Handle System - Revision history

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	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}}		{{Reflist}}

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	==Licences and use policy==		==Licences and use policy==
	Handle System, HANDLE.NET and Global Handle Registry are trademarks of the [[Corporation for National Research Initiatives]] (CNRI), a non-profit research and development corporation in the USA. The Handle System is the subject of patents by CNRI, which licenses its Handle System technology through a public license,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.handle.net/HSj/hdlnet-2-LICENSE.pdf \|title=LICENSE \|publisher=www.handle.net \|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> similar to an open source license, in order to enable broader use of the technology. Handle System infrastructure is supported by prefix registration and service fees, with the majority coming from single prefix holders. The largest current single contributor is the [[International DOI Foundation]]. The Public License allows commercial and non-commercial use at low cost of both its patented technology and the reference implementation of the software, and allows the software to be freely embedded in other systems and products. A Service Agreement<ref name="license">{{cite web\|url=http://www.handle.net/service_agreement.html\|title=Redirect to Current Handle.Net web site content.\|website=handle.net\|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref> is also available for users who intend to provide identifier and/or resolution services using the Handle System technology under the Handle System public license.		Handle System, HANDLE.NET and Global Handle Registry are trademarks of the [[Corporation for National Research Initiatives]] (CNRI), a non-profit research and development corporation in the USA. The Handle System is the subject of patents by CNRI, which licenses its Handle System technology through a public license,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.handle.net/HSj/hdlnet-2-LICENSE.pdf \|title=LICENSE \|publisher=www.handle.net \|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> similar to an open source license, in order to enable broader use of the technology. Handle System infrastructure is supported by prefix registration and service fees, with the majority coming from single prefix holders. The largest current single contributor is the [[International DOI Foundation]]. The Public License allows commercial and non-commercial use at low cost of both its patented technology and the reference implementation of the software, and allows the software to be freely embedded in other systems and products. A Service Agreement<ref name="license">{{cite web\|url=http://www.handle.net/service_agreement.html\|title=Redirect to Current Handle.Net web site content.\|website=handle.net\|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref> is also available for users who intend to provide identifier and/or resolution services using the Handle System technology under the Handle System public license.

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}}

Anjuman: Licences and use policy, copying from English Wikipedia

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Licences and use policy, copying from English Wikipedia

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	==Specifications==		==Specifications==
	The Handle System is defined in informational [[Request for Comments\|RFCs]] 3650,<ref name="rfc3650"/> 3651<ref name="rfc3651">{{cite web\|url=http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3651.txt\|title=RFC 3651: Handle System Namespace and Service Definition}}</ref> and 3652<ref name="rfc3652">{{cite web\|url=http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3652.txt\|title=RFC 3652: Handle System Protocol (ver 2.1) Specification}}</ref> of the [[Internet Engineering Task Force\|Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)]]; it includes an open set of protocols, a namespace, and a reference implementation of the protocols. Documentation, software, and related information is provided by CNRI on a dedicated website<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.handle.net \|title=handle.net \|publisher=handle.net \|access-date=2013-03-13}}</ref>		The Handle System is defined in informational [[Request for Comments\|RFCs]] 3650,<ref name="rfc3650"/> 3651<ref name="rfc3651">{{cite web\|url=http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3651.txt\|title=RFC 3651: Handle System Namespace and Service Definition}}</ref> and 3652<ref name="rfc3652">{{cite web\|url=http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3652.txt\|title=RFC 3652: Handle System Protocol (ver 2.1) Specification}}</ref> of the [[Internet Engineering Task Force\|Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)]]; it includes an open set of protocols, a namespace, and a reference implementation of the protocols. Documentation, software, and related information is provided by CNRI on a dedicated website<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.handle.net \|title=handle.net \|publisher=handle.net \|access-date=2013-03-13}}</ref>

			==Licences and use policy==
			Handle System, HANDLE.NET and Global Handle Registry are trademarks of the [[Corporation for National Research Initiatives]] (CNRI), a non-profit research and development corporation in the USA. The Handle System is the subject of patents by CNRI, which licenses its Handle System technology through a public license,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.handle.net/HSj/hdlnet-2-LICENSE.pdf \|title=LICENSE \|publisher=www.handle.net \|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> similar to an open source license, in order to enable broader use of the technology. Handle System infrastructure is supported by prefix registration and service fees, with the majority coming from single prefix holders. The largest current single contributor is the [[International DOI Foundation]]. The Public License allows commercial and non-commercial use at low cost of both its patented technology and the reference implementation of the software, and allows the software to be freely embedded in other systems and products. A Service Agreement<ref name="license">{{cite web\|url=http://www.handle.net/service_agreement.html\|title=Redirect to Current Handle.Net web site content.\|website=handle.net\|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref> is also available for users who intend to provide identifier and/or resolution services using the Handle System technology under the Handle System public license.

Anjuman: Handle System, copying from English Wikipedia

2021-09-12T16:34:39Z

Handle System, copying from English Wikipedia

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{{short description|Specification for persistent identifiers of Internet resources}}

The '''Handle System''' is the [[Corporation for National Research Initiatives]]'s proprietary registry assigning [[persistent identifier]]s, or [[Handle (computing)|handles]], to information resources, and for resolving "those handles into the information necessary to locate, access, and otherwise make use of the resources".<ref name="rfc3650">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3650.txt|title=RFC 3650: Handle System Overview}}</ref>

As with handles used elsewhere in computing, Handle System handles are opaque, and encode no information about the underlying resource, being bound only to [[metadata]] regarding the resource. Consequently, the handles are not rendered invalid by changes to the metadata.

The system was developed by [[Bob Kahn]] at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI). The original work was funded by the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) between 1992 and 1996, as part of a wider framework for distributed digital object services,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/k-w.html |title=Kahn/Wilensky Architecture |publisher=CNRI|date=1995-05-13 |access-date=2013-03-13}}</ref> and was thus contemporaneous with the early deployment of the [[World Wide Web]], with similar goals.

The Handle System was first implemented in autumn 1994, and was administered and operated by CNRI until December 2015, when a new "multi-primary administrator" (MPA) mode of operation was introduced. The DONA Foundation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dona.net/|title=DONA Foundation|website=dona.net}}</ref> now administers the system's Global Handle Registry and accredits MPAs, including CNRI and the International DOI Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://doi.org|title=Digital Object Identifier System|website=doi.org}}</ref>
The system currently provides the underlying infrastructure for such handle-based systems as [[Digital Object Identifiers]] and [[DSpace]], which are mainly used to provide access to scholarly, professional and government documents and other information resources.

CNRI provides specifications and the source code for reference implementations for the servers and protocols used in the system under a royalty-free "Public License", similar to an open source license.<ref name="license"/>

Thousands of handle services are currently running. Over 1000 of these are at universities and libraries, but they are also in operation at national laboratories, research groups, government agencies, and commercial enterprises, receiving over 200 million resolution requests per month.

==Specifications==
The Handle System is defined in informational [[Request for Comments|RFCs]] 3650,<ref name="rfc3650"/> 3651<ref name="rfc3651">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3651.txt|title=RFC 3651: Handle System Namespace and Service Definition}}</ref> and 3652<ref name="rfc3652">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3652.txt|title=RFC 3652: Handle System Protocol (ver 2.1) Specification}}</ref> of the [[Internet Engineering Task Force|Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)]]; it includes an open set of protocols, a namespace, and a reference implementation of the protocols. Documentation, software, and related information is provided by CNRI on a dedicated website<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.handle.net |title=handle.net |publisher=handle.net |access-date=2013-03-13}}</ref>