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{{EngvarB|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Heat and Dust
| image = Heat_and_dust.jpg
| image_size = 215px
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster by [[Drew Struzan]]
| director = [[James Ivory]]
| producer = [[Ismail Merchant]]
| writer = [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Heat and Dust]]''|[[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]}}
| starring = [[Greta Scacchi]] [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Julie Christie]] [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
| music = [[Richard Robbins (composer)|Richard Robbins]] [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
| cinematography = [[Walter Lassally]]
| editing = [[Humphrey Dixon]]
| studio = [[Merchant Ivory Productions]]
| distributor = Curzon Film Distributors {{small|(UK)}} [[Universal Studios|Universal Classics]] {{small|(US)}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1983|1|1|UK|1983|9|15|US}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English Urdu Hindi
| budget = £2.2 million<ref name="Long 120">Long, '' The Films of Merchant Ivory'', p. 120</ref> or £1.1 million<ref name="org">{{cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-back-to-the-future-the-fall-and-rise-of-the-british-film-industry-in-the-1980s.pdf|page=23|title=Back to the Future: The Fall and Rise of the British Film Industry in the 1980s - An Information Briefing|website=British Film Institute|date=2005}}</ref>
| gross = $2.6 million (overseas {{estimation}})
}}

'''''Heat and Dust''''' is a 1983 British [[Historical drama|historical]] [[romantic drama film]], with a screenplay by [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]] based upon her novel, ''[[Heat and Dust]]'' (1975). It was directed by [[James Ivory]] and produced by [[Ismail Merchant]]. It stars [[Greta Scacchi]], [[Shashi Kapoor]] and [[Julie Christie]].<ref name="Long 109">Long, '' James Ivory in Conversation'', p. 109</ref>

The plot of ''Heat and Dust'' follows two intertwined stories. The first is set in 1920s [[British India]] and deals with an illicit affair between Olivia, the beautiful young wife of a [[British colonial]] official, and an Indian [[Nawab]]. The second, set in 1982, deals with Anne, Olivia's great-niece, who travels to [[India]] hoping to find out about her great-aunt's life, and while there, also has an affair with a married Indian man.

''Heat and Dust'' forms part of a cycle of film and television productions which emerged during the first half of the 1980s, reflecting Britain's growing interest in the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Long 128">Long, '' The Films of Merchant Ivory'', p. 128</ref> In addition to ''Heat and Dust,'' this cycle included the films ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982) and ''[[A Passage to India (film)|A Passage to India]]'' (1984), and the television series ''[[The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)|The Jewel in the Crown]]'' (1984) and ''[[The Far Pavilions]]'' (1984).<ref name="Long 128"/> ''Heat and Dust'' was nominated for the [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[1983 Cannes Film Festival]]. At the [[37th British Academy Film Awards|1984 BAFTA Awards]], it earned eight nominations, including [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film]], and won [[BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]] for Ruth Prawer Jhabvala.

==Plot==
In 1982, an Englishwoman named Anne ([[Julie Christie]]) begins an investigation into the fate of her great-aunt Olivia ([[Greta Scacchi]]), whose letters and diary she has inherited. She interviews the elderly Harry Hamilton-Paul ([[Nickolas Grace]]), who in his youth was Olivia's close friend when they were both living in [[India]].

Anne’s search brings her to India, where the story of Olivia's life is told in flashbacks. In 1923, during the [[British Raj]], Olivia, recently married to Douglas Rivers ([[Christopher Cazenove]]), a [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|civil servant]] in the colonial administration, has come to join her husband in Satipur, in central India. Douglas is an attentive husband and the couple seems to be very much in love. When he insists that Olivia spend the summer in [[Simla]] to avoid the extreme heat, she refuses in order to remain with him. However, the conventional narrow society of the English [[Sahib|memsahibs]] bores her. Mrs Saunders ([[Jennifer Kendal]]), the morbid wife of the local doctor, warns Olivia that all Indian men are potential rapists. Mrs Crawford ([[Susan Fleetwood]]), the Burra Memsahib, is kindly but equally conservative. The racist Doctor Saunders takes an instant dislike to Olivia. While the Anglo-Indian society seems to have little to offer Olivia, she is slowly enthralled by India itself. The region is being ransacked by a group of sanguinary bandits, and intrigues are opposing the British community led by Major Minnies and Mr. Crawford against the ruler of the neighboring princely state, the Nawab of Khatm ([[Shashi Kapoor]]). The British suspect him of being in league with a gang of bandits, allowing them to operate with impunity in exchange for a share of their booty.

The Nawab, a romantic and decadent minor prince who combines British distinction with Indian pomp and ruthlessness, invites all the Anglo-Indian officials and their wives for a dinner party at his palace. At the dinner, Olivia attracts the attention of the Nawab. Harry Hamilton-Paul enjoys a close intimacy with the Nawab and is a permanent guest at the palace. With his good humor and charm, Harry serves a sort of court jester and he is well liked even by the chain smoking and proud Begum Mussarat Jahan ([[Madhur Jaffrey]]), the Nawab's mother. In the midst of the intense summer heat, Harry falls ill and Olivia comes often to visit him at the Nawab's palace. The Nawab easily seduces Olivia and they engage in an illicit affair.

Following in Olivia’s footsteps, Anne comes to Satipur to live in the same surroundings that framed Olivia’s story more than fifty years earlier. She stays as the guest of an Indian family. The head of the household, Inder Lal ([[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]), is a polite civil servant who serves as her guide while she tries to get connected with the world that Olivia lived. Inder Lal is worried that their hitherto innocent relationship will be perceived as sexual. Lal is married with children and lives with his wife and his mother. Ritu, Lal's young wife, is an epileptic and he slowly, but surely, endears himself to Anne to whom he is attracted. Anne befriends Chid ([[Charles McCaughan]]), an American [[sanyasi]] and would-be convert to [[Hindu mysticism]]. Chid tries to seduce Anne with his antics, but she firmly rebuffs his sexual advances while becoming closer to Inder Lal. Eventually, Anne invites Lal into her bed.

Things get complicated for Olivia when she gets pregnant. She informs Douglas and the Nawab about it. Both men welcome the news. Douglas, unaware of his wife's infidelity, wishes for a son as blond as he is. The Nawab does not doubt that he is the father and he is overjoyed. He is in the midst of being deposed by the British, and views having a mixed-race heir as the ultimate revenge. Suspecting that the Nawab is the child's father, Olivia has an abortion in secret with Harry and the Begum's help, pretending to have a miscarriage. However, Olivia continues bleeding and is admitted to the hospital, where Dr. Saunders immediately discovers her ruse. Olivia runs away from the hospital early in the morning, eloping with the Nawab to [[Kashmir]]. She leaves Douglas broken-hearted, though he eventually remarries.

Like Olivia, Anne gets pregnant and she also decides to get an abortion, but backs down at the last minute. The Indian diet makes Chid fall sick and he returns to the United States. Anne also leaves behind the heat and dust of Satipur. She travels to the snowy mountains of Kashmir where Olivia spent her last years in solitude, seldom visited by the Nawab. Anne plans to bear her child in a hospital nearby.
{{Clear}}

==Cast==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Greta Scacchi]] as Olivia Rivers
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] as The Nawab
* [[Julie Christie]] as Anne
* [[Christopher Cazenove]] as Douglas Rivers, Asst Collector
* [[Nickolas Grace]] as Harry Hamilton-Paul
* [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] as Inder Lal, Anne's landlord
* [[Julian Glover]] as Crawford, the District Collector
* [[Susan Fleetwood]] as Mrs. Crawford, the Burra Memsahib
* [[Patrick Godfrey]] as Dr. Saunders, Medical Officer
* [[Jennifer Kendal]] as Mrs. Joan Saunders
* [[Charles McCaughan]] as Chid
* [[Madhur Jaffrey]] as Begum Mussarat Jahan, the Nawab's mother
* [[Barry Foster (actor)|Barry Foster]] as Major Minnies, the Political Agent
{{col-2}}
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah|Ratna Pathak]] as Ritu, Inder Lal's wife
* Tarla Mehta as Inder Lal's mother
* [[Sajid Khan]] as Dacoit Chief
* [[Amanda Walker]] as Lady Mackleworth
* Praveen Paul as Maji, midwife
* [[Jayant Kripalani]] as Dr. Gopal
* Sudha Chopra as Chief Princess
* [[Daniel Chatto]] as party guest
* Geoff Heinrich
* Ishtiaq Khan
* Baba Ghaus
* Deep Bedi
* Leelabai
{{col-end}}

==Background==
''Heat and Dust'' is based on the novel written by [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]], which won the [[Booker Prize]] in 1975. The screenplay for the film was written by the writer herself.

Jhabvala planned ''[[Heat and Dust]]'' while writing the screenplay for ''Autobiography of a Princess'' (1975), which had a similar theme. The novel was also influenced by [[E. M. Forster]]'s ''[[A Passage to India]]'' (1924) which dealt with the English in India and the cultural factors that separate them from the country's natives.<ref name="Long 121">Long, '' The Films of Merchant Ivory'', p. 121</ref>

''Heat and Dust'' also borrows from Forster's own life in the construction of two characters: the Nawab and his English close friend Harry. They were inspired by Forster and his younger friend [[J. R. Ackerley]].<ref name="Long 122">Long, '' The Films of Merchant Ivory'', p. 122</ref> Both men were homosexuals and wrote reminiscences about their time living in [[India]]. In ''Hindoo Holiday'' (1932) [[J. R. Ackerley]] leaves an account of his experience as secretary to an Indian Maharaja in the city of [[Chhatarpur]]; while Forster's ''[[The Hill of Devi]]'' (1953) recounts his experiences when he was secretary of the Maharaja of [[Dewas State|Dewas]], in central India.<ref name="Long 122"/> The character of the secretary appeared first as Cyril Sahib, the Maharajah's tutor in ''Autobiography of a Princess'' and then as the gay house-guest of the Nawab in ''Heat and Dust''. The Maharajah, a [[Hindu]] prince, is transformed into the [[Muslim]] [[Nawab]] in ''Heat and Dust''.<ref name="Long 122"/>

==Production==
The novel was made into a film by [[Merchant Ivory Productions]], an independent production company founded in 1961 to make art-house films. They were for the most part produced by Ismael Merchant, directed by James Ivory, with scripts usually written by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala.

The idea of making the film came from Ismail Merchant who explained:
<blockquote>I wanted ''Heat and Dust'' not only to celebrate our twenty-one years together, but to unite all three of us again in India, as ''[[The Householder]]'' had- but with a much larger theme, and I hoped, with much more money. Ruth wrote the screenplay, and as usual, I submitted it to all the Hollywood studios, who politely—and not so politely declined—one executive wrote, saying, we are returning Ruth Jhabvala's ''Eat my Dust''. We knew we must find our financing in [[Europe]].<ref name="Long 120"/></blockquote>

Merchant secured backing in England with a budget of £2.2 million, but halfway to the project some of the expected financing failed to materialize and the production ran out of money. The cast and crew continued working despite not being paid.<ref name="Long 120"/> [[Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild|Sir Jacob Rothschild]], after watching some [[dailies]], provided the money to complete the film.<ref name="Long 120"/>

==Reception==
===Box office===
It was an art house hit in Europe, particularly in England.<ref name="Long 128"/> By March 1983, the film had reached number four on the [[London]] box office charts, behind ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', ''[[The Verdict]]'', and ''[[An Officer and a Gentleman]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Uday |title=Merchant-Ivory Productions' Heat And Dust hits London's box-office charts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19830415-merchant-ivory-productions-heat-and-dust-hits-london-box-office-charts-770609-2013-07-24 |access-date=May 30, 2014 |work=[[India Today]] |date=April 15, 1983}}</ref>

In the United States, the film grossed $1,761,291.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heat and Dust |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0084058/ |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref> It fared poorly in the United States, where it had distribution problems. As a whole, ''Heat and Dust'' was Merchant Ivory's biggest commercial success up to that date.<ref name="Long 128"/> In France, ''Heat and Dust'' sold 362,777 tickets,<ref>{{cite web |title=Heat and Dust (1983) |url=http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=6905 |website=JP's Box-Office |language=fr |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref> equivalent to an estimated [[box office]] gross revenue of approximately {{Currency|{{#expr:362777*2.7 round 0}}|code=Euro|linked=yes}}<ref name="Europe">{{cite book |chapter=Cinema market |title=Cinema, TV and radio in the EU: Statistics on audiovisual services (Data 1980-2002) |date=2003 |publisher=[[Office for Official Publications of the European Communities]] |isbn=92-894-5709-0 |issn=1725-4515 |pages=31–64 (61) |edition=2003 |chapter-url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/5648553/KS-BT-03-001-EN.PDF/3758081d-5ae4-4e21-9d78-fca7bcc68d5c#page=67 |website=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]] |access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> ({{US$|845,966|long=no|link=yes}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical exchange rates (EUR) |url=https://fxtop.com/en/historical-exchange-rates.php?A=979498&C1=EUR&C2=USD&TR=1&YA=1&DD1=01&MM1=01&YYYY1=1983&B=1&P=&I=1&DD2=31&MM2=12&YYYY2=1983 |website=fxtop.com |year=1983 |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref> Combined, the film grossed an estimated {{US$|{{#expr:1761291+845966}}|long=no}} overseas in the United States and France, not including the United Kingdom.

The film's success marked a turning point for the company. It heralded the success of their subsequent films: ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]'' (1985), ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]'' (1992) and ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]'' (1993).<ref name="Long 128"/>

===Critical response===
The film was entered into the [[1983 Cannes Film Festival]], in competition for the [[Palme d'Or]].<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1431/year/1983.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Heat and Dust |access-date=2009-06-14|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> For her screenplay, Jhabvala received both Britain's National Film Critics Award ([[London Film Critics' Circle]]) and the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] (BAFTA) Award for best screenplay.<ref name="Long 123">Long, '' The Films of Merchant Ivory'', p. 123</ref>

The film garnered a favorable critical reaction. Writing for ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Vincent Canby]] commented: "If the contemporary story is not as involving as that of Olivia and the Nawab, it's partly because the contemporary problems are far more prosaic. It's as if the passage of time that witnessed the independence of India and its partition, as well the introduction of jet travel for the budget-minded, had neutralized all possibility of heroic romance... Mr. Ivory and Mrs. Jhabvala have been working together so long that it's difficult for an outsider to know exactly who contributed what to any of their collaborations. Together, over the years, they have evolved a kind of ironic, civilized cinema that doesn't quite correspond to anyone else's. Of all their collaborations, none has been more graceful, funny, literate or entertaining than ''Heat and Dust''".<ref>{{cite news
| last =Canby
| first = Vincent
| title = Heat and Dust set in India
| work =[[The New York Times]]
| date = September 15, 1983
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F01E6D91038F936A2575AC0A965948260
| access-date = 2015-04-05}}</ref>

In the words of Influential film critic [[Roger Ebert]]: "''Heat and Dust'' contains wonderful sights and sounds and textures. It is seductive, treating both of its love stories with seriousness; these are not romances, but decisions to dissent. It is fully at home in its times and places... And when it is over, we're a little surprised to find that it is angry, too. Angry that women of every class and every system, women British and Indian, Women of the 1920s and of the 1980s, are always just not quite the same caste as men".<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ebert
| first = Roger
| title = Heat and Dust
| work =[[Chicago Suntimes]]
| date = 20 October 1983
| url = http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/heat-and-dust-1983
| access-date = 2015-04-05 }}</ref>

In their film review, Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat wrote: "James Ivory directs ''Heat and Dust'' with a firm grasp of India past and present — especially the natives' responses to outsiders. Thanks to the finely etched character portraits of Greta Scacchi and Julie Christie, we open our eyes to the manifold mysteries of Indian life. Both as an exploration of romance and as a sensitive cross-cultural study, ''Heat and Dust'' weaves a magical spell".<ref>{{cite news
| last = Brussart
| first = Frederic and Mary Ann
| title = Heat and Dust
| work =Spiritualiy and Practice
| date = September 1983
| url = http://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/films/films.php?id=6439
| access-date = 2015-04-05}}</ref>

===Awards===
{{Awards table|5}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[1983 Cannes Film Festival|1983]]
| [[Cannes Film Festival]]
| [[Palme d'Or]]
| ''Heat and Dust''
| {{nom}}
| <ref name="festival-cannes.com"/>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="9" | 1984
| [[London Film Critics' Circle]]
| [[London Film Critics' Circle Award for Screenwriter of the Year|Screenwriter of the Year]]
| [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Long 123"/>
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[37th British Academy Film Awards]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| [[Ismail Merchant]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="8" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Film in 1984 |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1984/film |website=[[BAFTA Awards]] |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
| [[James Ivory]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]
| [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles|Best Newcomer to Film]]
| [[Greta Scacchi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| [[Walter Lassally]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| Barbara Lane
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair|Best Makeup and Hair]]
| Gordon Kay
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]]
| [[Wilfred Shingleton]]
| {{nom}}
{{end}}

==Home media==
In 2003, a special edition [[DVD]] of the film was released as part of [[The Criterion Collection]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.criterion.com/films/1512-heat-and-dust?q=autocomplete|title=Heat and Dust|work=[[The Criterion Collection]]|access-date=23 April 2015}}</ref> The special features include an [[audio commentary]] with producer Ismail Merchant and actors Greta Scacchi, and Nickolas Grace. There is also an on-camera interview with the Merchant Ivory team : Ismail Merchant, James Ivory, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and composer [[Richard Robbins (composer)|Richard Robbins]].<ref name="Heat and Dust">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s1036heat.html|title=Heat and Dust|work=[[DVD Talk]]|access-date=25 April 2015}}</ref>

The DVD also includes: ''Autobiography of a Princess'' (1975), a 55-minute film about Royal India starring [[James Mason]] and [[Madhur Jaffrey]]. It was directed by James Ivory and written by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala.<ref name="Heat and Dust"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Long, Robert Emmet. '' The Films of Merchant Ivory''. Citadel Press. 1993, {{ISBN|0-8065-1470-1}}
* Long, Robert Emmet. '' James Ivory in Conversation''. University of California Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-520-23415-4}}.

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0084058|title=Heat and Dust}}
* {{amg movie|21936|Heat and Dust}}
* {{mojo title|heatanddust|Heat and Dust}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|heat_and_dust|Heat and Dust}}
* [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/476014/index.html Screen Online]

{{Merchant Ivory Productions}}
{{James Ivory}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:British films]]
[[Category:British Indian films]]
[[Category:British romantic drama films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by James Ivory]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1920s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Foreign films shot in India]]
[[Category:British independent films]]
[[Category:Merchant Ivory Productions films]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award]]

Heat and Dust (film) - Revision history

>Danboy6: /* Awards */