Hebrew University bombing - Revision history

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	{{short description\|Hamas bombing in 2002}}		{{short description\|Hamas bombing in 2002}}
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	{{Infobox terrorist attack		{{Infobox terrorist attack

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			{{short description\|Hamas bombing in 2002}}
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	{{Infobox terrorist attack		{{Infobox terrorist attack
	\|title=Hebrew University bombing		\| title = Hebrew University bombing
	\|partof=the [[Second Intifada]] ~~militancy campaign~~		\| partof = the [[Second Intifada]]
	\|image=HebrewU-MtScopus.JPG		\| image = HebrewU-MtScopus.JPG
	\|caption=The site of the bombing, with a memorial to the victims in the foreground		\| caption = The site of the bombing, with a memorial to the victims in the foreground
	\|map=<div style="width:250px; float:none; clear:none;"><div style="position:relative; padding:0; width:250px;">[[File:Israel outline jerusalem.png\|250px]]		\| map = <div style="width:250px; float:none; clear:none;"><div style="position:relative; padding:0; width:250px;">[[File:Israel outline jerusalem.png\|250px]]
	<br /><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; top: 35.7%; left: 91.9%; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: center; left: -3px; top: -3px; width: 6px; font-size: 6px;">[[File:Red pog.svg\|7px]]</div><div style="font-size:90%; line-height: 110%; z-index:90; position: relative; top: -1.5em; width: 6em; right: 6.5em; text-align: center;"><span style="padding: 1px;">'''The attack site'''</span></div></div></div></div>		<br /><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; top: 35.7%; left: 91.9%; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: center; left: -3px; top: -3px; width: 6px; font-size: 6px;">[[File:Red pog.svg\|7px]]</div><div style="font-size:90%; line-height: 110%; z-index:90; position: relative; top: -1.5em; width: 6em; right: 6.5em; text-align: center;"><span style="padding: 1px;">'''The attack site'''</span></div></div></div></div>
	\|location=[[Mount Scopus]] campus at [[Jerusalem]]		\| location = [[Mount Scopus]] campus at [[Jerusalem]]
	\| coordinates = {{coord\|31\|47\|33\|N\|35\|14\|44\|E\|display=inline}}		\| coordinates = {{coord\|31\|47\|33\|N\|35\|14\|44\|E\|display=inline}}
	\|target=University cafeteria		\| target = University cafeteria
	\|date=31 July 2002<br>shortly after 13:30 p.m.		\| date = 31 July 2002<br />shortly after 13:30 p.m.
	\|time-begin=		\| time-begin =
	\|time-end=		\| time-end =
	\|timezone=		\| timezone =
	\|type=School bombing, mass murder, terrorism		\| type = School bombing, mass murder, terrorism
	\|fatalities=9 civilians		\| fatalities = 9 civilians
	\|injuries=~100		\| injuries = ~100
	\|perps=[[Hamas]] claimed of responsibility}}		\| perps = [[Hamas]] claimed of responsibility
			}}

	The '''Hebrew University bombing''' or the '''Hebrew University massacre''' was a [[terror attack]] by the Palestinian militant group [[Hamas]] which occurred on 31 July 2002 in a cafeteria at the [[Mount Scopus]] campus of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]. The attack killed 9 people, including 5 [[United States\|U.S.]] students, and injured about 100.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/08/21/mideast "Israel arrests suspects in university bombing"], CNN.com; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3111001.stm Remembering Israel's campus blast], BBC.co.uk, 30 July 2003.</ref> It was carried out by an [[East Jerusalem]]-based [[Hamas]] cell whose members are serving multiple life sentences in Israeli prisons for that attack and others.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130706010441/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1185885070912&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Hebrew U. marks five years since campus bombing], Jerusalem Post 31 July 2007</ref>		The '''Hebrew University bombing''' or the '''Hebrew University massacre''' was a [[terror attack]] by the Palestinian militant group [[Hamas]] which occurred on 31 July 2002 in a cafeteria at the [[Mount Scopus]] campus of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]. The attack killed 9 people, including 5 [[United States\|U.S.]] students, and injured about 100.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/08/21/mideast "Israel arrests suspects in university bombing"], CNN.com; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3111001.stm Remembering Israel's campus blast], BBC.co.uk, 30 July 2003.</ref> It was carried out by an [[East Jerusalem]]-based [[Hamas]] cell whose members are serving multiple life sentences in Israeli prisons for that attack and others.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130706010441/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1185885070912&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Hebrew U. marks five years since campus bombing], Jerusalem Post 31 July 2007</ref>
	The attack, which sparked a celebration in [[Gaza City]],<ref name=la/> was condemned by [[United Nations Secretary General]] [[Kofi Annan]] and several countries.		The attack, which sparked a celebration in [[Gaza City]],<ref name=la/> was condemned by [[United Nations Secretary General]] [[Kofi Annan]] and several countries.

	In February 2015, a [[United States]] jury in the Federal District Court of Manhattan found the [[Palestinian Authority]] and the [[Palestinian Liberation Organization]] liable for having supported and helped to fund terror attacks in the 2000s and were ordered to pay damages in the amount of $218.5 million to victims of said attacks.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/24/nyregion/damages-awarded-in-terror-case-against-palestinian-groups.html Damages awarded in terror case against Palestinian groups], nytimes.com; accessed 24 February 2015.</ref>		{{Campaignbox Second Intifada}}

			In February 2015, a United States jury in the Federal District Court of Manhattan found the [[Palestinian Authority]] and the [[Palestinian Liberation Organization]] liable for having supported and helped to fund terror attacks in the 2000s and were ordered to pay damages in the amount of $218.5 million to victims of said attacks.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/24/nyregion/damages-awarded-in-terror-case-against-palestinian-groups.html Damages awarded in terror case against Palestinian groups], nytimes.com; accessed 24 February 2015.</ref>

	==Attack==		==Attack==
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	* {{flag\|United States}}: [[President of the United States\|President]] [[George W. Bush]] condemned the attack, saying to reporters: "I want to condemn in the strongest possible terms the attack that took place in Israel. There are clearly killers who hate the thought of peace, and, therefore, are willing to take their hatred to all kinds of places, including a university. And this country condemns that kind of killing, and we send our deepest sympathy to the students and their families. I also want to make it clear to the killers that it won't stop us from rallying the world to fight their kind of terror; nor will they stop us from having a vision of peace."<ref>[http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/peace/archives/2002/august/080101.html Bush Condemns Bombing at Israeli University] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517165300/http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/peace/archives/2002/august/080101.html \|date=17 May 2011 }}, usembassy-israel.org.il; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref> He added: "I'm just as angry as Israel is right now. I'm furious that innocent life was lost. However through my fury, even though I am mad, I still believe peace is possible."<ref name=cbs>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/08/01/world/main517275.shtml "Bush 'Furious' Over Mideast Bombing"], CBSnews.com; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref>		* {{flag\|United States}}: [[President of the United States\|President]] [[George W. Bush]] condemned the attack, saying to reporters: "I want to condemn in the strongest possible terms the attack that took place in Israel. There are clearly killers who hate the thought of peace, and, therefore, are willing to take their hatred to all kinds of places, including a university. And this country condemns that kind of killing, and we send our deepest sympathy to the students and their families. I also want to make it clear to the killers that it won't stop us from rallying the world to fight their kind of terror; nor will they stop us from having a vision of peace."<ref>[http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/peace/archives/2002/august/080101.html Bush Condemns Bombing at Israeli University] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517165300/http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/peace/archives/2002/august/080101.html \|date=17 May 2011 }}, usembassy-israel.org.il; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref> He added: "I'm just as angry as Israel is right now. I'm furious that innocent life was lost. However through my fury, even though I am mad, I still believe peace is possible."<ref name=cbs>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/08/01/world/main517275.shtml "Bush 'Furious' Over Mideast Bombing"], CBSnews.com; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref>
	* {{flag\|China}}: Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Kong Quan said: "China is shocked by and strongly condemns the expansion of bombing to campuses. Reality tells us that trades of violence can only cause more deaths and injuries to both sides. We call on both Israel and Palestine to cease the attacks of its kind against innocent civilians, making earnest and practical efforts to coordinate the peace-promoting efforts to prevent things from worsening."<ref>[http://zw.china-embassy.org/eng/xwdt/t149086.htm Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Kong Quan on the bombing on the campus of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem], zw.china-embassy.org; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref>		* {{flag\|China}}: Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Kong Quan said: "China is shocked by and strongly condemns the expansion of bombing to campuses. Reality tells us that trades of violence can only cause more deaths and injuries to both sides. We call on both Israel and Palestine to cease the attacks of its kind against innocent civilians, making earnest and practical efforts to coordinate the peace-promoting efforts to prevent things from worsening."<ref>[http://zw.china-embassy.org/eng/xwdt/t149086.htm Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Kong Quan on the bombing on the campus of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem], zw.china-embassy.org; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref>
	* {{flag\|South Africa}}: The government said it was "deeply saddened by the loss of life and injuries incurred during the terrorist bombing of the cafeteria in the Frank Sinatra Building at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem on Wednesday 31 July. The Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Pahad reiterates the view that these forms of terrorist attacks directed at Israeli civilians cannot be justified as legitimate acts of resistance, and must be condemned unequivocally."<ref>[http://www.dfa.gov.za/docs/2002/mide0802.htm Statement Following the Bomb Blast at the Hebrew University], dfa.gov.za; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref>		* {{flag\|South Africa}}: The government said it was "deeply saddened by the loss of life and injuries incurred during the terrorist bombing of the cafeteria in the Frank Sinatra Building at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem on Wednesday 31 July. The Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, [[Aziz Pahad\|Mr. Pahad]] reiterates the view that these forms of terrorist attacks directed at Israeli civilians cannot be justified as legitimate acts of resistance, and must be condemned unequivocally."<ref>[http://www.dfa.gov.za/docs/2002/mide0802.htm Statement Following the Bomb Blast at the Hebrew University], dfa.gov.za; accessed 23 February 2015. {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013100016/http://www.dfa.gov.za/docs/2002/mide0802.htm \|date=13 October 2008 }}</ref>

	==Aftermath==		==Aftermath==

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox terrorist attack
|title=Hebrew University bombing
|partof=the [[Second Intifada]] militancy campaign
|image=HebrewU-MtScopus.JPG
|caption=The site of the bombing, with a memorial to the victims in the foreground
|map=<div style="width:250px; float:none; clear:none;"><div style="position:relative; padding:0; width:250px;">[[File:Israel outline jerusalem.png|250px]]
<br /><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; top: 35.7%; left: 91.9%; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: center; left: -3px; top: -3px; width: 6px; font-size: 6px;">[[File:Red pog.svg|7px]]</div><div style="font-size:90%; line-height: 110%; z-index:90; position: relative; top: -1.5em; width: 6em; right: 6.5em; text-align: center;"><span style="padding: 1px;">'''The attack site'''</span></div></div></div></div>
|location=[[Mount Scopus]] campus at [[Jerusalem]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31|47|33|N|35|14|44|E|display=inline}}
|target=University cafeteria
|date=31 July 2002<br>shortly after 13:30 p.m.
|time-begin=
|time-end=
|timezone=
|type=School bombing, mass murder, terrorism
|fatalities=9 civilians
|injuries=~100
|perps=[[Hamas]] claimed of responsibility}}

The '''Hebrew University bombing''' or the '''Hebrew University massacre''' was a [[terror attack]] by the Palestinian militant group [[Hamas]] which occurred on 31 July 2002 in a cafeteria at the [[Mount Scopus]] campus of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]. The attack killed 9 people, including 5 [[United States|U.S.]] students, and injured about 100.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/08/21/mideast "Israel arrests suspects in university bombing"], CNN.com; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3111001.stm Remembering Israel's campus blast], BBC.co.uk, 30 July 2003.</ref> It was carried out by an [[East Jerusalem]]-based [[Hamas]] cell whose members are serving multiple life sentences in Israeli prisons for that attack and others.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130706010441/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1185885070912&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Hebrew U. marks five years since campus bombing], Jerusalem Post 31 July 2007</ref>
The attack, which sparked a celebration in [[Gaza City]],<ref name=la/> was condemned by [[United Nations Secretary General]] [[Kofi Annan]] and several countries.

In February 2015, a [[United States]] jury in the Federal District Court of Manhattan found the [[Palestinian Authority]] and the [[Palestinian Liberation Organization]] liable for having supported and helped to fund terror attacks in the 2000s and were ordered to pay damages in the amount of $218.5 million to victims of said attacks.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/24/nyregion/damages-awarded-in-terror-case-against-palestinian-groups.html Damages awarded in terror case against Palestinian groups], nytimes.com; accessed 24 February 2015.</ref>

==Attack==
The bombing took place during the summer examination period, while summer Hebrew-language courses were being taught.<ref name=la>[http://articles.latimes.com/2002/aug/01/world/fg-mideast1 Blast Kills 7 at University in Jerusalem], Los Angeles Times; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref> The explosion occurred at lunchtime in a crowded cafeteria in the Frank Sinatra International Student Center on the university's [[Mount Scopus]] campus.<ref name=guardian>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/01/internationaleducationnews.israel Bomb kills seven at university], guardian.co.uk; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref> In the minutes after the explosion, dazed, blood-spattered students emerged from the building; the air smelled of smoke and burnt flesh.<ref name=la/><ref name=guardian/>

==Fatalities==
Six women and three men were killed in the attack. Seven died immediately and two died of their wounds in the following weeks. About 100 people were injured in the attack. The wounded included Israelis, [[Arabs]], four Americans and three [[South Korea]]ns.<ref name=usa>[https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-08-01-israel-bombing_x.htm Israeli bombing deaths mourned], usatoday.com; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref>

==Reactions==

===Hamas claim of responsibility===
Palestinian [[Islamist]] organization [[Hamas]] claimed responsibility for the bombing during a rally in [[Gaza City]] attended by some 10,000 supporters. A masked Hamas speaker said: "This operation today is a part of a series of operations we will launch from everywhere in Palestine". At the speakers' request, the entire crowd knelt to pray that future Hamas attacks "would succeed against the enemy of God".<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,59185,00.html Terror Blast Kills 7, Including 5 Americans, at Jerusalem University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702221658/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,59185,00.html |date=2 July 2010 }}, FOXnews.com; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref> Hamas claimed the attack was revenge for the [[Israeli targeted killings|Israeli targeted killing]] of the organization's military chief, [[Salah Shehadeh]].<ref name=cbs/>

===Celebration===
Later in the day, hundreds of Hamas supporters poured into the streets of [[Gaza City]] to celebrate the bombing and vowed more attacks. Hamas official [[Ismail Haniyeh]], who later became the de facto Prime Minister of the Gaza Strip, said: "If they are going to attack our children, then they will have to expect to drink from the same poison."<ref name=la/>

===Condemnations===
;Involved parties
*{{Flagu|Israel}}:
** The [[Israeli government|government]] called the bombing "a despicable act so horrendous it defies words", and stated that the ultimate blame for it lay with Palestinian Authority President [[Yasser Arafat]].<ref name=la/>
** Hebrew University President [[Menachem Magidor]] wrote: "The attackers' decision to strike precisely at our campus, which is a center of tolerance and pluralism, is frightening... We must not give in. We must grit our teeth and carry on. Giving up on what we are trying to create at the university is a surrender to terror."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/02/world/death-on-the-campus-the-university-a-blow-to-security-and-to-tolerance.html DEATH ON THE CAMPUS: THE UNIVERSITY; A Blow to Security, and to Tolerance], nytimes.com; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref>
*{{Flag|Palestinian territories}}:
** The [[Palestinian Authority]] stated that it "absolutely condemns the attack", but laid the blame at the feet of Israeli prime minister [[Ariel Sharon]], for continuing what it called Israel's policy "of destruction, killing and collective punishment".<ref name=guardian/>

; Supranational
* {{flag|United Nations}}: [[United Nations Secretary General|Secretary General]] [[Kofi Annan]] released a statement on the day of the attack saying: "The Secretary-General is appalled by today's bomb attack at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem in which seven people were killed and more than 80 wounded. He condemns utterly all such terrorist attacks against civilians. He once again urges all concerned to end the cycle of violence, revenge and retaliation, and calls on the parties to return to the path of negotiations on a permanent settlement."<ref>[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/sgsm8320.doc.htm Press Release SG/SM/8320], un.org, 31 July 2002.</ref>

; International
* {{flag|United States}}: [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] condemned the attack, saying to reporters: "I want to condemn in the strongest possible terms the attack that took place in Israel. There are clearly killers who hate the thought of peace, and, therefore, are willing to take their hatred to all kinds of places, including a university. And this country condemns that kind of killing, and we send our deepest sympathy to the students and their families. I also want to make it clear to the killers that it won't stop us from rallying the world to fight their kind of terror; nor will they stop us from having a vision of peace."<ref>[http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/peace/archives/2002/august/080101.html Bush Condemns Bombing at Israeli University] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517165300/http://www.usembassy-israel.org.il/publish/peace/archives/2002/august/080101.html |date=17 May 2011 }}, usembassy-israel.org.il; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref> He added: "I'm just as angry as Israel is right now. I'm furious that innocent life was lost. However through my fury, even though I am mad, I still believe peace is possible."<ref name=cbs>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/08/01/world/main517275.shtml "Bush 'Furious' Over Mideast Bombing"], CBSnews.com; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref>
* {{flag|China}}: Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Kong Quan said: "China is shocked by and strongly condemns the expansion of bombing to campuses. Reality tells us that trades of violence can only cause more deaths and injuries to both sides. We call on both Israel and Palestine to cease the attacks of its kind against innocent civilians, making earnest and practical efforts to coordinate the peace-promoting efforts to prevent things from worsening."<ref>[http://zw.china-embassy.org/eng/xwdt/t149086.htm Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Kong Quan on the bombing on the campus of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem], zw.china-embassy.org; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref>
* {{flag|South Africa}}: The government said it was "deeply saddened by the loss of life and injuries incurred during the terrorist bombing of the cafeteria in the Frank Sinatra Building at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem on Wednesday 31 July. The Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Pahad reiterates the view that these forms of terrorist attacks directed at Israeli civilians cannot be justified as legitimate acts of resistance, and must be condemned unequivocally."<ref>[http://www.dfa.gov.za/docs/2002/mide0802.htm Statement Following the Bomb Blast at the Hebrew University], dfa.gov.za; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref>

==Aftermath==
In the wake of the attack, Israel adopted a deterrence strategy of demolishing houses belonging to suicide bombers. Israel shelved the policy in February 2005.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3179793,00.html Israel responds to Netanya bombing], Ynetnews.com; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref> The university beefed up its security following the bombing. In 2005, it became the first Israeli university to employ bomb-sniffing dogs. As of that year, the entrances to the institution were equipped with metal detectors and staffed by approximately two dozen security guards. In addition, legally carried guns were banned from its campuses – the first university in Israel to do so.<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1134309567584&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Hebrew U. to deploy bomb-sniffing dogs]{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, fr.jpost.com; accessed 23 February 2015.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mercaz HaRav massacre]]
* [[Israeli casualties of war]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041417/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/2002/7/Terrorist%20bombing%20at%20Hebrew%20University%20cafeteria%20- Terrorist bombing at Hebrew University cafeteria – 31-Jul-2002], Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
{{Hebrew University of Jerusalem}}
{{Terrorist attacks against Israelis in the 2000s}}
{{Palestinian militancy attacks in the 2000s}}
{{Israeli-Palestinian Conflict}}

[[Category:School bombings]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 2002]]
[[Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Terrorist attacks attributed to Palestinian militant groups]]
[[Category:Massacres in Israel during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Palestinian terrorism]]
[[Category:School massacres]]
[[Category:2000s in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Attacks on universities and colleges]]
[[Category:July 2002 events in Asia]]
[[Category:Hamas attacks]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2002]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jerusalem in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Israel in 2002]]

Hebrew University bombing - Revision history

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