrators in the Punjab affectionately known as [[Henry Lawrence's "Young Men"]], as the founder of the [[Lawrence Military Asylums]] and for his death at the [[Siege of Lucknow]] during the [[Indian War of Independence of 1857\|Indian Rebellion]].

	==Background==		==Background==
	Lawrence was born in June 1806 into an [[Ulster-Scots people\|Ulster-Scots]] family at [[Matara, Sri Lanka\|Matara]], [[British Ceylon\|Ceylon]]. Both his parents were from [[Ulster]], the northern [[Provinces of Ireland\|province]] in [[Ireland]]. His mother Letitia was the daughter of ~~The~~ Rev. George Knox from [[County Donegal]], while his father, [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)\|Lieutenant-Colonel]] Alexander William Lawrence, was born the son of a mill owner from [[Coleraine]], [[County Londonderry]], entered the service of the [[British Army]] and achieved distinction at the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)\|Siege of Seringapatnam]].<ref>James Wills, The Irish Nation: Its History and Its Biography, Volume 4, A. Fullarton, 1876, p96</ref> The Lawrences had seven sons, the first died in infancy and the fifth at the age of eighteen. The remaining five all achieved distinction in India, of ~~which~~ [[George St Patrick Lawrence\|Sir George Lawrence]] and [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence\|Lord Lawrence]] would achieve particular fame.		Lawrence was born in June 1806 into an [[Ulster-Scots people\|Ulster-Scots]] family at [[Matara, Sri Lanka\|Matara]] in [[British Ceylon\|Ceylon]]. Both his parents were from [[Ulster]], the northern [[Provinces of Ireland\|province]] of [[Ireland]]. His mother Letitia was the daughter of the Rev. George Knox from [[County Donegal]], while his father, [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)\|Lieutenant-Colonel]] Alexander William Lawrence, was born the son of a mill owner from [[Coleraine]], [[County Londonderry]], entered the service of the [[British Army]] and achieved distinction at the 1799 [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)\|Siege of Seringapatnam]].<ref>James Wills, The Irish Nation: Its History and Its Biography, Volume 4, A. Fullarton, 1876, p96</ref> The Lawrences had seven sons, the first died in infancy and the fifth at the age of eighteen. The remaining five all achieved distinction in India; of them [[George St Patrick Lawrence\|Sir George Lawrence]] and [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence\|Lord Lawrence]] would achieve particular fame.

	In 1812, Lawrence, along with his elder brothers Alexander and George, was sent to [[Foyle College]] in [[Derry]], a city in [[Ulster]], where their uncle Rev. James Knox was headmaster. In 1818 he rejoined his parents in [[Bristol]] where they had since settled, and completed his schooling there.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p.4</ref> In August 1820 he again followed his elder brothers by entering the [[East India Company Military Seminary]] in [[Addiscombe]], [[Surrey]].<ref>James Wills, The Irish Nation: Its History and Its Biography, Volume 4, A. Fullarton, 1876, p96</ref> His father, having felt slighted by the lack of recognition afforded to him for his service in the British Army, encouraged his sons to instead enter the service of the [[East India Company]] in India.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p.11</ref> Whilst at the seminary, he was saved from drowning by a fellow cadet Robert Guthrie MacGregor.<ref>{{Cite book \|first=H.M. \|last=Vibart \|title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note \|place=Westminster \|publisher=Archibald Constable \|year=1894 \|page=353 \|ol=23336661M }}</ref> On another occasion, he developed sympathy for a lady in poverty, and begged old clothes from his family which he then carried to her through the streets of [[London]]. That same lady would be remembered in his will some thirty five years later.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p.6</ref> Contemporaries in his class at Addiscombe included [[Frederick Abbott (Indian Army officer)\|Sir Frederick Abbott]].		In 1812, Lawrence, along with his elder brothers Alexander and George, was sent to [[Foyle College]] in [[Derry]], a city in [[Ulster]], where their uncle Rev. James Knox was headmaster. In 1818 he rejoined his parents in [[Bristol]] where they had since settled, and completed his schooling there.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p.4</ref> In August 1820 he again followed his elder brothers by entering the [[East India Company Military Seminary]] in [[Addiscombe]], [[Surrey]].<ref>James Wills, The Irish Nation: Its History and Its Biography, Volume 4, A. Fullarton, 1876, p96</ref> (His father, having felt slighted by the lack of recognition afforded to him for his service in the British Army, encouraged his sons to instead enter the service of the [[East India Company]] in India.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p.11</ref>) Whilst at the seminary, he was saved from drowning by a fellow cadet Robert Guthrie MacGregor.<ref>{{Cite book \|first=H.M. \|last=Vibart \|title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note \|place=Westminster \|publisher=Archibald Constable \|year=1894 \|page=353 \|ol=23336661M }}</ref> On another occasion, he developed sympathy for a lady in poverty, and begged old clothes from his family which he then carried to her through the streets of [[London]]. That same lady would be remembered in his will some thirty-five years later.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p.6</ref> Contemporaries in his class at Addiscombe included [[Frederick Abbott (Indian Army officer)\|Sir Frederick Abbott]].

	==Early career==		==Early career==
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	==Family life==		==Family life==
	Lawrence married Honoria Marshall at [[St. John's Church, Kolkata\|St. John's Church]], [[Calcutta]], on 21 August 1837.<ref name="obit">"The Late Sir Henry Lawrence, K.C.B." Times [London, England] 24 August 1857: 7. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 3 April 2013.</ref> They had four children, Honoria, Alexander, Letitia and Henry.<ref>http://thepeerage.com/p49469.htm#i494683 ~~{{Bare URL inline~~\|~~date~~=~~May 2021~~}}</ref> In 1858, his eldest son Alexander was created [[Lawrence baronets\|1st Baronet Lawrence, of Lucknow]], in consideration of his father's services.<ref>http://thepeerage.com/p10880.htm ~~{{Bare URL inline~~\|~~date~~=~~May 2021~~}}</ref>		Lawrence married Honoria Marshall at [[St. John's Church, Kolkata\|St. John's Church]], [[Calcutta]], on 21 August 1837.<ref name="obit">"The Late Sir Henry Lawrence, K.C.B." Times [London, England] 24 August 1857: 7. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 3 April 2013.</ref> They had four children, Honoria, Alexander, Letitia and Henry.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://thepeerage.com/p49469.htm#i494683\|title = Person Page}}</ref> In 1858, his eldest son Alexander was created [[Lawrence baronets\|1st Baronet Lawrence, of Lucknow]], in consideration of his father's services.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://thepeerage.com/p10880.htm\|title=Person Page}}</ref>

	==Works==		==Works==

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← Older revision		Revision as of 04:45, 21 July 2021
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	Lawrence was born in June 1806 into an [[Ulster-Scots people\|Ulster-Scots]] family at [[Matara, Sri Lanka\|Matara]], [[British Ceylon\|Ceylon]]. Both his parents were from [[Ulster]], the northern [[Provinces of Ireland\|province]] in [[Ireland]]. His mother Letitia was the daughter of The Rev. George Knox from [[County Donegal]], while his father, [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)\|Lieutenant-Colonel]] Alexander William Lawrence, was born the son of a mill owner from [[Coleraine]], [[County Londonderry]], entered the service of the [[British Army]] and achieved distinction at the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)\|Siege of Seringapatnam]].<ref>James Wills, The Irish Nation: Its History and Its Biography, Volume 4, A. Fullarton, 1876, p96</ref> The Lawrences had seven sons, the first died in infancy and the fifth at the age of eighteen. The remaining five all achieved distinction in India, of which [[George St Patrick Lawrence\|Sir George Lawrence]] and [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence\|Lord Lawrence]] would achieve particular fame.		Lawrence was born in June 1806 into an [[Ulster-Scots people\|Ulster-Scots]] family at [[Matara, Sri Lanka\|Matara]], [[British Ceylon\|Ceylon]]. Both his parents were from [[Ulster]], the northern [[Provinces of Ireland\|province]] in [[Ireland]]. His mother Letitia was the daughter of The Rev. George Knox from [[County Donegal]], while his father, [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)\|Lieutenant-Colonel]] Alexander William Lawrence, was born the son of a mill owner from [[Coleraine]], [[County Londonderry]], entered the service of the [[British Army]] and achieved distinction at the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)\|Siege of Seringapatnam]].<ref>James Wills, The Irish Nation: Its History and Its Biography, Volume 4, A. Fullarton, 1876, p96</ref> The Lawrences had seven sons, the first died in infancy and the fifth at the age of eighteen. The remaining five all achieved distinction in India, of which [[George St Patrick Lawrence\|Sir George Lawrence]] and [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence\|Lord Lawrence]] would achieve particular fame.

	In 1812, Lawrence, along with his elder brothers Alexander and George, was sent to [[Foyle College]] in [[Derry]], a city in [[Ulster]], where their uncle Rev. James Knox was headmaster. In 1818 he rejoined his parents in [[Bristol]] where they had since settled, and completed his schooling there.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p.4</ref> In August 1820 he again followed his elder brothers by entering the [[East India Company Military Seminary]] in [[Addiscombe]], [[Surrey]].<ref>James Wills, The Irish Nation: Its History and Its Biography, Volume 4, A. Fullarton, 1876, p96</ref> His father, having felt slighted by the lack of recognition afforded to him for his service in the British Army, encouraged his sons to instead enter the service of the [[East India Company]] in India.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p.11</ref> Whilst at the seminary, he was saved from drowning by a fellow cadet Robert Guthrie MacGregor.<ref>{{Cite book \|first=H.M. \|last=Vibart \|title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note \|place=Westminster \|publisher=Archibald Constable \|year=1894 \|page=353 \|ol=23336661M }}</ref> On another occasion, he developed sympathy for a lady in poverty, and begged old clothes from his family which he then carried to her through the streets of [[London]]. That same lady would be remembered in his will some thirty five years later.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p.6</ref> Contemporaries in his class at Addiscombe, included [[Frederick Abbott (Indian Army officer)\|Sir Frederick Abbott]].		In 1812, Lawrence, along with his elder brothers Alexander and George, was sent to [[Foyle College]] in [[Derry]], a city in [[Ulster]], where their uncle Rev. James Knox was headmaster. In 1818 he rejoined his parents in [[Bristol]] where they had since settled, and completed his schooling there.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p.4</ref> In August 1820 he again followed his elder brothers by entering the [[East India Company Military Seminary]] in [[Addiscombe]], [[Surrey]].<ref>James Wills, The Irish Nation: Its History and Its Biography, Volume 4, A. Fullarton, 1876, p96</ref> His father, having felt slighted by the lack of recognition afforded to him for his service in the British Army, encouraged his sons to instead enter the service of the [[East India Company]] in India.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p.11</ref> Whilst at the seminary, he was saved from drowning by a fellow cadet Robert Guthrie MacGregor.<ref>{{Cite book \|first=H.M. \|last=Vibart \|title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note \|place=Westminster \|publisher=Archibald Constable \|year=1894 \|page=353 \|ol=23336661M }}</ref> On another occasion, he developed sympathy for a lady in poverty, and begged old clothes from his family which he then carried to her through the streets of [[London]]. That same lady would be remembered in his will some thirty five years later.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, p.6</ref> Contemporaries in his class at Addiscombe included [[Frederick Abbott (Indian Army officer)\|Sir Frederick Abbott]].

	==Early career==		==Early career==
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	When news of disaster came from [[Kabul]] in November 1841 he was at first tasked with pushing up supports for the relief of Sir [[Robert Sale]] and the garrison of [[Jalalabad, Afghanistan\|Jalalabad]]. He was to prepare the way for a relief force through the four hundred miles between Ferozepur and the Khyber. He requested the assistance of guns from the Sikh authorities, who agreed on the condition of the willingness of the gunners themselves, who at first proved unwilling. He relocated to [[Peshawar]] where he was responsible for getting the Sikh allies in hand, and helping to prepare the army of [[Sir George Pollock, 1st Baronet\|Sir George Pollock]]. He had hoped to accompany Pollock in the [[Kabul Expedition (1842)\|Kabul Expedition]] in 1842, however his fellow agent [[Frederick Mackeson]] was preferred. Instead he was allowed to remain with his old corps until the Khyber Pass was won.<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p404</ref> At the conclusion of the war, he returned to Ferozepur where the [[Governor General of India]] met the victorious armies of Pollock, Sale and [[William Nott\|Nott]].		When news of disaster came from [[Kabul]] in November 1841 he was at first tasked with pushing up supports for the relief of Sir [[Robert Sale]] and the garrison of [[Jalalabad, Afghanistan\|Jalalabad]]. He was to prepare the way for a relief force through the four hundred miles between Ferozepur and the Khyber. He requested the assistance of guns from the Sikh authorities, who agreed on the condition of the willingness of the gunners themselves, who at first proved unwilling. He relocated to [[Peshawar]] where he was responsible for getting the Sikh allies in hand, and helping to prepare the army of [[Sir George Pollock, 1st Baronet\|Sir George Pollock]]. He had hoped to accompany Pollock in the [[Kabul Expedition (1842)\|Kabul Expedition]] in 1842, however his fellow agent [[Frederick Mackeson]] was preferred. Instead he was allowed to remain with his old corps until the Khyber Pass was won.<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p404</ref> At the conclusion of the war, he returned to Ferozepur where the [[Governor General of India]] met the victorious armies of Pollock, Sale and [[William Nott\|Nott]].

	In January 1843, Lawrence left Ferozepur when he was appointed superintendent of [[Dehradun]]. It soon emerged that military officers were barred from this post, and so he was instead transferred to [[Ambala]] as the assistant to the envoy at [[Lahore]]. Soon after taking charge, he was instructed to lead a military expedition in Khytul and was thereafter ordered to administer the region. Despite his short time in Khytul, Lawrence introduced a number of reforms including reduced taxes, the abolition of forced labour, a prompt system of justice and punishing bribery and corruption. In addition where required he remitted the land tax owed by a cultivator until he could improve his condition, and made the cultivator undertake public works such as digging wells in lieu of payment.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, pp.85-86</ref> Lawrence soon became somewhat disappointed by his lack of recognition for his contribution in the war and constant moving between jobs<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p404</ref> Later that year however he was elevated to the rank of Major and appointed to the well-salaried and prestigious post of the [[List of British Resident Ministers in Nepal\|Resident]] of [[Gorkha Kingdom\|Nepal]].<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p404</ref>		In January 1843, Lawrence left Ferozepur when he was appointed superintendent of [[Dehradun]]. It soon emerged that military officers were barred from this post, and so he was instead transferred to [[Ambala]] as the assistant to the envoy at [[Lahore]]. Soon after taking charge, he was instructed to lead a military expedition in Khytul and was thereafter ordered to administer the region. Despite his short time in Khytul, Lawrence introduced a number of reforms including reduced taxes, the abolition of forced labour, a prompt system of justice and punishing bribery and corruption. In addition where required he remitted the land tax owed by a cultivator until he could improve his condition, and made the cultivator undertake public works such as digging wells in lieu of payment.<ref>Gibbon, Frederick P, The Lawrences of the Punjab, London, J.M. Dent & co., 1908, pp.85-86</ref> Lawrence soon became somewhat disappointed by his lack of recognition for his contribution in the war and constant moving between jobs.<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p404</ref> Later that year however he was elevated to the rank of Major and appointed to the well-salaried and prestigious post of the [[List of British Resident Ministers in Nepal\|Resident]] of [[Gorkha Kingdom\|Nepal]].<ref>John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, 1899, W. H. Allen, p404</ref>

	==Resident at Nepal==		==Resident at Nepal==

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