https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Hellenistic_periodHellenistic period - Revision history2026-08-18T00:15:03ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic_period&diff=446888&oldid=prevNandini Gowda KL: clean up2026-02-18T02:27:37Z<p>clean up</p>
<a href="//en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic_period&diff=446888&oldid=442646">Show changes</a>Nandini Gowda KLhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic_period&diff=442646&oldid=prevBharatwiki Socrates at 05:59, 8 January 20242024-01-08T05:59:37Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The first of the [[Diadochi wars]] broke out when [[Perdiccas]] planned to marry Alexander's sister [[Cleopatra of Macedonia|Cleopatra]] and began to question [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]]' leadership in [[Asia Minor]]. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with [[Antipater]] and [[Craterus]] (the satrap of [[Cilicia]] who had been in Greece fighting the [[Lamian war]]) invaded [[Anatolia]]. The rebels were supported by [[Lysimachus]], the satrap of [[Thrace]] and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although [[Eumenes]], satrap of [[Cappadocia]], defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals [[Peithon]], [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]], and [[Antigenes (general)|Antigenes]] (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt ({{circa|21 May}} to 19 June, 320&nbsp;BC).<ref>Green, p. 14.</ref> Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and [[Arrhidaeus]] regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the [[Treaty of Triparadisus]]. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia Minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and [[Seleucus&nbsp;I]] controlled [[Babylon]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The first of the [[Diadochi wars]] broke out when [[Perdiccas]] planned to marry Alexander's sister [[Cleopatra of Macedonia|Cleopatra]] and began to question [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]]' leadership in [[Asia Minor]]. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with [[Antipater]] and [[Craterus]] (the satrap of [[Cilicia]] who had been in Greece fighting the [[Lamian war]]) invaded [[Anatolia]]. The rebels were supported by [[Lysimachus]], the satrap of [[Thrace]] and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although [[Eumenes]], satrap of [[Cappadocia]], defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals [[Peithon]], [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]], and [[Antigenes (general)|Antigenes]] (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt ({{circa|21 May}} to 19 June, 320&nbsp;BC).<ref>Green, p. 14.</ref> Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and [[Arrhidaeus]] regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the [[Treaty of Triparadisus]]. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia Minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and [[Seleucus&nbsp;I]] controlled [[Babylon]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Diadoch</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">png</del>|upright=1.15|thumb|right|The Kingdoms of Antigonos and his rivals {{circa|303&nbsp;BC}}.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hellenistic World 300 BCE Standard map</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpg</ins>|upright=1.15|thumb|right|The Kingdoms of Antigonos and his rivals {{circa|303&nbsp;BC}}.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The second Diadochi war began following the death of [[Antipater]] in 319&nbsp;BC. Passing over his own son, [[Cassander]], Antipater had declared [[Polyperchon]] his successor as [[Regent]]. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317&nbsp;BC, [[Cassander]] invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing [[Olympias]] to death and capturing the boy king [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander&nbsp;IV]], and his mother. In Asia, [[Eumenes]] was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The second Diadochi war began following the death of [[Antipater]] in 319&nbsp;BC. Passing over his own son, [[Cassander]], Antipater had declared [[Polyperchon]] his successor as [[Regent]]. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317&nbsp;BC, [[Cassander]] invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing [[Olympias]] to death and capturing the boy king [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander&nbsp;IV]], and his mother. In Asia, [[Eumenes]] was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed.</div></td></tr>
</table>Bharatwiki Socrateshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic_period&diff=439412&oldid=prevBharatwiki Socrates: Adding northeastern provinces reference image.2023-11-26T02:03:38Z<p>Adding northeastern provinces reference image.</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Main|Seleucid Empire}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Main|Seleucid Empire}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Seleuco I Nicatore.JPG|right|thumb|upright=0.80|[[Seleucus&nbsp;I Nicator]] founded the [[Seleucid Empire]].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Seleuco I Nicatore.JPG|right|thumb|upright=0.80|[[Seleucus&nbsp;I Nicator]] founded the [[Seleucid Empire]].]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Seleucid Empire.png|thumb|Seleucid Empire 300 BCE]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Following division of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s empire, [[Seleucus&nbsp;I Nicator]] received [[Babylonia]]. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's [[near east]]ern territories.<ref name="Jones, Kenneth Raymond 2006 174">{{cite book|author=Jones, Kenneth Raymond|title=Provincial reactions to Roman imperialism: the aftermath of the Jewish revolt, A.D. 66-70, Parts 66-70|publisher= University of California, Berkeley|year=2006|page=174|isbn= 978-0-542-82473-9</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Following division of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s empire, [[Seleucus&nbsp;I Nicator]] received [[Babylonia]]. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's [[near east]]ern territories.<ref name="Jones, Kenneth Raymond 2006 174">{{cite book|author=Jones, Kenneth Raymond|title=Provincial reactions to Roman imperialism: the aftermath of the Jewish revolt, A.D. 66-70, Parts 66-70|publisher= University of California, Berkeley|year=2006|page=174|isbn= 978-0-542-82473-9</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|quote=... and the Greeks, or at least the Greco-Macedonian Seleucid Empire, replace the Persians as the Easterners. }}</ref><ref name="Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (London, England) 1993 211">{{cite book|author=Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (London, England)|title=The Journal of Hellenic studies, Volumes 113-114|publisher= Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|quote=... and the Greeks, or at least the Greco-Macedonian Seleucid Empire, replace the Persians as the Easterners. }}</ref><ref name="Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (London, England) 1993 211">{{cite book|author=Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (London, England)|title=The Journal of Hellenic studies, Volumes 113-114|publisher= Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite.<ref name="Glubb, Sir John Bagot 1967 34" /><ref name="Steven C. Hause, William S. Maltby 2004 76">{{cite book |author1=Steven C. Hause |author2=William S. Maltby |title=Western civilization: a history of European society |url=https://archive.org/details/westerncivilizat00haus |url-access=limited |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/westerncivilizat00haus/page/n76 76] |isbn= 978-0-534-62164-3 |quote= The Greco-Macedonian Elite. The Seleucids respected the cultural and religious sensibilities of their subjects but preferred to rely on Greek or Macedonian soldiers and administrators for the day-to-day business of governing. The Greek population of the cities, reinforced until the second century BC by emigration from Greece, formed a dominant, although not especially cohesive, elite. }}</ref><ref name="Victor, Royce M. 2010 55">{{cite book |author=Victor, Royce M. |title=Colonial education and class formation in early Judaism: a postcolonial reading |publisher= Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |page=55 |isbn= 978-0-567-24719-3 |quote=Like other Hellenistic kings, the Seleucids ruled with the help of their "friends" and a Greco-Macedonian elite class separate from the native populations whom they governed. }}</ref><ref name=Brit>'''Britannica''','' Seleucid kingdom'', 2008, O.Ed.</ref> The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from [[Ancient Greece|Greece]].<ref name="Glubb, Sir John Bagot 1967 34" /><ref name="Steven C. Hause, William S. Maltby 2004 76" /> These cities included newly founded colonies such as [[Antioch]], the other cities of the [[Syrian tetrapolis]], [[Seleucia]] (north of [[Babylon]]) and [[Dura-Europos]] on the [[Euphrates]]. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (''choria''), military colonies (''katoikiai'') and Greek villages (''komai'') which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of [[Antiochus&nbsp;III]]. The rest of the army was made up of native troops.<ref>Bugh, Glenn R. (editor). The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, 2007, p. 44.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite.<ref name="Glubb, Sir John Bagot 1967 34" /><ref name="Steven C. Hause, William S. Maltby 2004 76">{{cite book |author1=Steven C. Hause |author2=William S. Maltby |title=Western civilization: a history of European society |url=https://archive.org/details/westerncivilizat00haus |url-access=limited |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/westerncivilizat00haus/page/n76 76] |isbn= 978-0-534-62164-3 |quote= The Greco-Macedonian Elite. The Seleucids respected the cultural and religious sensibilities of their subjects but preferred to rely on Greek or Macedonian soldiers and administrators for the day-to-day business of governing. The Greek population of the cities, reinforced until the second century BC by emigration from Greece, formed a dominant, although not especially cohesive, elite. }}</ref><ref name="Victor, Royce M. 2010 55">{{cite book |author=Victor, Royce M. |title=Colonial education and class formation in early Judaism: a postcolonial reading |publisher= Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |page=55 |isbn= 978-0-567-24719-3 |quote=Like other Hellenistic kings, the Seleucids ruled with the help of their "friends" and a Greco-Macedonian elite class separate from the native populations whom they governed. }}</ref><ref name=Brit>'''Britannica''','' Seleucid kingdom'', 2008, O.Ed.</ref> The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from [[Ancient Greece|Greece]].<ref name="Glubb, Sir John Bagot 1967 34" /><ref name="Steven C. Hause, William S. Maltby 2004 76" /> These cities included newly founded colonies such as [[Antioch]], the other cities of the [[Syrian tetrapolis]], [[Seleucia]] (north of [[Babylon]]) and [[Dura-Europos]] on the [[Euphrates]]. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (''choria''), military colonies (''katoikiai'') and Greek villages (''komai'') which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of [[Antiochus&nbsp;III]]. The rest of the army was made up of native troops.<ref>Bugh, Glenn R. (editor). The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, 2007, p. 44.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Antiochus&nbsp;III]] ("the Great") conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus&nbsp;I. After being defeated by [[Ptolemy&nbsp;IV]]'s forces [[Battle of Raphia|at Raphia]] (217&nbsp;BC), Antiochus&nbsp;III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212–205&nbsp;BC) including [[Bactria]], [[Parthia]], [[Ariana]], [[Sogdiana]], [[Gedrosia]] and [[Drangiana]]. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal [[vassalage]] and receiving tribute from their rulers.<ref>Green, pp. 293-295.</ref> After the death of [[Ptolemy&nbsp;IV]] (204&nbsp;BC), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the [[Syrian Wars|fifth Syrian war]] (202–195&nbsp;BC).<ref>Green, p. 304.</ref> He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying [[Lysimachia (Thrace)|Lysimachia]] on the [[Hellespont]], but his expansion into [[Anatolia]] and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the [[Battle of Magnesia]] (190&nbsp;BC). In the [[Treaty of Apamea]] which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.<ref>Green, p. 421.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Antiochus&nbsp;III]] ("the Great") conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus&nbsp;I. After being defeated by [[Ptolemy&nbsp;IV]]'s forces [[Battle of Raphia|at Raphia]] (217&nbsp;BC), Antiochus&nbsp;III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212–205&nbsp;BC) including [[Bactria]], [[Parthia]], [[Ariana]], [[Sogdiana]], [[Gedrosia]] and [[Drangiana]]. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal [[vassalage]] and receiving tribute from their rulers.<ref>Green, pp. 293-295.</ref> After the death of [[Ptolemy&nbsp;IV]] (204&nbsp;BC), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the [[Syrian Wars|fifth Syrian war]] (202–195&nbsp;BC).<ref>Green, p. 304.</ref> He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying [[Lysimachia (Thrace)|Lysimachia]] on the [[Hellespont]], but his expansion into [[Anatolia]] and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the [[Battle of Magnesia]] (190&nbsp;BC). In the [[Treaty of Apamea]] which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.<ref>Green, p. 421.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Hellenistic Northeastern World.png|thumb|Hellenistic Northeastern world after [[Treaty of Indus]]]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Much of the eastern part of the empire was then conquered by the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] under [[Mithridates&nbsp;I of Parthia]] in the mid-2nd century BC, yet the Seleucid kings continued to rule a [[rump state]] from [[Syria]] until the invasion by the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian]] king [[Tigranes the Great]] and their ultimate overthrow by the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] general [[Pompey]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Much of the eastern part of the empire was then conquered by the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] under [[Mithridates&nbsp;I of Parthia]] in the mid-2nd century BC, yet the Seleucid kings continued to rule a [[rump state]] from [[Syria]] until the invasion by the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian]] king [[Tigranes the Great]] and their ultimate overthrow by the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] general [[Pompey]].</div></td></tr>
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</table>Bharatwiki Socrateshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic_period&diff=422866&oldid=prevAjay Kumar: Created a new article2023-08-30T03:32:52Z<p>Created a new article</p>
<a href="//en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic_period&diff=422866">Show changes</a>Ajay Kumar