Harihara (poet) - Revision history

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	\| title = ''Utsava Kavi''		\| title = ''Utsava Kavi''
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	~~{{Kannada poets in Hoysala Empire}}~~
	'''Harihara''' (or Harisvara) ({{lang-kn\|ಹರಿಹರ}}) was a noted [[Kannada literature\|Kannada]] poet and writer in the 12th century. A native of [[Halebidu]] in modern [[Hassan district]], he came from a family of accountants (''Karnikas'')<ref name="Parvati"/> and initially served in that capacity in the court of [[Hoysala]] King [[Narasimha I]] (r.1152–1173 CE).<ref name="prof">Kamath (2001), p. 133</ref> Later, he moved to [[Hampi]] and authored many landmark classics. Among his important writings, the ''Girijakalyana'' written in ''[[champu]]'' metre (mixed prose-verse) is considered one of the enduring classics of [[Kannada language]].<ref name="great">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 20</ref>		'''Harihara''' (or Harisvara) ({{lang-kn\|ಹರಿಹರ}}) was a noted [[Kannada literature\|Kannada]] poet and writer in the 12th century. A native of [[Halebidu]] in modern [[Hassan district]], he came from a family of accountants (''Karnikas'')<ref name="Parvati"/> and initially served in that capacity in the court of [[Hoysala]] King [[Narasimha I]] (r.1152–1173 CE).<ref name="prof">Kamath (2001), p. 133</ref> Later, he moved to [[Hampi]] and authored many landmark classics. Among his important writings, the ''Girijakalyana'' written in ''[[champu]]'' metre (mixed prose-verse) is considered one of the enduring classics of [[Kannada language]].<ref name="great">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 20</ref>

	==Famous writings==		==Famous writings==
			{{Kannada poets in Hoysala Empire}}

	===Magnum opus===		===Magnum opus===
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	===Other poetic works===		===Other poetic works===
	'''Shivaganada ragale'''<br>		'''Shivaganada ragale'''<br>
	Harihara is credited with a collection of more than one hundred poems in the ''[[ragale]]'' metre called the ''Nambiyanana ragale'' (also called ''Shivaganada ragale'' or ''Saranacharitamanasa''–"The holy lake of the lives of the devotees", c. 1160) after the saint Nambiyana. In this writing, which is a eulogy of the 63 saints of early [[Shaivism]] (devotion to God Shiva), of the later social reformers such as [[Basavanna]], [[Allama Prabhu]] and [[Akka Mahadevi]], and of God [[Shiva\|Virupaksha]] (a form of Hindu god Shiva), Harihara express emotions as few poets could. Referenced in this writing is the [[Tamil literature\|Tamil]] epic ''Periyapuranam''.<ref name="Parvati"/><ref name="maricha"/><ref name="har">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 60</ref>		Harihara is credited with a collection of more than one hundred poems in the ''[[ragale]]'' metre called the ''Nambiyanana ragale'' (also called ''Shivaganada ragale'' or ''Saranacharitamanasa''–"The [[holy lake]] of the lives of the devotees", c. 1160) after the saint Nambiyana. In this writing, which is a eulogy of the 63 saints of early [[Shaivism]] (devotion to God Shiva), of the later social reformers such as [[Basavanna]], [[Allama Prabhu]] and [[Akka Mahadevi]], and of God [[Shiva\|Virupaksha]] (a form of Hindu god Shiva), Harihara express emotions as few poets could. Referenced in this writing is the [[Tamil literature\|Tamil]] epic ''Periyapuranam''.<ref name="Parvati"/><ref name="maricha"/><ref name="har">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 60</ref>

	'''Basavarajadevara ragale'''<br>		'''Basavarajadevara ragale'''<br>

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	'''Basavarajadevara ragale'''<br>		'''Basavarajadevara ragale'''<br>
	Another important writing (though partially available), in the ''ragale'' metre is the ''Basavarajadevara ragale''. It is on the life of Basavanna emphasizing the protagonist's compassion for devotees of the god Shiva. This work is the earliest biography of Basavanna from which 13 out of 25 sections are available and are considered important because the author was a near contemporary of his protagonist and set the trend for future biographers. Harihara thus became the earliest poetic biographer in the Kannada language.<ref name="bio">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 179</ref> Interesting details of Basavanna's life are narrated by Harihara, some of which contradict commonly held beliefs. The author, who does not appear to be personally acquainted with his protagonist, mixed facts with some mythological details. While popular theory holds that Basavanna left his native place over a difference of opinion with his father regarding the brahminical initiation ritual (the "sacred thread ceremony"), Harihara's account states Basavanna lost his parents early in life and was cared for by his grandmother. Later he discarded his thread and left for Sangama, indicating he was already initiated.<ref name="thread">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 404</ref> Regarding Basavanna's employment under King [[Bijjala II]], while popular theory holds that Basavanna succeeded his deceased maternal uncle (whose daughter he was married to) as the treasurer of the king, according to Harihara, Basavanna's introduction to the king was made by the incumbent treasurer Sidhdandadhisa, whom he later succeeded to the post.<ref name="thread"/>		Another important writing (though partially available), in the ''ragale'' metre is the ''Basavarajadevara ragale''. It is on the life of [[Basava\|Basavanna]] emphasizing the protagonist's compassion for devotees of the god Shiva. This work is the earliest biography of [[Basava\|Basavanna]] from which 13 out of 25 sections are available and are considered important because the author was a near contemporary of his protagonist and set the trend for future biographers. Harihara thus became the earliest poetic biographer in the Kannada language.<ref name="bio">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 179</ref> Interesting details of Basavanna's life are narrated by Harihara, some of which contradict commonly held beliefs. The author, who does not appear to be personally acquainted with his protagonist, mixed facts with some mythological details. While popular theory holds that Basavanna left his native place over a difference of opinion with his father regarding the brahminical initiation ritual (the "sacred thread ceremony"), Harihara's account states Basavanna lost his parents early in life and was cared for by his grandmother. Later he discarded his thread and left for Sangama, indicating he was already initiated.<ref name="thread">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 404</ref> Regarding Basavanna's employment under King [[Bijjala II]], while popular theory holds that Basavanna succeeded his deceased maternal uncle (whose daughter he was married to) as the treasurer of the king, according to Harihara, Basavanna's introduction to the king was made by the incumbent treasurer Sidhdandadhisa, whom he later succeeded to the post.<ref name="thread"/>

	'''Mudigeya Ashtaka'''		'''Mudigeya Ashtaka'''

>BrownHairedGirl: add {{Karnataka topics}}

2021-04-29T18:54:48Z

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{{Short description|12th century Kannada poet}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = 12th century CE
| birth_place = [[Halebidu]]
| death_date = 12th or 13th century CE
| occupation = Poet, Writer
| works = ''Girija-kalyana''
| title = ''Utsava Kavi''
}}
{{Kannada poets in Hoysala Empire}}
'''Harihara''' (or Harisvara) ({{lang-kn|ಹರಿಹರ}}) was a noted [[Kannada literature|Kannada]] poet and writer in the 12th century. A native of [[Halebidu]] in modern [[Hassan district]], he came from a family of accountants (''Karnikas'')<ref name="Parvati"/> and initially served in that capacity in the court of [[Hoysala]] King [[Narasimha I]] (r.1152–1173 CE).<ref name="prof">Kamath (2001), p. 133</ref> Later, he moved to [[Hampi]] and authored many landmark classics. Among his important writings, the ''Girijakalyana'' written in ''[[champu]]'' metre (mixed prose-verse) is considered one of the enduring classics of [[Kannada language]].<ref name="great">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 20</ref>

==Famous writings==

===Magnum opus===
Harihara, although one of the earliest [[Veerashaiva]] writers, was not part of the famous ''[[Vachana]]'' literary tradition. He wrote under the patronage of King [[Narasimha I]]. He wrote his ''magnum opus'', the ''Girijakalyana'' ("Marriage of the mountain born Goddess") in the [[Kalidasa]] tradition, though employing the old [[Jain]] ''champu'' style, with the story leading to the marriage of God [[Shiva]] and his consort [[Parvati]] in ten sections.<ref name="Parvati">Sastri (1955), pp. 361–362</ref><ref name="Parvati1">Narasimhacharya, (1988), p. 20</ref> Harihara brings out his ability for narration while describing the lamentation of [[Rati]] for [[Kama]], and the intense love and devotion of Parvati for Shiva.<ref name="kama">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 206</ref><ref name="mountain">Nagaraj in Pollock (2003), p. 362</ref>

Though known for his ''magnum opus'', his poetic talent found complete expression in his lyrical and narrative ''ragale'' poems. It was Harihara who popularised the ''ragale'' (couplets in blank verse), a metre native to Kannada language.<ref name="nat">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 59</ref> In a deviation from the norm of the day, Harihara avoided glorifying famous mortals and continued the Jain tradition of "glorifying the spirit" and the "conquest of evil within oneself".<ref name="utsav"/> So against eulogising earthly mortals was Harihara, legend has it that he physically abused his protégé [[Raghavanka]] for writing about King [[Harishchandra]] in the work ''Harishchandra Kavya'' (c. 1200).<ref name="eulogising">Nagaraj in Pollock (2003), p. 364</ref>

===Other poetic works===
'''Shivaganada ragale'''<br>
Harihara is credited with a collection of more than one hundred poems in the ''[[ragale]]'' metre called the ''Nambiyanana ragale'' (also called ''Shivaganada ragale'' or ''Saranacharitamanasa''–"The holy lake of the lives of the devotees", c. 1160) after the saint Nambiyana. In this writing, which is a eulogy of the 63 saints of early [[Shaivism]] (devotion to God Shiva), of the later social reformers such as [[Basavanna]], [[Allama Prabhu]] and [[Akka Mahadevi]], and of God [[Shiva|Virupaksha]] (a form of Hindu god Shiva), Harihara express emotions as few poets could. Referenced in this writing is the [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] epic ''Periyapuranam''.<ref name="Parvati"/><ref name="maricha"/><ref name="har">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 60</ref>

'''Basavarajadevara ragale'''<br>
Another important writing (though partially available), in the ''ragale'' metre is the ''Basavarajadevara ragale''. It is on the life of Basavanna emphasizing the protagonist's compassion for devotees of the god Shiva. This work is the earliest biography of Basavanna from which 13 out of 25 sections are available and are considered important because the author was a near contemporary of his protagonist and set the trend for future biographers. Harihara thus became the earliest poetic biographer in the Kannada language.<ref name="bio">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 179</ref> Interesting details of Basavanna's life are narrated by Harihara, some of which contradict commonly held beliefs. The author, who does not appear to be personally acquainted with his protagonist, mixed facts with some mythological details. While popular theory holds that Basavanna left his native place over a difference of opinion with his father regarding the brahminical initiation ritual (the "sacred thread ceremony"), Harihara's account states Basavanna lost his parents early in life and was cared for by his grandmother. Later he discarded his thread and left for Sangama, indicating he was already initiated.<ref name="thread">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 404</ref> Regarding Basavanna's employment under King [[Bijjala II]], while popular theory holds that Basavanna succeeded his deceased maternal uncle (whose daughter he was married to) as the treasurer of the king, according to Harihara, Basavanna's introduction to the king was made by the incumbent treasurer Sidhdandadhisa, whom he later succeeded to the post.<ref name="thread"/>

'''Mudigeya Ashtaka'''

''Mudigeya ashtaka'' (1200) is an important ''ashtaka'' poem (an eight line verse metre) by Harihara. Legend has it that once when Harihara bowed down in prayer to his God (Shiva), the "Rudraksha" flowers in his headgear (a ''mudige'') fell on the floor. Seeing this, the devotees who had gathered there derided Harihara for wearing the headgear. In response, Harihara composed the ''ashtaka'' extempore in honor of his deity and included a challenging phrase "I have laid the ''mudige'' on the floor, let me see who can pick it up".<ref name="mudige">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 248</ref>

'''Other writings'''

Harihara's other works include ''Pushpa ragale'', ''Marichanana ragale'' and ''Pampa sataka'' (written in the ''shataka'' metre comprising a string of 100 verses), in praise of the god Virupaksha of [[Hampi]].<ref name="Parvati"/><ref name="prof"/><ref name="maricha">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 205</ref> For his poetic talent, he has earned the honorific "poet of exuberance" (''utsava kavi'').<ref name="utsav">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1181</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last=Nagaraj |first=D.R.|editor=Sheldon I. Pollock|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher=Berkeley and London: University of California Press|chapter=Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC&pg=PA323&dq=critical+tensions+in+history+kannada+literary+culture|isbn=0-520-22821-9 |pages=323–383}}
*{{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1934|year=1988|publisher= Government Press. Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi|location= Mysore|isbn= 81-206-0303-6}}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first= E.P.|title= A History of Kanarese Literature|orig-year=1921|year=1982|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0063-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= K.A. Nilakanta|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Shiva Prakash|first=H.S.|editor=Ayyappapanicker|title=Medieval Indian Literature:An Anthology |year= 1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-0365-0|chapter= Kannada}}
*{{cite book |last= Various|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 1|orig-year=1987|year=1987|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1803-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Various|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1194-7}}
*{{cite book |last= Various|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 5|orig-year=1996|year=1992|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1221-8}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harihara}}
[[Category:12th-century births]]
[[Category:13th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Hassan]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian poets]]