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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}{{Short description|Dharm Sansad event for establishment of Hindu Rashtra in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}

{{Islamophobia}}

In December 2021, a ''dharma sansad'' (religious assembly) of [[Sadhu|Hindu ascetics]] was held at [[Haridwar]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]], where [[Hate speech|hate speeches]] were delivered in which the speakers [[Incitement to genocide|called for]] a [[genocide]] against [[Islam in India|Muslims]] in the name of protecting [[Hinduism]].<ref name="NDTV hate speech">
[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/viral-hate-speech-videos-haridwar-meet-spark-outrage-2667081 Hate Speech-Givers In Haridwar Tell NDTV "Neither Regrets Nor Fear"], NDTV, 23 December 2021.
</ref><ref name="Wire genocide">
[https://thewire.in/communalism/hindutva-leaders-dharma-sansad-muslim-genocide Hindutva Leaders at Haridwar Event Call for Muslim Genocide], The Wire, 22 December 2021.
</ref><ref name=Grover>
{{Cite news |last=Grover |first=Samarth |date=2021-12-22 |title=Narsinghanand Organises 3-Day Hate Speech Conclave in Haridwar |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/haridwar-yati-narsinghanand-organises-hate-speech-conclave |website=TheQuint}}
</ref> The government's apathy in the face of the hate event has been condemned by a wide cross section of Indian society, including retired military leaders, civil society activists, students, academics, and retired judges.<ref>{{cite news |title='Condemn Calls for Genocide': Ex Service Chiefs, Veterans, Prominent Citizens Write to Modi, Kovind |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24172537 |access-date=2022-09-02 |work=The Wire |date=2022-01-01}}</ref>

== Event ==
The Haridwar ''dharma sansad'' (religious assembly) was organised by Yati Narasighanand, the priest of the Dasna Devi temple in [[Ghaziabad]] and the chief of the Juna Akhara.<ref name=Grover/> The gathering was held over three days during 17–19 December 2021.<ref name=Grover/>

The theme of the conference was ''Islamic Bharat mein Sanatan ka Bhavishya'' ("The Future of the Sanatan (Dharma) in Islamic India"). It was described as a "strange topic" by ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'', because nobody other than this gathering believed that India was "Islamic".<ref name=Asthana>[https://thewire.in/communalism/haridwar-anti-muslim-hate-speech-laws-broken "A Hate-Filled Call to Arms and Violence at Haridwar"], The Wire, 24 December 2021.</ref>

Almost all of the speakers were [[saffron (color)#Religion|saffron]]-robed Hindu ascetics (called ''sadhu'' if they are male, and ''sadhvi'' if they are female). Many of them were also heads of ''[[akhara]]s'' (physical training institutions which are usually run by members of ascetic orders).

Since at least the seventh century, militant ascetics have been a fixture of Hindu civilisation.{{efn|{{citation |first=William |last=Harman |chapter=The militant ascetic traditions of India and Sri Lanka |editor=P. Pratap Kumar |title=Contemporary Hinduism |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781315729589 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Wd_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 |pages=245–}}
* (p.248) "We know that armed ascetics are mentioned in the seventh-century Sanskrit drama ''Harṣacaritra'', and in the eleventh-century Sanskrit comedy ''Prabhodhacandrodaya'' ... "
* (p.249) "The first historically verifiable account of militant ascetic violence seems to have occurred in 1567 when the Emperor Akbar accidentally became embroiled in an impending skirmish between two Hindu ascetic groups armed to the teeth."}} They were brought under control by the British in the 18–19th centuries.{{efn|
{{citation |last=van der Veer |first=Peter |title=''Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires'' by William R. Pinch (book review) |journal=American Historical Review |date=February 2007}}: "Gradually, however, with the expansion of British control, the ascetics became marginalized. An important element of their marginalization was the application of British-Indian civil law to the inheritances of ascetics who had both celibate descendants and natural offspring."
}} The [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] organisation [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and its religious wing [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) started building links with the ascetic orders in the 1960s. In the 1980s a hundred members of the VHP got initiated into ascetic orders in Haridwar in the name of "protecting culture".{{efn|{{citation |last=Jha |first=Dhirendra K. |title=An Unholy Quest: The RSS's attempts to engulf the sadhu class |newspaper=The Caravan |date=1 April 2019 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/rss-attempt-engulf-sadhu-class}}: "A report published in ''Organiser'', on 1 August 1982, indicates that at least part of the phenomenon was planned. Titled "Haridwar Makes History," the report talked of the VHP getting a hundred of its men initiated as "sanyasins" by "seven local historic akharas" of Haridwar, as part of its newly launched project called the ''Sanskriti Raksha Yojna''—"culture-protection plan".}}

== Speeches ==
At the assembly, numerous speakers called for the killing of minorities and attacks against their religious spaces.<ref name=Grover/>

[[Prabodhanand Giri]], a former RSS [[pracharak]] who turned ascetic and runs an organisation called ''Hindu Raksha Sena'' in Haridwar,<ref name=Jha>
{{citation |last=Jha |first=Dhirendra K. |title=An Unholy Quest: The RSS's attempts to engulf the sadhu class |newspaper=The Caravan |date=1 April 2019 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/rss-attempt-engulf-sadhu-class}}
</ref> asked Hindus to emulate what was done in [[Myanmar]], referring to the [[Rohingya genocide|violence against]] [[Rohingya Muslims]].<ref name=BBC/> He called it ''safai abhiyan'' ("cleanliness drive"), apparently implying [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref name="NDTV hate speech"/><ref>
Barkha Dutt, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/dont-normalise-hate-speeches-mob-violence-101640343324412.html Don't normalise hate speeches, mob violence], Hindustan Times, 24 December 2021. {{ProQuest|2613240166}}
</ref> [[Prabodhanand Giri]] associates himself with the Uttar Pradesh chief minister [[Yogi Adityanath]], whose picture is featured on his [[Facebook]] page.<ref name="Wire genocide"/> Speaking to the NDTV News the following day, he said that he stood by what he said, and asserted that he was not afraid of the police.<ref name="NDTV hate speech"/>

Sadhvi Annapurna, formerly Pooja Shakun Pandey, the head of the Niranjani Akhara and a general secretary of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], openly called for the killing of Muslims. "If 100 of us are ready to kill two million of them, then we will win and make India a Hindu nation," she said, asking Hindus to be ready to kill and be willing to go to jail.<ref name=NYT>
Sameer Yasir, [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/24/world/asia/hindu-extremists-india-muslims.html As Hindu Extremists Call for Killing of Muslims, India's Leaders Keep Silent], The New York Times, 24 December 2021.
</ref> Talking to NDTV News, she too said that she was not afraid of the police.<ref name="NDTV hate speech"/>

Another speaker named Swami Anandswaroop, who heads the ''Sambhavi Dhaam'', told people not to celebrate [[Christmas]] in Haridwar.<ref name=Newslaundry>
[https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/12/24/haridwar-hate-speeches-abp-republic-skip-issue-in-prime-time-debates Haridwar hate speeches: ABP, Republic skip issue in prime time debates], Newslaundry, 24 December 2021.
</ref> He also called for the banning of Muslim vendors from Haridwar.<ref name="Wire genocide"/> He stated that the government would have to comply with the ruling of the Dharm Sansad because it was the "word of God." Otherwise, it would wage a war like the one which was waged in 1857, a reference to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] against the British Indian government.<ref name="Wire genocide"/>

== Oath-taking ==
Around the same time as the Haridwar meeting, members of [[Hindu Yuva Vahini]], a [[Hindutva]] youth militia which was founded by [[Yogi Adityanath]], met in Delhi in order to take an oath. Raising their hands in a [[Nazi salute|Nazi-style salute]], the hundreds of members who were in attendance chanted, "We make a resolution until our last breath: We will make India a Hindu nation, and keep it a Hindu-only nation. We will fight and die if required, we will kill as well." The oath was administered by [[Suresh Chavhanke]], the editor-in-chief of the right-wing news channel, [[Sudarshan News]]. He then tweeted a video of the oath to his half a million followers.<ref name=NYT/><ref name="Wire Chavhanke">
[https://thewire.in/communalism/suresh-chavhanke-hindu-rashtra Suresh Chavhanke Gives Call to 'Fight, Die, Kill' to Make India a 'Hindu Rashtra'], The Wire, 23 December 2021.</ref><ref>
Piyush Srivastava, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/uttarakhand-sadhus-urge-killing-of-muslims-to-establish-hindu-rashtra/cid/1844602 Conclave of sadhus urges 'killing' of Muslims to establish Hindu Rashtra], The Telegraph (India), 24 December 2021.
</ref>

== Raipur ''dharma sansad'' ==
It later transpired that a similar event was conducted at [[Raipur]] during 25-26 December 2021, organised to discuss the creation of a ''[[Hindutva|Hindu Rashtra]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Putul |first1=Alok Prakash |date=27 December 2021 |title=हरिद्वार के बाद अब रायपुर की 'धर्म संसद' की क्यों हो रही है चर्चा |trans-title=After Haridwar, why the Raipur Dharma Sansad is being debated |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-59798693 |work=[[BBC]] Hindi |language=hi |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> One speaker, a self-styled godman called Kalicharan Maharaj, declared [[Mahatma Gandhi]] a "traitor who destroyed the nation" and praised Gandhi's assassin [[Nathuram Godse]], for which he was later arrested.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Ravish Pal |date=30 December 2021 |title='Godman' Kalicharan who made derogatory remarks against Mahatma Gandhi arrested by Raipur police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kalicharan-maharaj-arrested-raipur-police-mahatma-gandhi-dharm-sansad-1893943-2021-12-30 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> Others urged participants to arm themselves if they desired to make India a ''Hindu Rashtra'', claimed that tribals in the region were "being lured" into [[Christianity]] and that Muslims were "entrapping Hindu women" through what conspiracy theorists call "[[Love jihad conspiracy theory|Love jihad]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aswani |first1=Tarushi |date=30 December 2021 |title=At Raipur Dharma Sansad, Hindutva Leaders Raise Call to Take Up Arms for Hindu Rashtra |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/raipur-dharma-sansad-call-for-violence-hindu-rashtra-christian-muslim |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
=== Domestic ===
Video clips of the speeches which were made at the ''dharma sansad'' meeting went viral on social media. Admiral [[Arun Prakash]], the former Chief of Naval Staff, described it as a clear threat to India's national security; former Army chief General [[Ved Prakash Malik]] agreed and urged urgent action.<ref name="Wire national security">
[https://thewire.in/communalism/national-security-2-ex-service-chiefs-others-demand-action-against-communal-haridwar-event 'National Security': 2 Ex-Service Chiefs, Others Demand Action Against Communal Haridwar Event], The Wire, 23 December 2021.
</ref> [[Trinamool Congress]] spokesperson [[Saket Gokhale]] lodged a police complaint; [[Indian National Congress]] spokesperson Shama Mohammed followed a similar course.<ref name="Rediff">
PTI, [https://www.rediff.com/news/report/is-india-still-a-democracy-oppn-on-haridwar-hate-speeches/20211223.htm Is India still a democracy? Oppn on Haridwar hate speeches], Rediff, 23 December 2021.
</ref>

Members of BJP and its supporters shared a clipped video of Muslim leader [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] to allege that he called for a genocide of Hindus, in an effort to divert attention from the Haridwar hate speeches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clipped video shared to falsely claim Asaduddin Owaisi threatened Hindus |url=https://www.altnews.in/clipped-video-shared-to-falsely-claim-asaduddin-owaisi-threatened-hindus/ |website=Alt News |date=2021-12-24}}</ref>

A group of 183 students and academics at the [[Indian Institutes of Management]], Ahmedabad and Bangalore, wrote to the Prime Minister urging action. "Your silence, Honourable Prime Minister, emboldens the hate-filled voices and threatens the unity and integrity of our country," they wrote.<ref>
[https://thewire.in/communalism/iim-ahmedabad-bangalore-letter-modi-silence-hate 'Your Silence on Hate-Filled Voices Threatens Unity of Nation': IIM Students, Faculty to PM], The Wire, 8 January 2022.
</ref>

More than 100 veterans, bureaucrats and other prominent citizens including five former chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces wrote an open letter to the President, the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of India and others, seeking immediate action against those who made open calls for genocide of Indian Muslims in Haridwar and New Delhi. The letter also mentioned targeting of other minorities of India like Christians, Dalits and Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/veterans-letter-to-president-kovind-pm-modi-on-haridwar-hate-speeches-full-text-2682041|title=Veterans' letter to President and PM Modi on Haridwar hate speeches: Full text|website=NDTV}}</ref>

Senior Advocate [[Fali Nariman]] has criticised the ruling party for keeping silent and almost endorsing the hate speeches.<ref>
[https://www.theleaflet.in/eternal-vigilance-necessary-to-defend-liberty-enforced-by-courts-says-former-sc-judge-justice-rohinton-fali-nariman/ Eternal vigilance necessary to defend liberty enforced by courts, says former SC Judge, Justice Rohinton Fali Nariman], The Leaflet, 18 January 2022.
</ref>

=== International ===
Twitter from around the world created a 'twitter storm' on 8 January with the hashtag #StopIndianMuslimGenocide. A press statement issued by global Indian diaspora said, "[they] will not merely stand and watch the denial of the humanity of our fellow Indians". As many as 28 diaspora groups from across the globe participated in the protest.<ref>
[https://thewire.in/communalism/brink-of-an-impending-genocide-indian-diaspora-demands-arrest-of-haridwar-dharma-sansad-speakers 'Brink of an Impending Genocide': Indian Diaspora Demands Arrest of Haridwar Dharma Sansad Speakers], The Wire, 9 January 2022.</ref>

The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] which has 57 Muslim majority nations as its member states called upon the international community including the [[United Nations]] to take necessary measures and asked India to ensure the safety of Muslims in response to Haridwar hate speech and [[2022 Karnataka hijab row|hijab controversy]] in India. India condemned OIC for its remarks saying it has communal mindset and is "hijacked by vested interests to further their nefarious propaganda against India.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/communal-mindset-india-skewers-oic-over-statement-on-muslims-in-india-101644940905895.html|title='Communal mindset': India skewers OIC over statement on Muslims in India|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

[[Gregory Stanton]], founder of [[Genocide Watch]], who predicted [[Rwandan genocide]] 5 years before it happened in 1994, condemned the hate speech and said that a genocide against Muslims is impending in India. He said that the idea of India as a Hindu nation, "which is the Hindutva movement, is contrary to the history of India and the Indian Constitution". Alluding to Indian Prime Minister Modi's silence over the hate speech, Stanton said: "What we have now though, an actual member of the RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) – this extremist, Hindutva-oriented group – Mr Modi as prime minister of India. So, what we have here is an extremist who has taken over the government." He asked the US Congress to pass a resolution to warn India against a possible Muslim genocide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/understanding-the-haridwar-conclave/article65055751.ece|title=Understanding the Haridwar conclave|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/expert-who-foresaw-rwandan-genocide-sounds-alarm-for-india-cites-haridwar-event-gregory-stanton-genocide-watch-muslim-community-hate-speech|title=Expert who foresaw Rwandan genocide sounds alarm for India, cites Haridwar event|website=The Quint}}</ref>

=== Law and order ===
On 23 December, the Uttarakhand Police have registered an [[First Information Report|FIR]] against [[Jitendra Narayan Tyagi]] and unnamed "others" for "promoting hatred between religious groups". Tyagi, formerly Wasim Rizvi, is a recent convert to Hinduism initiated by Yati Narsinghanand. People on social media have questioned why the police did not register case against any of the speakers but named only Tyagi.<ref name=BBC>
[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-59778426 Haridwar: Police case after outrage in India over anti-Muslim hate speech], BBC News, 24 December 2021.
</ref><ref name="Wire 10 Jan">
[https://thewire.in/law/sc-agrees-to-hear-pil-on-alleged-hate-speeches-at-haridwar-dharma-sansad SC Agrees to Hear PIL on Hate Speeches at Haridwar Dharma Sansad], The Wire, 10 January 2022.
</ref>

Ten days later, on 2 January 2022, a second FIR was filed naming ten organisers of the ''dharma sansad'', including Yati Narasinganand.<ref name name="Wire 10 Jan"/> In Delhi, a complaint was filed on 27 December against Suresh Chavhanke of Sudarshan News for his hate speech at the Hindu Yuva Vahini gathering.<ref name="Wire 10 Jan"/>

Seventy-six top lawyers and judges wrote to the [[Chief Justice of India]] requesting him to take a ''[[suo moto]]'' notice and urgent judicial intervention. They noted that it was a "grave threat not just to the unity and integrity of our country but also endanger the lives of millions of Muslim citizens".<ref>
[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/haridwar-dharma-sansad-76-top-lawyers-write-to-chief-justice-on-genocide-call-grave-threat-2672722 "Grave Threat": 76 Top Lawyers Write To Chief Justice On Genocide Call], NDTV News, 26 December 2021.
</ref>

Yati Narsinganand was seen to be defiant in videos circulated on social media. He predicted that the police would be "on our side".<ref>
[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yati-narsinghanand-hate-speech-cops-biased-haridwar-1893682-2021-12-29 Accused seers laugh as Yati Narsinghanand says cop probing hate speech 'on our side'], India Today, 29 December 2021.
</ref>

On 10 January 2022, the Supreme Court has agreed to hear a [[public interest litigation]] (PIL) petition from senior advocate [[Kapil Sibal]] on behalf of journalist Qurban Ali and former judge of Patna High Court Anjana Prakash. Sibal noted that, despite the registration of FIRs, no arrests have been made, and said that, "without the attention of your lordships, no action will be taken".<ref name="Wire 10 Jan"/> The Supreme Court issued notices to the Uttarakhand Police and the Delhi Police, seeking their response to the petition.<ref>
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hate-speech-sc-issues-notice-to-uttarakhand-delhi-police/articleshow/88848725.cms 'Hate' speech: Supreme Court issues notice to Uttarakhand Police, Delhi Police], The Times of India, 12 January 2022.
</ref>

On 14 January, the Uttarakhand Police arrested Waseem Rizvi alias Jitendra Narayan Tyagi. Yati Narsinganand condemned the arrest and defied the police, saying he himself was with Tyagi during the events. In a video circulated on social media, the police were seen being apologetic.<ref>
[https://thewire.in/communalism/haridwar-hate-speech-uttarakhand-police-make-first-arrest-jitendra-narayan-tyagi 'You Will All Die,' Yati Narsinghanand Tells Police as They Arrest Dharma Sansad Speaker], The Wire, 14 January 2022.
</ref>

Narsinganand was later arrested on 16 January 2022, initially for a former case of misogyny pending from September 2021 (insulting the modesty of a woman).<ref>
[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/religious-leader-yati-narsinghanand-arrested-for-misogyny-not-haridwar-hate-speech-sources-2710818 Hatemonger Arrested For Misogyny, Not Haridwar Event Speech: Police], NDTV, 16 January 2022.
</ref> The next day, they said the arrest would cover the Haridwar ''dharma sansad'' case as well.<ref>
[https://thewire.in/communalism/militant-hindutva-leader-yati-narsinghanand-arrested-at-haridwar Militant Hindutva Leader Yati Narsinghanand Arrested in 2 Cases, Sent to 14-Day Judicial Custody], The Wire, 17 January 2022. 'The arrest on Saturday was primarily in connection with that FIR. However, when we presented him in court on Sunday, we showed his arrest in both the objectionable remarks case as well as the Haridwar dharma sansad case,” Haridwar City Circle Officer (CO) Shekhar Suyal told the Indian Express.'
</ref>
The police said Narsinganand was served notice to join investigations at police request. As he did not honour the notice, he was arrested and taken into judicial custody for 14 days.<ref name="Wire arrest">
[https://thewire.in/communalism/militant-hindutva-leader-yati-narsinghanand-arrested-at-haridwar Militant Hindutva Leader Yati Narsinghanand Arrested in 2 Cases, Sent to 14-Day Judicial Custody], The Wire, 17 January 2022.
</ref><ref name="Hindu arrest">
[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/yati-narsinghanand-arrested-in-two-cases/article38280086.ece Yati Narsinghanand arrested in two cases], The Hindu, 17 January 2022.
</ref>{{efn|A government official also explained that there were Supreme Court orders that bar the police from making arrests for crimes that need imprisonment of seven years or less.<ref name="Hindu arrest"/>}}

After his arrest, Narsinganand delivered further hate speech extending to the Supreme Court, the constitution and "the system", including the police, politicians and the Army. "Those who believe in [the constitution] will be killed", he declared.<ref name="Wire arrest"/>

On 19 April 2025, Tyagi was acquitted in the hate speech case.<ref name="p806">{{cite web | title=Wasim Rizvi acquitted in Haridwar dharam sansad hate speech case | website=The Times of India | date=2025-04-20 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/wasim-rizvi-acquitted-in-haridwar-dharam-sansad-hate-speech-case/articleshow/120459641.cms | access-date=2025-05-30}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
A day before the ''dharma sansad'' on 27 April 2022, the Supreme Court told the Uttarakhand government to ensure no hate speech at the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Utkarsh |date=2022-04-27 |title=Check hate speech at Dharma Sansad: Supreme Court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/check-hate-speech-at-dharma-sansad-sc-101650998087311.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Utkarsh |date=2022-04-26 |editor-last=Bhasin |editor-first=Swati |title=Top court pulls up Uttarakhand, says 'ensure no hate speech' at event tomorrow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-pulls-up-uttarakhand-on-hate-speech-ahead-of-dharma-sansad-event-101650953461790.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Uttarakhand Police]] denied permission to hold the event and filed an FIR. Heavy police presence was present to ensure order.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-27 |title=Uttarakhand Police deny permission to organise Dharma Sansad in Roorkee, files FIR against organisers |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/uttarakhand-police-deny-permission-to-organise-dharma-sansad-in-roorkee-files-fir-against-organisers |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Eliminationism]]
* [[Hate speech in India]]
** [[Hate speech laws in India]]
* [[Hindutva]]
* [[Violence against Muslims in independent India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |first=William |last=Harman |chapter=The militant ascetic traditions of India and Sri Lanka |editor=P. Pratap Kumar |title=Contemporary Hinduism |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781315729589 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Wd_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 |pages=245–}}
* {{citation |first=James G. |last=Lochtefeld |title=The Vishva Hindu Parishad and the Roots of Hindu Militancy |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=72 |number=2 |date=Summer 1994 |pages=587–602 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/LXII.2.587 |jstor=1465279}}
* {{citation |first=David N. |last=Lorenzen |title=Warrior Ascetics in Indian History |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |year=1978 |volume=98 |number=1 |pages=61–75 |doi=10.2307/600151 |jstor=600151}}

== Further reading ==
* Krishnadas Rajagopal, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hate-speech-attacks-individual-dignity-threatens-national-unity-sc-judgments/article38278231.ece Hate speech attacks individual dignity, threatens national unity: Supreme Court judgments], The Hindu, 16 January 2022.
{{Hindu nationalism}}

[[Category:Incitement to genocide by the Hindutva movement]]
[[Category:2021 speeches]]
[[Category:Hate speech]]
[[Category:2021 in religion]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]
[[Category:2021 controversies]]
[[Category:Persecution of Muslims]]
[[Category:History of Haridwar]]
[[Category:December 2021 in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Incitement to genocide of Muslims]]

Haridwar hate speech controversy - Revision history

Alphabravodevelopmentreview: made a details - done