WikiDwarf: Creating Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu

2023-08-07T18:33:19Z

Creating Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu

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{{IPA key|H:IPA-HNS|H:IPA-HI|H:IPA-UR}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]) pronunciations in Bharatpedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Bharatpedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-hns}}, {{tl|IPA-hi}}, {{tl|IPA-ur}} and {{section link|Bharatpedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Hindustani phonology]], [[Devanagari]], and [[Urdu alphabet]] for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindi-Urdu.

== Key ==
{| style="background:none;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | [[Consonant]]s
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! colspan="3" | Examples
! rowspan="2" | English approximation
|-
! [[Devanagari|Hindi]]
! [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
! [[ISO 15919]]
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|बीस}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|بیس}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''b'''īs}}
| style="text-align:left;" | ca'''bb'''ie
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|भालू}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|بھالو}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''bh'''ālū}}
| style="text-align:left;" | clu'''bh'''ouse
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big><ref name=coronal>Hindi and Urdu contrast dental {{IPAblink|t̪|t}} and {{IPAblink|d̪|d}} with apical postalveolar {{IPAblink|ʈ}} and {{IPAblink|ɖ}} (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like {{IPAc-en|t}} and {{IPAc-en|d}} to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English {{IPAc-en|θ}} and {{IPAc-en|ð}} for some speakers with [[th-stopping]].</ref>
| {{lang|hi|दाल}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|دال}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''d'''āl}}
| style="text-align:left;" | wi'''d'''th, [[Spanish language|Spanish]] an'''d'''ar
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʱ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|धूप}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|دھوپ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''dh'''ūp}}
| style="text-align:left;" | a'''dh'''ere (but dental)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|जान}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جان}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''j'''ān}}
| style="text-align:left;" | bu'''dg'''ing
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|झड़ना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جھڑنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''jh'''aṛnā}}
| style="text-align:left;" | he'''dgeh'''og
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|डालना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڈالنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ḍ'''ālnā}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[American English|American]] bir'''d'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|ढक्कन}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڈھکّن}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ḍh'''akkan}}
| style="text-align:left;" | American bir'''dh'''ouse
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|ख़िलाफ़}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|خلاف}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k͟hilā'''f'''}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''f'''uss
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|गोल}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|گول}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''g'''ol}}
| style="text-align:left;" | a'''g'''o
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|घर}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|گھر}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''gh'''ar}}
| style="text-align:left;" | lo'''gh'''ouse
|-
|{{Big|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}}}<ref>In a number of words, the {{Nq|[[ع]]}} and/or {{Big|{{nq|[[ء]]}}}} is sometimes pronounced as {{IPAlink|ʔ}} in Urdu, which is typically not represented or pronounced in Hindi, except when the Urdu variant is transliterated into Hindi.</ref>
|{{Lang|hi|एतबार}}
|{{Lang|ur|{{nq|اعتبار}}}}
|{{transl|inc|ISO|i'''ʻ'''tibār}}{{Efn|Urdu transliteration. The Hindi variant is usually written as एतबार ({{transl|inc|ISO|etbār}}). [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta Dictionary]] transliterates this term as ए'तिबार ({{transl|inc|ISO|e'tibār}}) in Devanagari/Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meaning of etibar in English |url=https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-etibaar |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Rekhta Dictionary |language=en}}</ref>}}
|style="text-align:left;" |The pause in ''"uh-oh!"'', bu'''tt'''er ([[glottal stop]])
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɣ}}</big><ref name="Urdu">Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ] and [q] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g] and [k] respectively.</ref>
| {{lang|hi|बाग़}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|باغ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|bā'''ġ'''}}
| style="text-align:left;" | Spanish fue'''g'''o
|-
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|हम}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہم}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''h'''am}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | a'''h'''ead
|-
| {{lang|hi|हुक्म}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|حکم}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''h̤'''ukm}}
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|याद}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|یاد}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''y'''ād}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''y'''uck
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|कमज़ोर}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کمزور}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''k'''amzor}}
| style="text-align:left;" | s'''c'''ab
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|kʰ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|खाल}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کھال}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''kh'''āl}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''c'''ab
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|लब}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|لب}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''l'''ab}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''eaf
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|मगर}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|مگر}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''m'''agar}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''m'''uch
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|नहीं}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|نہیں}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''n'''ahī̃}}
| style="text-align:left;" | pa'''n'''ther
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big><ref name="Hindi">Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.</ref>
| {{lang|hi|किरण}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کرن}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|kira'''ṇ'''}}
| style="text-align:left;" | American bur'''n'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|रङ्ग}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|رن٘گ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|ra'''ṅ'''g}}
| style="text-align:left;" | ba'''ng'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|पल}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پل}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''p'''al}}
| style="text-align:left;" | s'''p'''ot
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|pʰ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|फल}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پھل}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ph'''al}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''p'''ot
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|q}}</big><ref name="Urdu" />
| {{lang|hi|क़रीब}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|قریب}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''q'''arīb}}
| style="text-align:left;" | somewhat like '''c'''aught
|-
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big><ref name=rhotic>{{IPA|/ɾ/}} can surface as a trill {{IPA|[r]}} in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate {{IPA|/ɾː/}} is always a trill.</ref>
| {{lang|hi|रस}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|رس}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''r'''as}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Trilled '''r'''ing
|-
| {{lang|hi|ज़र्रा}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ذرّہ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|za'''rr'''a}}
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɾ}}</big><ref name=rhotic/>
| {{lang|hi|ज़रा}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ذرا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|za'''r'''ā}}
| style="text-align:left;" | American a'''t'''om
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|लड़ना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|لڑنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|la'''ṛ'''nā}}
| style="text-align:left;" | American ga'''rt'''er
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|पढ़ाई}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پڑھائی}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|pa'''ṛh'''āī}}
| style="text-align:left;" | no English equivalent
|-
| rowspan="3" | <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|सब}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|سب}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''s'''ab}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''un
|-
| {{lang|hi|साफ़}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|صاف}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''s̤'''āf}}
|-
| {{lang|hi|साबित}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ثابت}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''s̱'''ābit}}
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big><ref name="Hindi" />
| {{lang|hi|नष्ट}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|نشٹ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|na'''ṣ'''ṭ}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''shr'''ew
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|काश}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کاش}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|kā'''ś'''}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''sh'''oe
|-
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|तालाब}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|تالاب}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''t'''ālāb}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | similar to ou'''t'''think, Spanish '''t'''omar
|-
|लतीफ़ा
|{{Nq|لطیفہ}}
|''la'''t̤'''īfa''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tʰ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|थैला}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|تھیلا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''th'''ailā}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''t'''ub (but dental)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|चोर}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|چور}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''c'''or}}
| style="text-align:left;" | ca'''tch'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|छोड़ना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|چھوڑنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ch'''oṛnā}}
| style="text-align:left;" | a'''ch'''oo
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|टमाटर}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹماٹر}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ṭ'''amā'''ṭ'''ar}}
| style="text-align:left;" | s'''t'''ub (but retroflex)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|ठंड}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹھنڈ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ṭh'''anḍ}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''t'''ub (but retroflex)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big><ref name="V"/>
| {{lang|hi|वर्ज़िश}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ورزش}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''v'''arziś}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''v'''at
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|w}}</big><ref name="V">{{IPA|[w]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|[ʋ]}} when /{{lang|hi|व}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|و}}}}/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while {{IPA|[ʋ]}}, which may phonetically be {{IPAblink|v}}, occurs otherwise.</ref>
| {{lang|hi|पकवान}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پكوان}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|pak'''v'''ān}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''w'''ell
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big><ref name="Urdu" />
| {{lang|hi|ख़राब}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|خراب}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''k͟h'''arāb}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Scottish English|Scottish]] lo'''ch'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|z}}<ref name="Urdu" /></big>
| {{lang|hi|काग़ज़}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کاغذ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|kāġa'''z'''}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''z'''oo
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big><ref name="Urdu" />
| {{lang|hi|अझ़दहा}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اژدہا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|a'''ž'''dahā}}
| style="text-align:left;" | plea'''s'''ure
|}
|

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | [[Vowel]]s
|-
! rowspan="2"| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! colspan="3"| Examples
! rowspan="2"| English approximation
|-
! [[Devanagari|Hindi]]
! [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
! [[ISO 15919]]
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|äː|aː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|काम}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کام}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k'''ā'''m}}
| style="text-align: left;" | f'''a'''ther
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|जेब}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جیب}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|j'''e'''b}}
| style="text-align: left;" | Scottish s'''ay'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big><ref>{{IPA|[ɛ]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} near an {{IPA|/ɦ/}} that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an {{IPA|[ɛ]}} preceding an {{IPA|/ɦ/}}.</ref>
| {{lang|hi|रहना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|رہنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|r'''ê'''hnā}}
| style="text-align: left;" | p'''e'''n
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|कैसा}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کیسا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k'''ai'''sā}}
| style="text-align: left;"| f'''ai'''ry
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|कल}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کَل}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k'''a'''l}}
| style="text-align: left;" | '''a'''bout
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|जितना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جِتنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|j'''i'''tnā}}
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''i'''t
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|जीतना}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جیتنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|j'''ī'''tnā}}
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''ea'''t
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|बोलो}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|بولو}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|b'''o'''l'''o'''}}
| style="text-align: left;" | Scottish s'''o'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɔː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|कौन}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کَون}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k'''au'''n}}
| style="text-align: left;" | American s'''aw'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|उन}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اُن}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''u'''n}}
| style="text-align: left;" | b'''oo'''k
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|ऊन}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اُون}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ū'''n}}
| style="text-align: left;" | m'''oo'''n
|-
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|◌̃}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|हँस}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہن٘س}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|ha'''m̐'''s}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | nasal vowel fa'''un'''<br>({{IPA|[ãː, õː]}}, etc.)
|-
| {{lang|hi|मैं}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|مَیں}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|mai'''ṁ'''}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | [[Suprasegmental]]s
|-
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Example
! Notes
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ˈ|ˈ◌}}</big>
| {{IPA|[ˈbaːɦər]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | stress<br>(placed before stressed syllable)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ː|◌ː}}</big>
| {{IPA|[ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | doubled consonant<br>(placed after doubled consonant)
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}{{notelist}}

{{IPA keys}}

Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu - Revision history

WikiDwarf: Creating Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu