Harsha - Revision history

103.210.202.128 at 16:33, 23 July 2023

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	\| signature = Autograph of King Harsha.jpg		\| signature = Autograph of King Harsha.jpg
	\| religion = [[Hinduism]]<br />[[Buddhism]] (according to [[Xuanzang]])		\| religion = [[Hinduism]]<br />[[Buddhism]] (according to [[Xuanzang]])
			\| spouse = [[Pushpavati]]
	}}		}}
	[[File:Map of the Pushyabhutis.png\|thumb\|Empire of Harsha, 7th century CE India.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Schwartzberg \|first1=Joseph E. \|title=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date=1978 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|page=146, map XIV.2 (d) \|isbn=0226742210 \|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183 \|access-date=25 March 2021 \|archive-date=24 February 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224144259/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183 \|url-status=live }}</ref>]]		[[File:Map of the Pushyabhutis.png\|thumb\|Empire of Harsha, 7th century CE India.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Schwartzberg \|first1=Joseph E. \|title=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date=1978 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|page=146, map XIV.2 (d) \|isbn=0226742210 \|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183 \|access-date=25 March 2021 \|archive-date=24 February 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224144259/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183 \|url-status=live }}</ref>]]

103.210.202.128 at 16:32, 23 July 2023

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	In 648, [[Tang dynasty]] emperor [[Emperor Taizong of Tang\|Tang Taizong]] sent [[Wang Xuance]] to India in response to emperor Harsha having sent an ambassador to China. However once in India he discovered Harsha had died and the new king Aluonashun (supposedly [[Arunāsva]]) attacked Wang and his 30 mounted subordinates.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Bennett \|first=Matthew \|author-link=Matthew Bennett (historian) \|date=1998 \|title=The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare \|location=Chicago \|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers \|page=[https://archive.org/details/hutchinsondictio0000benn/page/336 336] \|isbn=978-1-57958-116-9 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/hutchinsondictio0000benn/page/336 }}</ref> This led to Wang Xuance escaping to Tibet and then mounting a joint expendition of over 7,000 [[Nepal]]ese [[mounted infantry]] and 1,200 [[Tibetan people\|Tibetan]] [[infantry]] and attack on the Indian state on June 16. The success of this attack won Xuance the prestigious title of the "Grand Master for the Closing Court."<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC&dq=%22wang+xuance&pg=PA23 \|title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations ... By Tansen Sen, pg 23 \|access-date=15 March 2023 \|archive-date=17 April 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417082308/https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC&dq=%22wang+xuance&pg=PA23 \|url-status=live }}</ref> He also secured a reported Buddhist relic for China.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frIEAAAAYAAJ&q=%22wang+xuance \|title=The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies By International Association of Buddhist Studies \|access-date=18 March 2022 \|archive-date=17 April 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417082304/https://books.google.com/books?id=frIEAAAAYAAJ&q=%22wang+xuance \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=July 2022}} 2,000 prisoners were taken from Magadha by the Nepali and Tibetan forces under Wang.<ref name="Benn2002">{{cite book\|author=Charles D. Benn\|title=Daily Life in Traditional China: The Tang Dynasty\|url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeintradi00benn\|url-access=registration\|year=2002\|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group\|isbn=978-0-313-30955-7\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dailylifeintradi00benn/page/38 38]–}}</ref> Tibetan and Chinese writings document describe Wang Xuance's raid on India with Tibetan soldiers.<ref name="Sen2003">{{cite book\|author=Tansen Sen\|title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC&pg=PA253\|date=January 2003\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press\|isbn=978-0-8248-2593-5\|pages=253–}}</ref> Nepal had been subdued by the Tibetan King [[Songtsen Gampo\|Songtsen]].<ref name="Sen2003 2">{{cite book\|author=Tansen Sen\|title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC&q=tibetan+nepal+648&pg=PA22\|date=January 2003\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press\|isbn=978-0-8248-2593-5\|pages=22–}}</ref> The Indian pretender was among the captives.<ref name="Yule1915">{{cite book\|author=Henry Yule\|title=Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqgAb41ifIC&q=tibetan+nepal+648&pg=PA69\|year=1915\|publisher=Asian Educational Services\|isbn=978-81-206-1966-1\|pages=69–}}</ref><ref name="Pordenone)Ṭabīb1998">{{cite book\|author1=Odorico (da Pordenone)\|author2=Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb\|author3=Francesco Balducci Pegolotti \|author4=Joannes de Marignolis \|author5=Ibn Batuta \|title=Cathay and the Way Thither: Preliminary essay on the intercourse between China and the western nations previous to the discovery of the Cape route\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69UMAQAAMAAJ&q=648\|year=1998\|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.\|page=69\|isbn=9788121508391}}</ref> The war happened in 649.{{citation needed\|date=July 2022}} Taizong's grave had a statue of the Indian pretender.<ref name="Bagchi2011">{{cite book\|author=Prabodh Chandra Bagchi\|title=India and China : interactions through Buddhism and diplomacy ; a collection of essays\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MB4CHPi7dycC&q=tibetan+nepal+648&pg=PA158\|year=2011\|publisher=Anthem Press\|isbn=978-93-80601-17-5\|pages=158–}}</ref> The pretender's name was recorded in Chinese records as "Na-fu-ti O-lo-na-shuen" (Dinafudi is probably a reference to [[Mithila (region)\|Tirabhukti)]]<ref>See</ref><ref name="Sircar1990">{{cite book\|author=D.C. Sircar\|title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&q=tibetan+nepal+648&pg=PA326\|year=1990\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass\|isbn=978-81-208-0690-0\|pages=326–}}</ref><ref name="Schaik2011">{{cite book\|author=Sam Van Schaik\|title=Tibet: A History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpLAKGG1ZX4C&q=tibetan+nepal+648&pg=PT48\|year=2011\|publisher=Yale University Press\|isbn=978-0-300-17217-1\|pages=48–}}</ref>		In 648, [[Tang dynasty]] emperor [[Emperor Taizong of Tang\|Tang Taizong]] sent [[Wang Xuance]] to India in response to emperor Harsha having sent an ambassador to China. However once in India he discovered Harsha had died and the new king Aluonashun (supposedly [[Arunāsva]]) attacked Wang and his 30 mounted subordinates.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Bennett \|first=Matthew \|author-link=Matthew Bennett (historian) \|date=1998 \|title=The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare \|location=Chicago \|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers \|page=[https://archive.org/details/hutchinsondictio0000benn/page/336 336] \|isbn=978-1-57958-116-9 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/hutchinsondictio0000benn/page/336 }}</ref> This led to Wang Xuance escaping to Tibet and then mounting a joint expendition of over 7,000 [[Nepal]]ese [[mounted infantry]] and 1,200 [[Tibetan people\|Tibetan]] [[infantry]] and attack on the Indian state on June 16. The success of this attack won Xuance the prestigious title of the "Grand Master for the Closing Court."<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC&dq=%22wang+xuance&pg=PA23 \|title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations ... By Tansen Sen, pg 23 \|access-date=15 March 2023 \|archive-date=17 April 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417082308/https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC&dq=%22wang+xuance&pg=PA23 \|url-status=live }}</ref> He also secured a reported Buddhist relic for China.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frIEAAAAYAAJ&q=%22wang+xuance \|title=The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies By International Association of Buddhist Studies \|access-date=18 March 2022 \|archive-date=17 April 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417082304/https://books.google.com/books?id=frIEAAAAYAAJ&q=%22wang+xuance \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=July 2022}} 2,000 prisoners were taken from Magadha by the Nepali and Tibetan forces under Wang.<ref name="Benn2002">{{cite book\|author=Charles D. Benn\|title=Daily Life in Traditional China: The Tang Dynasty\|url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeintradi00benn\|url-access=registration\|year=2002\|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group\|isbn=978-0-313-30955-7\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dailylifeintradi00benn/page/38 38]–}}</ref> Tibetan and Chinese writings document describe Wang Xuance's raid on India with Tibetan soldiers.<ref name="Sen2003">{{cite book\|author=Tansen Sen\|title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC&pg=PA253\|date=January 2003\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press\|isbn=978-0-8248-2593-5\|pages=253–}}</ref> Nepal had been subdued by the Tibetan King [[Songtsen Gampo\|Songtsen]].<ref name="Sen2003 2">{{cite book\|author=Tansen Sen\|title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC&q=tibetan+nepal+648&pg=PA22\|date=January 2003\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press\|isbn=978-0-8248-2593-5\|pages=22–}}</ref> The Indian pretender was among the captives.<ref name="Yule1915">{{cite book\|author=Henry Yule\|title=Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqgAb41ifIC&q=tibetan+nepal+648&pg=PA69\|year=1915\|publisher=Asian Educational Services\|isbn=978-81-206-1966-1\|pages=69–}}</ref><ref name="Pordenone)Ṭabīb1998">{{cite book\|author1=Odorico (da Pordenone)\|author2=Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb\|author3=Francesco Balducci Pegolotti \|author4=Joannes de Marignolis \|author5=Ibn Batuta \|title=Cathay and the Way Thither: Preliminary essay on the intercourse between China and the western nations previous to the discovery of the Cape route\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69UMAQAAMAAJ&q=648\|year=1998\|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.\|page=69\|isbn=9788121508391}}</ref> The war happened in 649.{{citation needed\|date=July 2022}} Taizong's grave had a statue of the Indian pretender.<ref name="Bagchi2011">{{cite book\|author=Prabodh Chandra Bagchi\|title=India and China : interactions through Buddhism and diplomacy ; a collection of essays\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MB4CHPi7dycC&q=tibetan+nepal+648&pg=PA158\|year=2011\|publisher=Anthem Press\|isbn=978-93-80601-17-5\|pages=158–}}</ref> The pretender's name was recorded in Chinese records as "Na-fu-ti O-lo-na-shuen" (Dinafudi is probably a reference to [[Mithila (region)\|Tirabhukti)]]<ref>See</ref><ref name="Sircar1990">{{cite book\|author=D.C. Sircar\|title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&q=tibetan+nepal+648&pg=PA326\|year=1990\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass\|isbn=978-81-208-0690-0\|pages=326–}}</ref><ref name="Schaik2011">{{cite book\|author=Sam Van Schaik\|title=Tibet: A History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpLAKGG1ZX4C&q=tibetan+nepal+648&pg=PT48\|year=2011\|publisher=Yale University Press\|isbn=978-0-300-17217-1\|pages=48–}}</ref>

	During Harshvardhan's rule Vardhan dynasty's geographical boundaries was spread from North to South, Nepal to Narmada river and East to West from Assam to Gujarat. He had a friendly relations with King of [[Kamarupa\|Kamrup]], [[Bhaskaravarman\|Bhaskarvarman]] and sent his envoy in the court of Chinese King, formed friendly relations. Harshvardhan established state's capital at [[Kannauj]]. He use to spend major part of state's income to welfare of his subjects. He use to donate his wealth after every 5 years.		During Harshvardhan's rule Vardhan dynasty's geographical boundaries was spread from North to South, Nepal to Narmada river and East to West from Assam to Gujarat. He had a friendly relations with King of [[Kamarupa\|Kamrup]], [[Bhaskaravarman\|Bhaskarvarman]] and sent his envoy in the court of Chinese King, formed friendly relations. Harshvardhan established state's capital at [[Kannauj]]. He use to spend major part of state's income to welfare of his subjects. He use to donate his wealth after every 5 years. He married King Pushpavarman's daughter, [[Pushpavati]].

	==Religion==		==Religion==

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2023-07-22T03:03:14Z

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Gomateshwari at 16:27, 21 January 2023

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	\| signature = Autograph of King Harsha.jpg		\| signature = Autograph of King Harsha.jpg
	\| religion = [[Shaivism]], [[Buddhism]]		\| religion = [[Shaivism]], [[Buddhism]]
	\| spouse = *[[Pushpavati]]		\| spouse = [[Pushpavati]]
	*Durgavati
	}}		}}
	[[File:Map of the Pushyabhutis.png\|thumb\|Empire of Harsha, 7th century CE India.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Schwartzberg \|first1=Joseph E. \|title=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date=1978 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|page=146, map XIV.2 (d)\|isbn=0226742210 \|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}</ref>]]		[[File:Map of the Pushyabhutis.png\|thumb\|Empire of Harsha, 7th century CE India.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Schwartzberg \|first1=Joseph E. \|title=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date=1978 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|page=146, map XIV.2 (d)\|isbn=0226742210 \|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}</ref>]]

Gomateshwari at 16:26, 21 January 2023

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	\| signature = Autograph of King Harsha.jpg		\| signature = Autograph of King Harsha.jpg
	\| religion = [[Shaivism]], [[Buddhism]]		\| religion = [[Shaivism]], [[Buddhism]]
	\| spouse = [[Pushpavati]] ~~and~~ Durgavati		\| spouse = *[[Pushpavati]]
			*Durgavati
	}}		}}
	[[File:Map of the Pushyabhutis.png\|thumb\|Empire of Harsha, 7th century CE India.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Schwartzberg \|first1=Joseph E. \|title=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date=1978 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|page=146, map XIV.2 (d)\|isbn=0226742210 \|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}</ref>]]		[[File:Map of the Pushyabhutis.png\|thumb\|Empire of Harsha, 7th century CE India.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Schwartzberg \|first1=Joseph E. \|title=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date=1978 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|page=146, map XIV.2 (d)\|isbn=0226742210 \|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}</ref>]]

Gomateshwari at 16:14, 21 January 2023

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	\| signature = Autograph of King Harsha.jpg		\| signature = Autograph of King Harsha.jpg
	\| religion = [[Shaivism]], [[Buddhism]]		\| religion = [[Shaivism]], [[Buddhism]]
	\| spouse = [[Pushpavati]]		\| spouse = [[Pushpavati]] and Durgavati
	}}		}}
	[[File:Map of the Pushyabhutis.png\|thumb\|Empire of Harsha, 7th century CE India.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Schwartzberg \|first1=Joseph E. \|title=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date=1978 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|page=146, map XIV.2 (d)\|isbn=0226742210 \|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}</ref>]]		[[File:Map of the Pushyabhutis.png\|thumb\|Empire of Harsha, 7th century CE India.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Schwartzberg \|first1=Joseph E. \|title=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date=1978 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|page=146, map XIV.2 (d)\|isbn=0226742210 \|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}</ref>]]

Gomateshwari at 15:07, 21 January 2023

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	At the height of Harsha's power, his territory covered much of north and northwestern India, with the [[Narmada River]] as its southern boundary. He eventually made [[Kannauj\|Kanauj]] (in present [[Uttar Pradesh]] state) his capital, and ruled till 647 CE.<ref name="Historic Places p.507">International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania by Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda p.507</ref> Harsha was defeated by the Emperor [[Pulakeshin II]] of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] in the [[Battle of Narmada]], when he tried to expand his empire into the southern peninsula of India.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.274</ref>		At the height of Harsha's power, his territory covered much of north and northwestern India, with the [[Narmada River]] as its southern boundary. He eventually made [[Kannauj\|Kanauj]] (in present [[Uttar Pradesh]] state) his capital, and ruled till 647 CE.<ref name="Historic Places p.507">International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania by Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda p.507</ref> Harsha was defeated by the Emperor [[Pulakeshin II]] of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] in the [[Battle of Narmada]], when he tried to expand his empire into the southern peninsula of India.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.274</ref>

	The peace and prosperity that prevailed made his court a centre of cosmopolitanism, attracting scholars, artists and religious visitors from far and wide.<ref name="Historic Places p.507"/> The Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] visited the court of Harsha and wrote a very favourable account of him (as [[Shiladitya]]), praising his justice and generosity.<ref name="Historic Places p.507"/> His biography ''[[Harshacharita]]'' ("Deeds of Harsha") written by Sanskrit poet [[Banabhatta]], describes his association with Thanesar, besides mentioning the defence wall, a moat and the palace with a two-storied ''Dhavalagriha'' (white mansion).<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala \|title=The deeds of Harsha: being a cultural study of Bāṇa's Harshacharita \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huVkAAAAMAAJ \|year=1969 \|publisher=Prithivi Prakashan \|page=118}}</ref>		The peace and prosperity that prevailed made his court a centre of cosmopolitanism, attracting scholars, artists and religious visitors from far and wide.<ref name="Historic Places p.507"/> The Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] visited the court of Harsha and wrote a very favourable account of him (as [[Shiladitya]]), praising his justice and generosity.<ref name="Historic Places p.507"/> His biography ''[[Harshacharita]]'' ("Deeds of Harsha") written by Sanskrit poet [[Banabhatta]], describes his association with Thanesar, besides mentioning the defence wall, a moat and the palace with a two-storied ''Dhavalagriha'' (white mansion). He married King Pushpavarmana's daughter, [[Pushpavati]].<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala \|title=The deeds of Harsha: being a cultural study of Bāṇa's Harshacharita \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huVkAAAAMAAJ \|year=1969 \|publisher=Prithivi Prakashan \|page=118}}</ref>

	== Early life ==		== Early life ==

103.210.202.134 at 13:14, 21 January 2023

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	\| signature = Autograph of King Harsha.jpg		\| signature = Autograph of King Harsha.jpg
	\| religion = [[Shaivism]], [[Buddhism]]		\| religion = [[Shaivism]], [[Buddhism]]
			\| spouse = [[Pushpavati]]
	}}		}}
	[[File:Map of the Pushyabhutis.png\|thumb\|Empire of Harsha, 7th century CE India.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Schwartzberg \|first1=Joseph E. \|title=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date=1978 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|page=146, map XIV.2 (d)\|isbn=0226742210 \|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}</ref>]]		[[File:Map of the Pushyabhutis.png\|thumb\|Empire of Harsha, 7th century CE India.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Schwartzberg \|first1=Joseph E. \|title=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date=1978 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|page=146, map XIV.2 (d)\|isbn=0226742210 \|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}</ref>]]

103.210.202.134 at 13:04, 21 January 2023

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[[File:Harshabysumchung.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Harsha's empire at its greatest extent.]]
'''Harsha''' or '''Harshavardhana''' ({{lang-hi|हर्षवर्धन}}) or "Harsha vardhan" ([[590]]–[[647]]) was an Indian Buddhist emperor. He ruled north-central and east [[India]] for fifty seven years. He was the son of Prabhakar Vardhan and younger brother of Rajyavardhan, a king of [[Thanesar]]. At the height of his power he ruled the [[Gujarat]], [[Bengal]], [[Orissa]] and the entire Gangetic plain North of the [[Narmada River]]. After the downfall of the [[Gupta Empire]] in the middle of the sixth century C.E., [[North India]] reverted back to small republics and small monarchical states.

{{bio-stub}}

[[Category:590 births]]
[[Category:647 deaths]]
[[Category:Emperors and empresses]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]