Hartal - Revision history

SidneyBecnel: Content refined for better accuracy

2026-02-20T10:16:49Z

Content refined for better accuracy

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:46, 20 February 2026
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			{{Short description\|Strike action associated with South Asia}}
	{{about\|the type of strike action\|the Canadian painter and poet\|Paul Hartal}}		{{about\|the type of strike action\|the Canadian painter and poet\|Paul Hartal}}
	'''Hartal''' ({{IPA-hns\|ɦəɽ.t̪aːl\|pron}}) is a term in many [[Languages of India\|Indian languages]] for a [[strike action]] that was first used during the [[Indian independence movement]] (also known as the nationalist movement) of the early 20th century. A hartal is a [[mass protest]], often involving a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law, and a form of [[civil disobedience]] similar to a labour strike. In addition to being a [[general strike]], it involves the voluntary closure of schools and places of business. It is a mode of appealing to the sympathies of a government to reverse an unpopular or unacceptable decision.<ref>[~~http~~://~~www~~.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html Online edition of Sunday Observer] ~~{{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050510163424/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html \|date=2005-05-10 }}~~ - 10 Aug 2003</ref> A hartal is often used for political reasons, for example by an [[opposition party]] protesting against a governmental policy or action.		{{Labor\|selected=strikes}}
			'''Hartal''' ({{IPA\|hns\|ɦəɽ.t̪aːl\|pron}}) is a term in many [[Languages of India\|Indian languages]] for a [[strike action]] that was first used during the [[Indian independence movement]] (also known as the nationalist movement) of the early 20th century. A hartal is a [[mass protest]], often involving a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law, and a form of [[civil disobedience]] similar to a labour strike. In addition to being a [[general strike]], it involves the voluntary closure of schools and places of business. It is a mode of appealing to the sympathies of a government to reverse an unpopular or unacceptable decision.<ref>[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html Online edition of Sunday Observer] - 10 Aug 2003</ref> A hartal is often used for political reasons, for example by an [[opposition party]] protesting against a governmental policy or action.

	The term comes from [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]] ({{~~Lang-~~gu\|હડતાળ\|translit=haḍtāḷ\|label=none}}, or {{~~Lang-~~gu\|હડતાલ\|translit=haḍtāl\|label=none}}), signifying the closing down of shops and warehouses with the goal of satisfying a demand. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who hailed from [[Gujarat]], used the term to refer to his ~~[[Indian independence movement\|~~pro-independence]] general strikes, effectively institutionalizing the term.		The term comes from [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]] ({{Langx\|gu\|હડતાળ\|translit=haḍtāḷ\|label=none}}, or {{Langx\|gu\|હડતાલ\|translit=haḍtāl\|label=none}}), signifying the closing down of shops and warehouses with the goal of satisfying a demand. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who hailed from [[Gujarat]], used the term to refer to his pro-independence general strikes, effectively institutionalizing the term.

	Hartal is step 118 in [[Gene Sharp]]'s ''198 Methods of Nonviolent Action''.<ref name="Sharp198">{{cite web \|last1=Sharp \|first1=Gene \|title=198 Methods of Nonviolent Action \|url=https://www.aeinstein.org/nonviolentaction/198-methods-of-nonviolent-action/ \|website=Albert Einstein Institution \|access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>		Hartal is step 118 in [[Gene Sharp]]'s ''198 Methods of Nonviolent Action''.<ref name="Sharp198">{{cite web \|last1=Sharp \|first1=Gene \|title=198 Methods of Nonviolent Action \|url=https://www.aeinstein.org/nonviolentaction/198-methods-of-nonviolent-action/ \|website=Albert Einstein Institution \|access-date=1 March 2021 \|archive-date=4 July 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704094543/https://www.aeinstein.org/nonviolentaction/198-methods-of-nonviolent-action/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	== History ==		== History ==
	The contemporary origins of this form of public protest date back to the [[Colonial India\|colonial period]] of [[History of India\|Indian history]]. Unpopular policies, particular [[Tax resistance\|regarding taxation]] by the colonial authorities and ~~the~~ [[princely state]]s often triggered such localized public protests, as in [[Benares]] and [[Bardoli]].<ref name="Gross99">{{cite book \|last=Gross\|first=David M.\|year=2014\|title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns\|publisher=Picket Line Press\|isbn=978-1490572741\|page=144}}</ref>		The contemporary origins of this form of public protest date back to the [[Colonial India\|colonial period]] of [[History of India\|Indian history]]. Unpopular policies, particular [[Tax resistance\|regarding taxation]] by the colonial authorities and [[princely state]]s often triggered such localized public protests, as in [[Benares]] (present day [[Varanasi]]) and [[Bardoli]].<ref name="Gross99">{{cite book \|last=Gross\|first=David M.\|year=2014\|title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns\|publisher=Picket Line Press\|isbn=978-1490572741\|page=144}}</ref>

	=== In South Asia ===		=== In South Asia ===
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	The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-[[Malayan Union\|Malaya]] Hartal of 1947 and the [[1967 Penang Hartal riot]].<ref name="Gross99" />		The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-[[Malayan Union\|Malaya]] Hartal of 1947 and the [[1967 Penang Hartal riot]].<ref name="Gross99" />

	The term was revived in modern [[Malaysia]] to the [[Hartal Doktor Kontrak]], a strike by doctors in July 2021 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\|COVID-19 pandemic]] in response to the lack of permanent employment opportunities provided for them.<ref>{{cite ~~web~~\|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/26/contract-medical-officers-walk-out-nationwide-in-support-of-hartal-call-for-immediate-reform\|title=Contract medical officers walk out nationwide in support of Hartal, call for immediate reform\|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)\|The Star]]\|date=26 July 2021\|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Chua\|first=Minxi\|date=23 July 2021\|title=~~“We~~ Are All ~~Hartal”~~: Malaysian Contract Doctors to Strike\|url=http://newnaratif.com/we-are-all-hartal-malaysian-contract-doctors-to-strike/share/wtbyqoret/23ac5c7a4f5baf9388a7ef179f045907/~~\|url-status=live~~\|access-date=28 July 2021\|website=New Naratif\|language=en-GB}}</ref>		The term was revived in modern [[Malaysia]] to the [[Hartal Doktor Kontrak]], a strike by doctors in July 2021 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\|COVID-19 pandemic]] in response to the lack of permanent employment opportunities provided for them.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/26/contract-medical-officers-walk-out-nationwide-in-support-of-hartal-call-for-immediate-reform\|title=Contract medical officers walk out nationwide in support of Hartal, call for immediate reform\|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)\|The Star]]\|date=26 July 2021\|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Chua\|first=Minxi\|date=23 July 2021\|title="We Are All Hartal": Malaysian Contract Doctors to Strike\|url=http://newnaratif.com/we-are-all-hartal-malaysian-contract-doctors-to-strike/share/wtbyqoret/23ac5c7a4f5baf9388a7ef179f045907/\|access-date=28 July 2021\|website=New Naratif\|language=en-GB}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
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	*[[Dharna]]		*[[Dharna]]
	*[[Bandh]]		*[[Bandh]]
			*[[Raasta roko]]
			*[[Rail roko]]
	*[[List of hartal in Bangladesh]]		*[[List of hartal in Bangladesh]]
	* [[Political activism in Kerala]]		* [[Political activism in Kerala]]
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	* {{cite journal \|last1=Hossain \|first1=Akhtar \|title=Anatomy of Hartal Politics in Bangladesh \|journal=Asian Survey \|date=May–June 2000 \|volume=40 \|issue=3 \|pages=508–529 \|doi=10.2307/3021159 \|jstor=3021159}}		* {{cite journal \|last1=Hossain \|first1=Akhtar \|title=Anatomy of Hartal Politics in Bangladesh \|journal=Asian Survey \|date=May–June 2000 \|volume=40 \|issue=3 \|pages=508–529 \|doi=10.2307/3021159 \|jstor=3021159}}

	~~[[Category:Civil disobedience]]~~		{{Organized labor}}
	~~[[Category:Protests in India]]~~
	~~[[Category:Protests in Malaysia]]~~		[[Category:Strikes (protest)]]
	~~[[Category:Protests in Singapore]]~~
	~~[[Category:Asian culture]]~~
	~~[[Category:Politics of India]]~~
	~~[[Category:Politics of Malaysia]]~~
	[[Category:~~Politics of Bangladesh~~]]
	~~{{activism-stub}}~~
	[[Category:General strikes in India\|*]]		[[Category:General strikes in India\|*]]
	[[Category:~~General strikes~~ in Asia\|*]]		[[Category:Labour disputes in Bangladesh]]
			[[Category:Labour disputes in Pakistan]]
			[[Category:Labour disputes in Sri Lanka]]
			[[Category:Labour disputes in Malaysia]]
			[[Category:Labour disputes in Singapore]]
			[[Category:Political terminology in India]]
			[[Category:Political terminology in Bangladesh]]
			[[Category:Political terminology in Pakistan]]
			[[Category:Political terminology in Sri Lanka]]
			[[Category:Political terminology in Malaysia]]
			[[Category:Gujarati language]]
			[[Category:Culture of South Asia]]
			[[Category:Culture of Southeast Asia]]
			[[Category:Bengali words and phrases]]

->Arms & Hearts: ce

2022-01-10T20:44:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:14, 11 January 2022
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	{{~~distinguish~~\|Paul Hartal}}		{{about\|the type of strike action\|the Canadian painter and poet\|Paul Hartal}}
	'''Hartal''' ({{IPA-hns\|ɦəɽ.t̪aːl\|pron}}) is a term in many [[Languages of India\|Indian languages]] for a [[strike action]] that was first used during the [[Indian ~~Independence Movement~~]] (also known as the nationalist movement) of the early 20th century. A hartal is a [[mass protest]], often involving a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law, and a form of [[~~civil disobedience movement\|~~civil disobedience]] similar to a [[labour strike]]. In addition to being a [[general strike]], it involves the voluntary ~~closing~~ of schools and places of business. It is a mode of appealing to the sympathies of a government to reverse an unpopular or unacceptable decision.<ref>[http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html Online edition of Sunday Observer] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050510163424/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html \|date=2005-05-10 }} - 10 Aug 2003</ref> A hartal is often used for political reasons, for example by an opposition ~~political~~ party protesting against a governmental policy or action.		'''Hartal''' ({{IPA-hns\|ɦəɽ.t̪aːl\|pron}}) is a term in many [[Languages of India\|Indian languages]] for a [[strike action]] that was first used during the [[Indian independence movement]] (also known as the nationalist movement) of the early 20th century. A hartal is a [[mass protest]], often involving a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law, and a form of [[civil disobedience]] similar to a labour strike. In addition to being a [[general strike]], it involves the voluntary closure of schools and places of business. It is a mode of appealing to the sympathies of a government to reverse an unpopular or unacceptable decision.<ref>[http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html Online edition of Sunday Observer] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050510163424/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html \|date=2005-05-10 }} - 10 Aug 2003</ref> A hartal is often used for political reasons, for example by an [[opposition party]] protesting against a governmental policy or action.

	The term comes from [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]] ({{Lang-gu\|હડતાળ\|translit=haḍtāḷ\|label=none}}, or {{Lang-gu\|હડતાલ\|translit=haḍtāl\|label=none}}), signifying the closing down of shops and warehouses with the goal of satisfying a demand. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who hailed from [[Gujarat]], used the term to refer to his [[Indian independence movement\|pro-independence]] general strikes, effectively institutionalizing the term.		The term comes from [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]] ({{Lang-gu\|હડતાળ\|translit=haḍtāḷ\|label=none}}, or {{Lang-gu\|હડતાલ\|translit=haḍtāl\|label=none}}), signifying the closing down of shops and warehouses with the goal of satisfying a demand. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who hailed from [[Gujarat]], used the term to refer to his [[Indian independence movement\|pro-independence]] general strikes, effectively institutionalizing the term.
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	=== In South Asia ===		=== In South Asia ===
	Hartals are still common in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and in parts of [[Sri Lanka]], where the term is often used to refer specifically to the [[~~Hartal 1953\|~~1953 Hartal ~~of Ceylon~~]].		Hartals are still common in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and in parts of [[Sri Lanka]], where the term is often used to refer specifically to the [[1953 Ceylonese Hartal]].

	=== In Southeast Asia ===		=== In Southeast Asia ===
	The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-[[Malayan Union\|Malaya]] Hartal of 1947 and the [[Penang]] ~~Hartal of 1967~~.<ref name="Gross99" />		The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-[[Malayan Union\|Malaya]] Hartal of 1947 and the [[1967 Penang Hartal riot]].<ref name="Gross99" />

	The term was revived in modern [[Malaysia]] to a [[Hartal Doktor Kontrak~~\|strike~~]] ~~conducted~~ by ~~contract~~ doctors in July 2021 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia]] in ~~protest of~~ the lack of permanent employment opportunities provided for them ~~despite a mandatory 5-year contract of housemanship public health service and in response to the country's health ministry's inactive addressing of their grievances~~.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/26/contract-medical-officers-walk-out-nationwide-in-support-of-hartal-call-for-immediate-reform\|title=Contract medical officers walk out nationwide in support of Hartal, call for immediate reform\|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)\|The Star]]\|date=26 July 2021\|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Chua\|first=Minxi\|date=23 July 2021\|title=“We Are All Hartal”: Malaysian Contract Doctors to Strike\|url=http://newnaratif.com/we-are-all-hartal-malaysian-contract-doctors-to-strike/share/wtbyqoret/23ac5c7a4f5baf9388a7ef179f045907/\|url-status=live\|access-date=28 July 2021\|website=New Naratif\|language=en-GB}}</ref>		The term was revived in modern [[Malaysia]] to the [[Hartal Doktor Kontrak]], a strike by doctors in July 2021 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\|COVID-19 pandemic]] in response to the lack of permanent employment opportunities provided for them.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/26/contract-medical-officers-walk-out-nationwide-in-support-of-hartal-call-for-immediate-reform\|title=Contract medical officers walk out nationwide in support of Hartal, call for immediate reform\|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)\|The Star]]\|date=26 July 2021\|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Chua\|first=Minxi\|date=23 July 2021\|title=“We Are All Hartal”: Malaysian Contract Doctors to Strike\|url=http://newnaratif.com/we-are-all-hartal-malaysian-contract-doctors-to-strike/share/wtbyqoret/23ac5c7a4f5baf9388a7ef179f045907/\|url-status=live\|access-date=28 July 2021\|website=New Naratif\|language=en-GB}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
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	* {{cite book \|last1=Metcalf \|first1=Barbara D. \|author-link1=Barbara D. Metcalf \|last2=Metcalf \|first2=Thomas R. \|author-link2=Thomas R. Metcalf \|year=2006 \|orig-year=First published 2001 \|title=A concise history of modern India \|edition=2nd \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|page=168 \|isbn=978-0-521-86362-9}}		* {{cite book \|last1=Metcalf \|first1=Barbara D. \|author-link1=Barbara D. Metcalf \|last2=Metcalf \|first2=Thomas R. \|author-link2=Thomas R. Metcalf \|year=2006 \|orig-year=First published 2001 \|title=A concise history of modern India \|edition=2nd \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|page=168 \|isbn=978-0-521-86362-9}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Chowdhury \|first=Mahfuzul H. \|year=2003 \|title=Democratization in South Asia : lessons from American institutions \|publisher=Ashgate \|pages=84, 92 \|isbn=0-7546-3423-X}}		* {{cite book \|last=Chowdhury \|first=Mahfuzul H. \|year=2003 \|title=Democratization in South Asia : lessons from American institutions \|publisher=Ashgate \|pages=84, 92 \|isbn=0-7546-3423-X}}
	* {{cite book \|editor1-last=Baxter \|editor1-first=Craig \|editor2-last=Malik \|editor2-first=Yogendra K. \|editor3-last=Kennedy \|editor3-first=Charles H. \|editor4-last=Oberst \|editor4-first=Robert C. \|year=2002 \|orig-year=First published 1987 \|title=Government and politics in South Asia \|publisher=Westview Press \|edition=5th \|page=296 \|isbn=0-8133-3901-4}}		* {{cite book \|editor1-last=Baxter \|editor1-first=Craig\|editor1-link = Craig Baxter \|editor2-last=Malik \|editor2-first=Yogendra K. \|editor3-last=Kennedy \|editor3-first=Charles H. \|editor4-last=Oberst \|editor4-first=Robert C. \|year=2002 \|orig-year=First published 1987 \|title=Government and politics in South Asia \|publisher=Westview Press \|edition=5th \|page=296 \|isbn=0-8133-3901-4}}
	* {{cite book \|last1=Riaz \|first1=Ali \|author1-link=Ali Riaz \|last2=Sajjadur Rahman \|first2=Mohammad \|year=2016 \|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh \|publisher=Routledge \|pages=17–18 \|isbn=978-0-415-73461-5}}		* {{cite book \|last1=Riaz \|first1=Ali \|author1-link=Ali Riaz \|last2=Sajjadur Rahman \|first2=Mohammad \|year=2016 \|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh \|publisher=Routledge \|pages=17–18 \|isbn=978-0-415-73461-5}}
	* {{cite journal \|last1=Hossain \|first1=Akhtar \|title=Anatomy of Hartal Politics in Bangladesh \|journal=Asian Survey \|date=May–June 2000 \|volume=40 \|issue=3 \|pages=508–529 \|doi=10.2307/3021159 \|jstor=3021159}}		* {{cite journal \|last1=Hossain \|first1=Akhtar \|title=Anatomy of Hartal Politics in Bangladesh \|journal=Asian Survey \|date=May–June 2000 \|volume=40 \|issue=3 \|pages=508–529 \|doi=10.2307/3021159 \|jstor=3021159}}

>Shahsukanulis: /* In Southeast Asia */

2021-10-14T10:47:20Z

In Southeast Asia

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:17, 14 October 2021
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	The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-[[Malayan Union\|Malaya]] Hartal of 1947 and the [[Penang]] Hartal of 1967.<ref name="Gross99" />		The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-[[Malayan Union\|Malaya]] Hartal of 1947 and the [[Penang]] Hartal of 1967.<ref name="Gross99" />

	The term was revived in modern [[Malaysia]] to a strike conducted by contract doctors in July 2021 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia]] in protest of the lack of permanent employment opportunities provided for them despite a mandatory 5-year contract of housemanship public health service and in response to the country's health ministry's inactive addressing of their grievances.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/26/contract-medical-officers-walk-out-nationwide-in-support-of-hartal-call-for-immediate-reform\|title=Contract medical officers walk out nationwide in support of Hartal, call for immediate reform\|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)\|The Star]]\|date=26 July 2021\|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Chua\|first=Minxi\|date=23 July 2021\|title=“We Are All Hartal”: Malaysian Contract Doctors to Strike\|url=http://newnaratif.com/we-are-all-hartal-malaysian-contract-doctors-to-strike/share/wtbyqoret/23ac5c7a4f5baf9388a7ef179f045907/\|url-status=live\|access-date=28 July 2021\|website=New Naratif\|language=en-GB}}</ref>		The term was revived in modern [[Malaysia]] to a [[Hartal Doktor Kontrak\|strike]] conducted by contract doctors in July 2021 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia]] in protest of the lack of permanent employment opportunities provided for them despite a mandatory 5-year contract of housemanship public health service and in response to the country's health ministry's inactive addressing of their grievances.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/26/contract-medical-officers-walk-out-nationwide-in-support-of-hartal-call-for-immediate-reform\|title=Contract medical officers walk out nationwide in support of Hartal, call for immediate reform\|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)\|The Star]]\|date=26 July 2021\|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Chua\|first=Minxi\|date=23 July 2021\|title=“We Are All Hartal”: Malaysian Contract Doctors to Strike\|url=http://newnaratif.com/we-are-all-hartal-malaysian-contract-doctors-to-strike/share/wtbyqoret/23ac5c7a4f5baf9388a7ef179f045907/\|url-status=live\|access-date=28 July 2021\|website=New Naratif\|language=en-GB}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

imported>Guavabutter: Updated categories

2021-08-10T01:34:46Z

Updated categories

New page

{{distinguish|Paul Hartal}}
'''Hartal''' ({{IPA-hns|ɦəɽ.t̪aːl|pron}}) is a term in many [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] for a [[strike action]] that was first used during the [[Indian Independence Movement]] (also known as the nationalist movement) of the early 20th century. A hartal is a [[mass protest]], often involving a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law, and a form of [[civil disobedience movement|civil disobedience]] similar to a [[labour strike]]. In addition to being a [[general strike]], it involves the voluntary closing of schools and places of business. It is a mode of appealing to the sympathies of a government to reverse an unpopular or unacceptable decision.<ref>[http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html Online edition of Sunday Observer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050510163424/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/08/10/fea04.html |date=2005-05-10 }} - 10 Aug 2003</ref> A hartal is often used for political reasons, for example by an opposition political party protesting against a governmental policy or action.

The term comes from [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ({{Lang-gu|હડતાળ|translit=haḍtāḷ|label=none}}, or {{Lang-gu|હડતાલ|translit=haḍtāl|label=none}}), signifying the closing down of shops and warehouses with the goal of satisfying a demand. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who hailed from [[Gujarat]], used the term to refer to his [[Indian independence movement|pro-independence]] general strikes, effectively institutionalizing the term.

Hartal is step 118 in [[Gene Sharp]]'s ''198 Methods of Nonviolent Action''.<ref name="Sharp198">{{cite web |last1=Sharp |first1=Gene |title=198 Methods of Nonviolent Action |url=https://www.aeinstein.org/nonviolentaction/198-methods-of-nonviolent-action/ |website=Albert Einstein Institution |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
The contemporary origins of this form of public protest date back to the [[Colonial India|colonial period]] of [[History of India|Indian history]]. Unpopular policies, particular [[Tax resistance|regarding taxation]] by the colonial authorities and the [[princely state]]s often triggered such localized public protests, as in [[Benares]] and [[Bardoli]].<ref name="Gross99">{{cite book |last=Gross|first=David M.|year=2014|title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns|publisher=Picket Line Press|isbn=978-1490572741|page=144}}</ref>

=== In South Asia ===
Hartals are still common in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and in parts of [[Sri Lanka]], where the term is often used to refer specifically to the [[Hartal 1953|1953 Hartal of Ceylon]].

=== In Southeast Asia ===
The word is used to refer to various general strikes in the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s such as the All-[[Malayan Union|Malaya]] Hartal of 1947 and the [[Penang]] Hartal of 1967.<ref name="Gross99" />

The term was revived in modern [[Malaysia]] to a strike conducted by contract doctors in July 2021 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia]] in protest of the lack of permanent employment opportunities provided for them despite a mandatory 5-year contract of housemanship public health service and in response to the country's health ministry's inactive addressing of their grievances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/26/contract-medical-officers-walk-out-nationwide-in-support-of-hartal-call-for-immediate-reform|title=Contract medical officers walk out nationwide in support of Hartal, call for immediate reform|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=26 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chua|first=Minxi|date=23 July 2021|title=“We Are All Hartal”: Malaysian Contract Doctors to Strike|url=http://newnaratif.com/we-are-all-hartal-malaysian-contract-doctors-to-strike/share/wtbyqoret/23ac5c7a4f5baf9388a7ef179f045907/|url-status=live|access-date=28 July 2021|website=New Naratif|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gherao]]
*[[Dharna]]
*[[Bandh]]
*[[List of hartal in Bangladesh]]
* [[Political activism in Kerala]]
* [[Rowlatt Act]] (1919)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |author-link1=Barbara D. Metcalf |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |author-link2=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 2001 |title=A concise history of modern India |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=168 |isbn=978-0-521-86362-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Mahfuzul H. |year=2003 |title=Democratization in South Asia : lessons from American institutions |publisher=Ashgate |pages=84, 92 |isbn=0-7546-3423-X}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Baxter |editor1-first=Craig |editor2-last=Malik |editor2-first=Yogendra K. |editor3-last=Kennedy |editor3-first=Charles H. |editor4-last=Oberst |editor4-first=Robert C. |year=2002 |orig-year=First published 1987 |title=Government and politics in South Asia |publisher=Westview Press |edition=5th |page=296 |isbn=0-8133-3901-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Riaz |first1=Ali |author1-link=Ali Riaz |last2=Sajjadur Rahman |first2=Mohammad |year=2016 |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh |publisher=Routledge |pages=17–18 |isbn=978-0-415-73461-5}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=Akhtar |title=Anatomy of Hartal Politics in Bangladesh |journal=Asian Survey |date=May–June 2000 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=508–529 |doi=10.2307/3021159 |jstor=3021159}}

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