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{{other uses|Hasht-behesht (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Hasht Behesht 012.jpg|thumb|[[Hasht Behesht]], a [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]]-era pavilion in [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]].]]
In [[architecture]], a '''hasht-behesht''' ({{lang|fa|هشت‌بهشت}}, {{transl|fa|hašt-behešt}}), literally meaning "eight heavens" in [[Persian language|Persian]], is a type of [[floor plan]] consisting of a central hall surrounded by eight rooms,<ref name="Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hast-behest-2 |title=HAŠT BEHEŠT (2) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=March 20, 2012 |first=Michele |last=Bernardini |volume=XII |pages=49–51}}</ref> the earliest recognized example of which in [[Iranian architecture]] is traced to the time of the [[Persianate society|Persianate]] [[Timurid Empire]]. The term was used in [[Persian literature]] as a metaphorical image, and was later notably used in [[Hasht-Bihisht (poem)|a poem]] by Indian poet [[Amir Khusrow]], who gave the most comprehensible literary reconstruction of the model in his adaptation of an [[Persian mythology|Iranian epic]] about [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] ruler [[Bahram V]], as well as in other works by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] poets [[Sehi Bey]] and [[Idris Bitlisi]].<ref name="Iranica"/> The architectural form was adopted and used also in [[Ottoman architecture|Ottoman]] and [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] architectures.

The concept of hasht-behesht is linked to that of the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] {{transl|ae|vahišta}} ([[Avestan]] for "best"; cognate with [[Middle Persian]] {{transl|pal|wahišt}}, [[Persian language|New Persian]] {{transl|fa|behešt}}),<ref name="Iranica"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/asa-means-truth-in-avestan |first1=B. |last1=Schlerath |first2=P. O. |last2=Skjærvø |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=AṦA |pages=694–696 |volume=II |date=August 16, 2011}}</ref> a building decorated with precious stones that would represent the astrological concept of eight planets corresponding to eight heavens. It is closely related to [[Islamic eschatology]], in which [[heaven]] is described as having eight gates and eight spaces, and is also observed in [[Christian symbolism]] in the concept of [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]].<ref name="Iranica"/> Similarly, the Chinese [[magic square]], which was employed for numerous purposes, finds its way into Islamic mathematicians as "wafq". Ninefold schemes find particular resonance in the Indian [[mandala]]s, the cosmic maps of [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]].<ref name="k26">{{cite book |last=Koch |first=Ebba |title=The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra |year=2006 |edition=First |publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd |isbn=0-500-34209-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch/page/26 26] |no-pp=yes |url=https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch/page/26 }}</ref>

==Iran==
Although the trace of an older [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] equivalent is presumed, the earliest recognized use of the hasht-behesht plan is traced to a now non-extant two-storied pavilion named ''Tarab-khana'' that was built under the reign of the [[Persianate society|Persianate]] [[Timurid Empire]] in [[Herat]], a prominent city in medieval [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. Later, under the reign of Iran's [[Safavid dynasty]], the same plan was used in the eponymous pavilion of [[Hasht Behesht]] in [[Isfahan]].<ref name="Iranica"/><ref>Ruggles, D. Fairchild. "Humayun's Tomb and Garden: Typologies and Visual Order", in Attilio Petruccioli, ed. ''Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires: Theory and Design. Studies in Islamic Art and Architecture: Supplements to Muqarnas''. '''VII'''. Leiden: Brill. 1997. 174.</ref>
[[File:Taj floorplan.svg|thumb|right|upright|Floor plan of the [[Taj Mahal]], showing eight chambers surrounding a central chamber.]]

==Mughal India==

In [[Mughal architecture|the architecture]] of the [[Persianate society|Persianate]] [[Mughal Empire]], hasht-behesht was the favorite plan for [[Mughal gardens|garden]]s and pavilions, as well as for mausolea (seen as a funerary form of pavilion). These were planned as square or rectangular buildings divided into nine sections, with a central domed chamber surrounded by eight elements. Later, developments of the hasht-behesht divided the square at 45 degree angles to create a more radial plan, which often also includes [[chamfer]]ed corners; examples of which can be found in Todar Mal's Baradari at [[Fatehpur Sikri]] and [[Humayun's Tomb]]. Each element of the plan is reflected in the elevations with [[iwan]]s and the corner rooms expressed through smaller arched niches. Such structures are often topped with [[chattris]], small pillared pavilions at each corner.
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==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Iranian architecture}}

[[Category:Architecture of Iran]]
[[Category:Safavid architecture]]
[[Category:Mughal architecture]]
[[Category:Ottoman architecture]]
[[Category:Islamic architectural elements]]
[[Category:Iranian inventions]]

Hasht-behesht (architecture) - Revision history

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