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{{short description|1959 UK Centaur-class aircraft carrier}}
{{other ships|HMS Hermes}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=HMS Hermes (R12) underway on 16 March 1982 (6350754).jpg
|Ship caption=''Hermes'' at sea in March 1982
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=''Hermes''
|Ship namesake=[[Hermes]]
|Ship ordered=
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[Vickers-Armstrong]]
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=21 June 1944
|Ship launched=16 February 1953
|Ship sponsor=
|Ship christened=
|Ship completed=
|Ship commissioned=25 November 1959
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=1984
|Ship maiden voyage=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship refit=
|Ship struck=1985
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship homeport=[[HMNB Portsmouth]]
|Ship identification=[[Pennant number]]: 61 (1945) R12 (1951) R22 (as ''Viraat'')
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=
|Ship honors=
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=Sold to India, 1986, and renamed {{INS|Viraat|R22|2}}, scrapped 2021
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=title
|Ship country=India
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval 2022}}
|Ship name=''Viraat''
|Ship acquired=May 1987
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned= 6 March 2017<ref name="HT1">{{citation|url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/after-nearly-30-years-with-indian-navy-aircraft-carrier-ins-viraat-decommissioned_1984041.html|title=After nearly 30 years with Indian Navy, aircraft carrier INS Viraat decommissioned|date=6 March 2017|publisher=Z News|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>
|Ship identification=Pennant number: R22
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|Centaur|aircraft carrier}}
|Ship displacement=*{{cvt|23900|LT|t|lk=on}} ([[Displacement (ship)#Standard displacement|standard]])
* {{cvt|28700|LT|t}} ([[full load]])
|Ship length=*{{convert|198.12|m|ftin|abbr=on}} [[Length between perpendiculars|p.p.]]
*{{convert|225.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}} f.d. (as built)
*{{convert|226.90|m|ftin|abbr=on}} o.a. (with [[Ski-jump (aviation)|ski-jump]])
|Ship beam=*{{convert|27.43|m|ftin|abbr=on}} w.l.
*{{convert|43.90|m|ftin|abbr=on}} f.d.
|Ship draught={{convert|8.50|m|ftin||abbr=on}}
|Ship power=*4 [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s
*{{cvt|76000|shp|lk=on}}
|Ship propulsion=2 shafts; 2 geared [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|28|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|7000|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|18|kn}}
|Ship complement=2,100
|Ship crew=
|Ship time to activate=
|Ship sensors=[[MRS-3]] [[fire-control system]]
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=*10 × [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|40 mm Bofors]]
*After 1970: 2 × [[Sea Cat]] launchers
|Ship armour=
|Ship aircraft=*Up to 1970: 12 [[Sea Vixen]]s, 7 [[Blackburn Buccaneer|Buccaneers]], 5 [[Fairey Gannet|Gannet]]s and 6 [[Westland Wessex|Wessex]]
*After 1980: up to 28 [[BAE Sea Harrier|Sea Harriers]] and 9 [[Westland Sea King]]s
|Ship aircraft facilities=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
[[File:HMS Hermes (R12) 1962.jpg|thumb|''Hermes'' in 1962]]
'''HMS ''Hermes''''' was a conventional British [[aircraft carrier]] and the last of the {{sclass|Centaur|aircraft carrier|4}}.

''Hermes'' was in service with the [[Royal Navy]] from 1959 until 1984, and she served as the flagship of the British forces during the 1982 [[Falklands War]].

After being sold to [[India]] in 1986, the vessel was recommissioned and remained in service with the [[Indian Navy]] as {{INS|Viraat|R22|6}} until 2017.

==Construction and modifications==
The ship was laid down by [[Vickers-Armstrong]] at [[Barrow-in-Furness]] during [[World War II]] as HMS ''Elephant''. Construction was suspended in 1945 but work was resumed in 1952 to clear the [[slipway]] and the [[hull (ship)|hull]] was launched on 16 February 1953. The vessel remained unfinished until 1957, when she entered service on 18 November 1959 as HMS ''Hermes'' after extensive modifications which included installation of a massive [[Type 984 radar|Type 984]] 'searchlight' [[3D radar]], a fully angled deck with a deck-edge lift, and steam catapults. With these changes she more resembled the reconstructed aircraft carrier {{HMS|Victorious|R38|2}} than the other three ships in the class.

''Hermes'' initially operated [[Supermarine Scimitar]], [[de Havilland Sea Vixen]], and [[Fairey Gannet]] fixed-wing aircraft, together with [[Westland Whirlwind (helicopter)|Westland Whirlwind]] helicopters.

==Cost==
The construction cost of ''Hermes'' was £18 million,<ref name=Hansard1960/> with a further £1 million for electronic equipment <ref name=Hansard1960/> and a further £10 million for aircraft in 1959.<ref name=Hansard1960>[http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1960/mar/07/navy-estimates-1960-61#S5CV0619P0_19600307_HOC_318 Hansard, HC Deb 07 March 1960 vol 619, ccc153–4, debate on Navy Estimates for 1960–61], speech by [[John Rankin (British politician)|John Rankin]].</ref>

==Operations==
On 16 November 1962, ''Hermes'' was cruising off of the [[Pembrokeshire]] coast in Wales when one of her helicopters carrying two [[Members of Parliament]], [[James Bryan George Hennessy, 2nd Baron Windlesham|Lord Windlesham]] and the MP for [[Loughborough (UK Parliament constituency)|Loughborough]], [[John Cronin (British politician)|John Cronin]], back from the carrier, which they had been visiting, to [[RNAS Brawdy]], crashed off [[St David's Head]]. While Cronin and the helicopter's two-man crew were saved by another helicopter from ''Hermes'', Lord Windlesham and an RAF officer being carried as a passenger were killed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bad Month for Air World: Five Killed in Centaur: Six Lose Lives in Air Crashes|newspaper=[[Navy News]]|date=December 1962|page=1|url=https://issuu.com/navynews/docs/196212|access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Hansard|house=House of Commons|speaker=[[Ian Orr-Ewing, Baron Orr-Ewing|C. Ian Orr-Ewing]]|position=Civil Lord of the Admiralty |title=Royal Navy (Accidents) |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1962-11-20/debates/c7cefdbc-a550-4c8c-ac10-45f58f5d0731/RoyalNavy(Accidents) |date=20 November 1962|volume=667 |column_start=1016 |column_end=1017 |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref>

===Proposed operation of F-4 Phantom ===
[[File:F-4B of VF-96 aboard HMS Hermes (R12) in 1963.jpg|thumb|F-4B Phantom of the US Navy operating from ''Hermes'' in 1963. Although the Admiralty initially indicated that ''Hermes'' would be modernised to operate the Phantom, the plan proved unworkable owing to the ship's small size.]]

[[John Hay (Henley MP)|John Hay]], [[Civil Lord of the Admiralty]], said in Parliament on 2 March 1964 that "Phantoms will be operated from "Hermes", "Eagle" and the new carrier when it is built. ... Our present information and advice is that the aircraft should be able to operate from "Hermes" after she has undergone her refit."<ref>{{citation |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1964/mar/02/vote-a-numbers#S5CV0690P0_19640302_HOC_423 |publisher=Hansard |work=House of Commons Debates |date=2 March 1964 |volume= 690 |at=cc916-1087 |title= Vote A. Numbers |author= John Hay}}</ref>
This seemed optimistic, as most sources believed ''Victorious'' was the smallest carrier then in commission that the [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in UK service|modified RN F-4K versions]] of the Phantom could realistically have operated from. The British [[Rolls-Royce Spey#F-4K Phantom|Rolls-Royce Spey]] engines replacing the US [[General Electric J79]] were a political necessity given the cancellation of the supersonic British [[Hawker Siddeley P.1154]] V/STOL aircraft project. The projected superior fuel efficiency using the Spey engines was overshadowed by larger engine size and inflexibility. From the smaller ''Hermes'' maximum weight at takeoff would be 25 tons rather than 28 tons when operating off ''Eagle''.<ref>N. Freidman. ''Fighters over the Fleet. Naval Air Defence form Biplanes to the Cold War''. Seaforth. Pen & Sword (2016) Barnsley, p. 340.</ref> Since this lower weight at launch from ''Hermes'' would be achieved by carrying less fuel, [[combat air patrol]] duration would be 25 to 50 percent less than from ''Eagle''; from 2-2.5 hours to 1-1.5 hrs,<ref>N. Freidman ''Fighters over the Fleet''. Seaforth (2016) pp. 339–341.</ref> and only partly compensated by refuelling when airborne. It was optimistically believed ''Hermes'' could replace its Vixens with Spey-powered Phantoms on a one-to-one basis,<ref>Friedman. ''Fighters over the Fleet''. Seaforth (2016) pp. 240–241.</ref> i.e. 11–12 with 7–8 [[Blackburn Buccaneer]] strike aircraft. While the Phantoms built for the RN were modified in ways similar to [[Vought F-8 Crusader]]s for the [[French Navy]] – improving deceleration on landing – the modifications were not entirely successful. ''Hermes''{{'}}s flight deck was too short, her arresting gear as well as her catapults were not powerful enough to recover or launch the F-4Ks, even though they were slightly lighter, more economical and higher performing than their [[US Navy]] counterparts{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}. The Phantom trials held on ''Hermes'' in 1969–1970 proved this, though in the views of the then Minister of Defence, [[Denis Healey]], the carrier could operate the most modern aircraft, but in too small numbers to be effective. While it is clear that [[Robert McNamara|McNamara's]] claims that the F-4 was not safe for use on the USN {{sclass|Essex|aircraft carrier|4}}, or 31,000-ton carriers, was rightly rejected by John Hay in 1964.<ref>HC Defence Estimates debate, 64-5</ref> It is clear that ''Hermes'' was not a viable substitute for CVA02, but the programme was politically and financially impossible.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

===Proposed transfer to Australia===
A 1966 review indicated that ''Hermes'' was surplus to operational requirements and she was offered to the [[Royal Australian Navy]] (RAN) as a replacement for [[HMAS Melbourne (R21)|HMAS ''Melbourne'']]. In 1968, ''Hermes'' took part in a combined exercise with the RAN, during which the carrier was visited by senior RAN officers and Australian government officials, while RAN [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk|Douglas A-4G Skyhawks]] and [[Grumman S-2 Tracker]]s practised landings on the larger carrier.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hobbs |first=Commander David |date=October 2007 |title=HMAS ''Melbourne'' (II) – 25 Years On |journal=The Navy |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=5–9 |issn=1322-6231}}</ref> The offer was turned down due to operating and manpower costs.

===Proposed international fleet===
''Hermes'' served as one of four Royal Navy strike carriers mainly in the [[Indian Ocean]] and finally in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] until decommissioned in 1970. She could have seen action against the Egyptians when Egypt closed off the [[Straits of Tiran]] to Israeli shipping in May 1967 when the UK and US contemplated forming an international fleet to open the straits with force if necessary,<ref>[https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d72 FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1964–1968 VOLUME XIX, ARAB-ISRAELI CRISIS AND WAR, 1967, DOCUMENT 72, Memorandum for the Record], dated 26 May 1967</ref> but the UK backed down.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Air wing 1968–1970 {{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
!Squadron!!Aircraft type!!Number of<br>aircraft!!Role
|-align=center
|[[801 Naval Air Squadron|801 NAS]]||[[Blackburn Buccaneer]] S.2||7||Strike
|-align=center
|[[893 Naval Air Squadron|893 NAS]]||[[de Havilland Sea Vixen]] FAW.2||12||Fleet air defence
|-align=center
|rowspan=2|[[849 Naval Air Squadron|849A NAS]]||[[Fairey Gannet AEW.3]]||4||Airborne early warning
|-align=center
|Fairey Gannet COD.4||1||Carrier on-board delivery
|-align=center
|[[814 Naval Air Squadron|814 NAS]]||[[Westland Wessex]] HAS.3 ||5||Anti-submarine warfare
|-align=center
|Ships Flight||Westland Wessex HAS.1||1||Air-sea rescue & Utility
|}

===Commando/ASW/STOVL carrier===
When the decision was made in the mid-1960s to phase out fixed wing carrier operations ''Hermes'' was slated to become a "Commando Carrier" for [[Royal Marines|Royal Marine]] operations (similar in concept to a US Navy LHA). Therefore, ''Hermes'' was docked down in number 10 Dock in [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport Dockyard]] between 1971 and 1973, undergoing a conversion in which her arresting cables, steam catapults, and 3-D radar were removed. [[Landing craft]] and berthing for 800 troops were added and her airwing became approximately 20 [[Westland Sea King]] helicopters. By 1976, with the Soviet submarine threat becoming apparent and through [[NATO]] pressure, a further mild conversion was performed for ''Hermes'' to become an [[anti-submarine warfare]] carrier to patrol the North Atlantic. ''Hermes'' underwent one more conversion and new capabilities were added when she was refitted at Portsmouth from 1980 to June 1981, during which a 12° [[Ski-jump (aviation)|ski-jump]] and facilities for operating [[BAe Sea Harrier]]s were incorporated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hobbs |first1=David |title=The British Carrier Strike Fleet: After 1945 |date=2015 |publisher=[[Seaforth Publishing]] |isbn=9781612519999 |pages=469–472}}</ref>

After this refit the air wing comprised:
*[[800 NAS]] 5 Sea Harrier FRS.1 fighter
*[[826 NAS]] 12 Sea King HAS.5 ASW

===Falklands War===
''Hermes'' was due to be decommissioned in 1982 after the [[1981 Defence White Paper|1981 Defence Review]] (that would have made the Royal Navy considerably smaller) by the British government, but when the [[Falklands War]] broke out, she was made the [[flagship]] of the British forces, setting sail for the [[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic]] just three days after the [[1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands|Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands]]. She sailed for the Falklands with an airgroup of 12 Sea Harrier FRS1 attack aircraft of the Royal Navy's [[Fleet Air Arm]], and 18 Sea King helicopters. A few weeks after sailing, more aircraft were flown or transported via other ships to replace some losses and augment the task force. ''Hermes''{{'}}s airgroup grew to 16 Sea Harriers, 10 [[Hawker Siddeley Harrier]] GR3s of the [[Royal Air Force]], and 10 Sea Kings (after some of the helicopters were dispersed to other ships) as well as a troop of [[Special Air Service]] (SAS) and [[Royal Marines]]. As she was the RN's largest carrier, she was considered too valuable to risk in close to the Falklands, due to the possibility of Argentine air force attacks. Her Harriers therefore operated at the limit of their endurance radius but were very successful in keeping the enemy aircraft at bay.

Air group at the height of the Falklands Conflict:
*[[800 Naval Air Squadron|800 NAS]] – 15 Sea Harrier FRS.1
*[[826 Naval Air Squadron|826 NAS]] – 5 Sea King HAS.5
*[[846 Naval Air Squadron|846 NAS]] – 5 Sea King HC.4
*[[No. 1 Squadron RAF]] – 6 Harrier GR.3

===After the Falklands War===
After her return home from the Falklands conflict ''Hermes'' entered into a much needed 4-month refit to her propulsion and electrical systems, as well as a thorough cleaning and repainting. When this was completed in November 1982, she embarked stores and performed work-ups exercises. She then took part in NATO exercises in the North Atlantic, and the Mediterranean Sea as a commando carrier. In the autumn of 1983 she took part in her last exercise, ''Ocean Safari'', where she reverted to a strike carrier role, embarking 12 Sea Harriers, 10 RAF Harrier GR.3s and 10 Sea Kings. After this exercise, she called into Devonport for a minor refit and thereafter into maintained reserve in Portsmouth.

In 1983, when the proposed sale of the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Invincible|R05|2}} to the [[Royal Australian Navy]] was cancelled following the Falklands War, an offer was made to sell ''Hermes'' and a squadron of Sea Harriers to Australia. However the new [[Hawke Government]] decided against purchasing a replacement for HMAS ''Melbourne''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sea Harrier Down Under|url=http://www.harrier.org.uk/history/history_SHARdownunder.htm|access-date=2008-05-27 |publisher=harrier.org.uk}}</ref>

''Hermes'' served with the Royal Navy until 12 April 1984. On this day she entered Portsmouth with a reduced crew, under her own steam, flying the White Ensign for the final time as a seagoing ship.

===''Viraat''===

In April 1986 ''Hermes'' was towed from Portsmouth Dockyard to Devonport Dockyard to be refitted, reactivated and sold to [[India]], recommissioning and sailing as [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']] in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://navaltoday.com/2016/03/07/one-sailor-dead-three-injured-after-fire-breaks-out-on-indian-aircraft-carrier/|title = One sailor dead, three injured after fire breaks out on Indian aircraft carrier|date = 7 March 2022}}</ref>

[[File:INS Viraat (ex HMS Hermes), sailing from Devonport Dockyard to begin her service with the Indian Navy.jpg|thumb|Taken from Torpoint in Cornwall, INS ''Viraat'', is seen here leaving Devonport Dockyard for the last time as she begins the long voyage to India for service with the Indian Navy]]

[[File:INS Viraat R22.jpg|thumb|INS ''Viraat'' docked at Mumbai Naval Docks after final decommission from the service]]

==Complement==
The typical aircraft complement in the late 1960s consisted of 12 Sea Vixen FAW2s, 7 Buccaneer S2s, 4 Gannet AEW3s, 1 Gannet COD4, 5 Wessex HAS3s and 1 Wessex HAS1. '''Hermes''' was recommissioned as a [[commando]] carrier in 1973, as an ASW carrier in 1976 (carrying around 20 or so Sea King and Wessex helicopters), and then as a [[V/STOL]] carrier in 1981. ''Hermes'' initial complement of aircraft as a V/STOL carrier was five Harriers and 12 Sea King helicopters, though she had the capacity for up to a total of 37 aircraft.

==Preservation attempts==
Following her decommissioning from the Indian Navy in 2017, a crowdfunding campaign was launched to preserve Hermes as a museum piece.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/defence/fresh-bid-made-to-save-former-falklands-flagship-1-8109033 |title=Fresh bid made to save former Falklands flagship|date=17 August 2017 }}</ref> The campaign aimed to raise £100,000, but was only able to raise £9,303 before being declared unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crowdfunder.co.uk/hms-hermes-repatriation/? |title=HMS Hermes repatriation}}</ref>

On 1 November 2018 the [[Maharashtra]] cabinet approved the conversion of ''Viraat'' into India's first moored maritime museum and marine adventure centre. It would be located near [[Nivati fort|Nivati]], [[Sindhudurg district]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Bhavika |title=INS Viraat to be turned into maritime museum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ins-viraat-to-be-turned-into-maritime-museum/articleshow/66469224.cms |access-date=2 November 2018 |work=[[Times of India]] |agency=TNN |date=2 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=INS Viraat to get 2nd life as maritime museum |url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/021118/ins-viraat-to-get-2nd-life-as-maritime-museum.html |access-date=2 November 2018 |work=The Asian Age |date=2 November 2018 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> On 1 July 2019 the Indian Minister of State for Defence informed the Indian Parliament that a decision to scrap Viraat had been taken due to the non-receipt of any financially self-sustaining proposal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Finally, aircraft carrier Viraat to be scrapped |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/finally-aircraft-carrier-viraat-to-be-scraped/article28252048.ece |access-date=29 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 July 2022}}</ref>

The ship is currently being scrapped in a ship breakers yard in Alang, India. As of December 2020, about five per cent of the ship was already gone. The distinctive take-off ramp used by the Harrier jump jets had been removed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-12-15/worlds-oldest-warship-hms-hermes-being-decommissioned-in-india |title=World's longest-serving warship HMS Hermes being decommissioned in India|date=15 December 2022}}</ref> On 10 February 2021, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ordered the dismantling be placed on hold, following a petition by a private firm to turn the ship into a museum.<ref>{{cite news |title=SC stays dismantling of decommissioned aircraft carrier INS Viraat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2021-02-10 |access-date=2021-02-11 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Type 984 radar]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* {{Cite Colledge2022}}
* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, MD|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{citation |first=N. |last=Freidman |title=Fighters over the Fleet |publisher= Seaforth |date=2022}}
* {{cite book|last=McCart|first=Neil|title=HMS Hermes 1923 & 1959|publisher=Fan Publications|location=Cheltenham, England|year=2001|isbn=1-901225-05-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Sturtivant|first=Ray|title=The Squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm|year=1984|publisher=Air-Britain (Historians)|location=Tonbridge, Kent|isbn=0-85130-120-7}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|HMS Hermes (R12)}}
*[http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/great_britain/pages/aircraft_carriers/hms_hermes_r12.htm Maritimequest HMS ''Hermes'' photo gallery]
*{{YouTube| PL4EA37D3E89608F68 | "Launch & Recover (1960)" }} – filmed on ''Hermes''.
* [https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/columns/the-informer/iconic-ins-viraat-to-be-dismantled-at-alang/amp_articleshow/77711135.cms?__twitter_impression=true Article about potential scrapping]


{{Centaur class aircraft carrier}}
{{Falklands War British ships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hermes (R12)}}
[[Category:Centaur-class aircraft carriers]]
[[Category:Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness]]
[[Category:1953 ships]]
[[Category:Cold War aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War II aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military and war museums in India]]
[[Category:Centaur-class aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy]]

[[de:INS Viraat (R22)]]

HMS Hermes (R12) - Revision history

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