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2022-04-04T11:44:08Z

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{{IPA key|H:IPA-PA||}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Contains special characters
|special = the Shahmukhi character [[lam with tah above]]
}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-pa}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Punjabi language#Phonology|Punjabi phonology]], [[Gurmukhi]], and [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]] for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Punjabi.

{| style="background:none;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | [[Consonant]]s
|-
! rowspan="2"|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! colspan="3"| Examples
! rowspan="2"|English Approximation
|-
! [[Gurmukhi]]
! [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]
! [[ISO 15919]]
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
|ਬਿਸਤਰਾ
|ا{{nq|بستر}}
|'''''b'''istarā''
|style="text-align:left;" | '''b'''utter
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big>
|ਦਿੱਤਾ
|{{nq|دتا}}
|'''''d'''ittā''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''d'''uck<ref name="coronal">Punjabi contrast dental {{IPAblink|t̪|t}} and {{IPAblink|d̪|d}} with apical postalveolar {{IPAblink|ʈ}} and {{IPAblink|ɖ}} (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like {{IPAc-en|t}} and {{IPAc-en|d}} to most English speakers.</ref>
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
|ਜਦੋਂ
|{{nq|جدوں}}
|'''''j'''adōṁ''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''j'''ug
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big>
|ਡੰਗਰ
|{{nq|ڈنگر}}
|'''''ḍ'''angar''
| style="text-align:left;" | gua'''rd'''<ref name=coronal/>
{{Small|(Rhotic dialects)}}
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
|ਗੱਡੀ
|{{nq|گڈی}}
|'''''g'''aḍḍī''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''g'''ut
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big>
|ਹਾਏ
|{{nq|ہائے}}
|'''''h'''āe''
| style="text-align:left;" |a'''h'''ead
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
|ਯਾਰੀ
|{{nq|یاری}}
|'''''y'''ārī''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''y'''uck
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
|ਕਿੱਖੇ
----'''ਘ'''ਰ
|{{Nq|کتھے}}
----{{nq|گھر}}
|'''k'''itthe
----'''''gh'''ar''
| style="text-align:left;" | s'''c'''ab
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|kʰ}}</big>
|ਔਖਾ
|{{nq|اوکھا}}
|''au'''kh'''ā''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''c'''ab
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
|ਲਾਂਬਾ
|{{nq|لامبا}}
|'''''l'''āmbā''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''eaf
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɭ}}</big><ref name=":0">Considered an allophone of {{IPAlink|l}} and {{IPAlink|n}} in the [[Shahmukhi alphabet]], though pronounced.</ref>
|ਰੌਲ਼ਾ
|{{Nq|روࣇا}}
|rau'''ḷ'''ā
| style="text-align:left;" | ga'''rl'''ic
{{Small|(Rhotic dialects)}}
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
|ਮਸੀਤ
|{{nq|مسیت}}
|'''''m'''asīt''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''m'''uch
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|n}}</big>
|ਨੂਹ
|{{nq|نوہ}}
|'''''n'''ūh''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''n'''ot
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big><ref name=":0">Considered an allophone of {{IPAlink|l}} and {{IPAlink|n}} in the [[Shahmukhi alphabet]], though pronounced.</ref>
|ਸੋਹਣਾ
|{{Nq|سوہݨا}}
|''soh'''ṇ'''ā''
| style="text-align:left;" | bu'''rn'''
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big>
|ਉਂਞ
|{{Nq|انج}}
|''u'''ñj'''''
|style="text-align:left;" | ca'''ny'''on
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
|ਕੰਙਣ
|{{nq|کنگݨ}}
|''ka'''ṅg'''aṇ''
| style="text-align:left;" | ba'''ng'''
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
|ਸੁਪਨਾ
----ਭਰਿਆ
|{{Nq|سپنا}}
----{{nq|بھریا}}
|su'''p'''nā
----'''''bh'''ariyā''
| style="text-align:left;" | s'''p'''ot
|-
|<big> {{IPA link|pʰ}}</big>
|ਫੁੱਲ
|{{nq|پھلّ‎ }}
|'''''ph'''ull''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''p'''ot
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɾ}}</big>
|ਵਾਰੀ
|{{nq|واری}}
|''wā'''r'''ī''
| style="text-align:left;" | American a'''t'''om<ref name="rhotic">{{IPA|/ɾ/}} can surface as a trill {{IPA|[r]}} in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate {{IPA|/ɾː/}} is always a trill.</ref>
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɽ}}</big>
|ਕੂੜ
|{{Nq|کوڑ}}
|''kū'''ṛ'''''
| style="text-align:left;" | ga'''rt'''er {{Small|(Rhotic dialects)}}
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}</big>
|ਉਲੇੜ੍ਹ
|{{nq|الیڑھ}}
|''ule'''ṛh'''''
| style="text-align:left;" | no English equivalent
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
|ਸਾਡਾ
|{{nq|ساڈا}}
|'''''s'''āḍā''
| style="text-align:left;" |'''s'''un
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big>
|ਤਿੱਲੜ
|{{nq|تلّڑ}}
|'''''t'''illaṛ''
| style="text-align:left;" | s'''t'''ub<ref name=coronal/>
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|tʰ}}</big>
|ਓਥੇ
|{{nq|اوتھے}}
|''o'''th'''ē''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''t'''ub<ref name=coronal/>
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
|ਚੜ੍ਹਦਾ
----ਝੂਠ
|{{nq|چڑھدا}}
----{{Nq|جھوٹھ}}
| '''''c'''aṛhdā''
----'''''jh'''ūṭh''
|style="text-align:left;" | ca'''tch'''
|-
|<big> {{IPA link|tʃʰ}}</big>
|ਛੱਡ
|{{nq|چھڈّ‎}}
|'''''ch'''a'''ḍḍ'''''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''ch'''oose
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big>
|ਸੱਟ
----ਢੀਠ
|{{Nq|سٹ}}
----{{nq|ڈھیٹھ}}
|''sa'''ṭṭ'''a''
----'''''ḍh'''īṭh''
| style="text-align:left;" | ca'''rt'''s<ref name=coronal/>
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}</big>
|ਕਾਠ
|{{nq|کاٹھ}}
|''kā'''ṭh'''''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''tr'''ip<ref name=coronal/>
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big>
|ਵਹੁਟੀ
|{{nq|وہوٹی}}
|'''''v'''ahuṭī''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''v'''at<ref name="V">{{IPA|[w]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|[ʋ]}} when /{{lang|hi|व}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|و}}}}/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while {{IPA|[ʋ]}}, which may phonetically be {{IPAblink|v}}, occurs otherwise.</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" |Marginal consonants
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|f}}</big><ref name=":1"/>
|ਫ਼ੇਰ
|{{nq|فیر}}
|'''''f'''er''
|'''f'''uss
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɣ}}</big><ref name=":2"/>
|ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼
|{{nq|کاغذ}}
|''kā'''ġ'''az''
|similar to a French ''r''
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|q}}</big><ref name=":2">Not considered a native sound (nor a native letter in [[Gurmukhi]], hence written as a modified consonant with a [[Nuqta]] placed below the corresponding letter, unlike [[Shahmukhi]], where the original letter from [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] (whence derived from the [[Arabic script]])). The phonology is however retained in Pakistani dialects, with the exception of {{IPA link|q}}, where the spelling is retained only but pronounced interchangeably with {{IPAlink|k}}.</ref>
|ਕ਼ਲਮ
|{{nq|قلم}}
|'''''q'''alam''
|somewhat like '''c'''aught
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|r}}</big><ref name="rhotic" />
|ਮੁਕ਼ੱਰਰ
|{{nq|مقرّر}}
|''muqa'''rr'''ar''
|Trilled R
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
|ਹੋਸ਼
|{{nq|ہوش}}
|''ho'''ś'''''
|'''sh'''oe
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|x}}</big><ref name=":1">{{IPAlink|f}} and {{IPAlink|x}} are not considered native sounds, and only present in loanwords or can be considered a tonal sound of {{IPAlink|pʰ}} for Indian dialects. In Pakistani dialects, and the [[Shahmukhi alphabet]], it is not considered a [[Total sounding|tonal sound]] and some words are natively derived such as {{Nq|فیر}} 'fer' (ਫੇਰ 'pher' ~ ਫਿਰ 'phir'). {{IPAlink|x}} can, however, be considered a [[Total sounding|tonal sound]] for {{IPAlink|kʰ}} in Pakistani dialects and are pronounced as such, but not written as such.</ref>
|ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸ
|{{Nq|خالص}}
|'''''k͟h'''ālis''
|[[Scottish English|Scottish]] Lo'''ch'''
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|z}}</big><ref name=":2"/>
|ਹਜ਼ਾਰ
|{{nq|ہزار}}
|''ha'''z'''ār''
|'''z'''oo
|}
|

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | [[Vowel]]s
|-
! rowspan="2"|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! colspan="3"| Examples
! rowspan="2"|English Approximation
|-
![[Gurmukhi]]
![[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]
! [[ISO 15919]]
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big>
|ਕਮ
|{{nq|کم}}
|''k'''a'''m''
| style="text-align: left;" |'''a'''bout
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|äː|aː}}</big>
|ਨਾਲ਼
|{{Script/Nastaliq|ناࣇ}}
| n'''ā'''ḷ
| style="text-align: left;" | f'''a'''ther
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|e}}</big>
|ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ
|{{Script/Nastaliq|واہِگرو}}
|v''āh'''''i'''guru
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''ay''' (shortened ē)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
|ਜੇਬ
|{{nq|جیب}}
| ''j'''ē'''b''
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''ay'''
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big>
|ਰਹਿਣਾ
|{{nq|رَہݨا}}
|''r'''ahi'''ṇā''
|style="text-align: left;" |p'''e'''n<ref>{{IPA|[ɛ]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} near an {{IPA|/ɦ/}} that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an {{IPA|[ɛ]}} preceding an {{IPA|/ɦ/}}.</ref>
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big>
|ਪੈਂਦਾ
|{{nq|پَیندا}}
| ''p'''ai'''nda''
|style="text-align: left;"| f'''ai'''ry
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
|ਇਮਲੀ
|{{nq|اِملی}}
|'''''i'''malī''
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''i'''t<ref name="Vowels">{{IPA|/iː, ɪ/}} and {{IPA|/uː, ʊ/}} are neutralised to [{{IPA link|i}}, {{IPA link|u}}] at the end of a word.</ref>
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>
|ਈਖ
|{{nq|اِیکھ}}
|'''''ī'''kh''
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''ea'''t<ref name="Vowels"/>
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
|ਬੱਤੀ
|{{Nq|بَتّی}}
|batt'''ī'''
| style="text-align: left;" | happ'''y'''<ref name="Vowels"/>
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
|ਬੋਲੋ
|{{nq|بولو}}
|''b'''ō'''l'''ō'''''
| style="text-align: left;" | b'''or'''der ([[Received Pronunciation]]) g'''o''' ([[General American]])
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɔː}}</big>
|ਕੌਣ
|{{nq|کَوݨ}}
|''k'''au'''n''
| style="text-align: left;" | d'''o'''g ([[Received Pronunciation]]) h'''o'''rse ([[General American]])
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
|ਤੁਕ
|{{nq|تُک}}
|''t'''u'''k''
| style="text-align: left;" | b'''oo'''k
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
|ਸੂਤ
|{{Nq|سُوت}}
|''s'''ū'''t''
| style="text-align: left;" | m'''oo'''n<ref name="Vowels"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA link|◌̃}}</big>
|ਹੰਸ
|{{nq|ہن٘س}}
|''ha'''m̐'''s''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | nasal vowel fa'''un''' ({{IPA|[ãː, õː]}}, etc.)
|-
|ਮੈਂ
|{{nq|مَیں}}
|''mai'''ṁ'''''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | [[Suprasegmental]]s
|-
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Example
! Notes
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ˈ|ˈ◌}}</big>
| {{IPA|[pənˈdʒaːb]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | stress (placed before stressed syllable)
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ː|◌ː}}</big>
|{{IPA|[ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | doubled consonant (placed after doubled consonant)
|-
| {{IPA|á}}, {{IPA|é}}, ...
| {{lang|pa|ਕੋੜ੍ਹਾ}} {{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|کوڑھا}}}} ''k'''oh'''ṛā'' 'leper'
| high, or high-falling [[Tone (linguistics)|tone]]
|-
| {{IPA|à}}, {{IPA|è}}, ...
|{{lang|pa|ਘੋੜਾ}} {{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|گھوڑا}}}} ''g'''ho'''ṛā'' 'horse'
| low, or low-rising [[Tone (linguistics)|tone]]
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{IPA keys}}

Help:IPA/Punjabi - Revision history

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