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{{Short description|ancient Indian education system}}
{{Italic title}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2017}}

[[File:Parmarth4.jpg|thumb|upright 1.2|Guru teaching students in a gurukula]]

A '''{{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}}''' or '''{{lang|sa-Latn|gurukulam}}''' ({{lang-sa|गुरुकुल|gurukula}}) is a type of education system in [[ancient India]] with {{lang|sa-Latn|shishya}} ('students' or 'disciples') living near or with the [[guru]], in the same house.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Yin Cheong Cheng |editor2=Kwok Tung Tsui |editor3=King Wai Chow|editor4=Magdalena Mo Ching Mok | year=2002| title=Subject Teaching and Teacher Education in the New Century: Research and Innovation | publisher=Springer |isbn=978-962-949-060-7 |page=194}}</ref> The [[guru-shishya tradition]] is a sacred one in [[Hinduism]] and possibly appears in other [[Dharma|dharmas]] in India, such as [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]]. (In the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] tradition by contrast, the word [[Guru Granth Sahib|Guru]] has a very restricted use and not generally applied to individual teachers, while the institution of [[Gurdwara]] has a major social role instead of a monastic one.) The word {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}} is a combination of the Sanskrit words {{lang|sa-Latn|guru}} ('teacher' or 'master') and {{lang|sa-Latn|[[Kaula (Hinduism)|kula]]}} ('family' or 'home').<ref name=ITGurugram/><ref name=Edu1>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/4378166/Gurukula_A_Family_with_Difference_An_Exposition_of_the_Ancient_Indian_System_of_Education|title=Gurukula: A Family with Difference - An Exposition of the Ancient Indian System of Education|first=Kurian|last=Kachappilly|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref> The term is also used today to refer to residential monasteries or schools operated by modern gurus.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-14292578.html |title=नित्यानंद ने 70 लोगों को दी दीक्षा |trans-title=Nithyananda initiated 70 people |work=Dainik Jagran |access-date=7 April 2018 |language=hi |quote=... [C]hildren of Swami Nithyananda's gurukul school demonstrated ....]}}</ref> The proper plural of the term is {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukulam}}, though ''gurukulas'' and ''gurukuls'' are also used in English and some other [[Western world|Western]] languages.

The students learn from the guru and help the guru in his everyday life, including carrying out of mundane daily household chores. However, some scholars suggest that the activities are not mundane and very essential part of the education to inculcate self-discipline among students.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi|first=Ankur|last2=Gupta|first2=Rajen K.|date=July 2017|title=Elementary education in Bharat (that is India): insights from a postcolonial ethnographic study of a Gurukul|url=http://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=85390|journal=International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management|volume=15 |issue=1|pages=100–120}}</ref> Typically, a guru does not receive or accept any fees from the {{lang|sa-Latn|shishya}} studying with him as the relationship between a guru and the shishya is considered very sacred.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Joshi|first=Ankur|last2=Bindlish|first2=Puneet|last3=Verma|first3=Pawan Kumar|date=2014-12-01|title=A Post-colonial Perspective towards Education in Bharat|journal=Vision|volume=18|issue=4|pages=359–363|doi=10.1177/0972262914552171|issn=0972-2629}}</ref>

At the end of one's education, a {{lang|sa-Latn|shishya}} offers the guru {{lang|sa-Latn|[[dakshina]]}} before leaving the gurukula.<ref name=Edu1/> The {{lang|sa-Latn|gurudakshina}} is a traditional gesture of acknowledgment, respect and thanks to the guru, which may be monetary, but may also be a special task the teacher wants the student to accomplish.<ref name=Edu1/> While living in a {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}}, the students would be away from their home from a period of months to years at a stretch.

== History ==

[[File:Arya Samaj Gurukul School boys performing Homa ritual 1915.jpg|thumb|Arya Samaj Gurukul School boys performing [[Homa (ritual)|Homa ritual]] (1915)]]

The {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}} system of education has been in existence since ancient times. The [[Upanishads]] (1000-800 BCE) mention multiple {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukulam}}, including that of guru [[Drona]] at [[Gurgaon]].<ref name=ITGurugram>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/did-you-know-the-true-story-behind-gurugram-253390.html|title=Did You Know The True Story Behind Gurugram?|date=April 13, 2016|website=IndiaTimes}}</ref> The {{lang|sa-Latn|Bhrigu Valli}} (a discourse on the [[Brahman]]) is said to have taken place in Guru Varuni's {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}}. The vedic school of thought prescribes the {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula|[[Upanayana]]}} (sacred rite of passage) to all individuals before the age of 8 at least by 12. From initiation until the age of 25 all individuals are prescribed to be students and to remain unmarried, a celibate.

{{lang|sa-Latn|Gurukulam}} were supported by public donations. This was followed by the many following Vedic thoughts making gurukula one of the earliest forms of public school centres.

== Revival of the {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}} system ==

By the colonial era, the {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}} system was on a steep decline in India. [[Dayananda Saraswati]], the founder of [[Arya Samaj]] and [[Swami Shraddhanand]], were the pioneers of the modern {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}} system, who in 1886 founded now-widespread [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee|Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Public Schools and Universities]].<ref name=arya1>Gurukula Patrika, April–July, 1940-41, Ank 10, (12 June 1940), P.1</ref><ref name=arya2>Madalsa Ujjwal, 2008, "Swami Dayanand Saraswati Life and Ideas", Book Treasure Publications, Jodhpur, PP.96-97</ref><ref name=arya3>Gunjun H. Shakshi, 1971, "Social and Humanistic Life in India", Abhinav Publications, Delhi, PP.122-124.</ref>

In 1948, Shastriji Maharaj Shree Dharamjivan das Swami followed suit and initiated first Swaminarayan {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}} in [[Rajkot]] in [[Gujarat]] state of [[India]]. Recently, several {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukulam}} have opened up in India as well as overseas with a desire to uphold tradition.

Various {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukulas}} still exist in India, and researchers have been studying the effectiveness of the system through those institutions.<ref name=":0" /> With the advent of new means of [[mass communication]], many [[guru]]s and Vedantic scholars are opening E-Gurukula. These gurukulas are operating online and are now imparting knowledge about different [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]] using the internet. Most of these gurukulas are breaking traditional bounds by allowing women to get access to knowledge about the scriptures and [[Vedas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/online-drive-promoting-vedas-vedic-education/articleshow/78414983.cms|title=Online drive promoting Vedas, Vedic education | Allahabad News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GRD Iyers Home|url=https://grdiyers.weebly.com/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=GRD IYERS GURUCOOL|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gurukul Online – Learn Vedic knowledge at your own place|url=https://gurukulonline.net/|access-date=2021-03-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Yatendra|date=2020-06-03|title=RSS affiliate starts online Vedic Mathematics course for students|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/rss-affiliate-starts-online-vedic-mathematics-course-for-students/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=The Daily Guardian|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Scholarly works on Gurukul ==

* [[Dharampal]] a Gandhiain Scholar authored a book titled The beautiful tree: Indigenous Indian education in the eighteenth century<ref>{{Cite book|author=DHARAMPAL|url=http://archive.org/details/TheBeautifulTree-Dharampal|title=THE BEAUTIFUL TREE - DHARAMPAL|language=English}}</ref>
* Prof. Marmar Mukhopadhayay complied a book titled Total Quality Management in Education deriving insights from ancient education system.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Marmar|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9789353885977|title=Total Quality Management in Education|date=2020|publisher=SAGE Publications Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5388-281-5|location=B1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area, Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044}}</ref> He also devised concept of Multi-Channel Learning based on Gurukul Pedagogy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Marmar|last2=Parhar|first2=Madhu|date=November 2001|title=Instructional design in multi‐channel learning system|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8535.00224|journal=British Journal of Educational Technology|volume=32|issue=5|pages=543–556|doi=10.1111/1467-8535.00224|issn=0007-1013}}</ref>
* Ankur Joshi authored a research papers titled - Elementary education in Bharat (that is India): insights from a postcolonial ethnographic study of a Gurukul<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Joshi|first=Ankur|last2=Gupta|first2=Rajen K.|date=2017|title=Elementary education in Bharat (that is India): insights from a postcolonial ethnographic study of a Gurukul|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijicbm.2017.085390|journal=International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management|volume=15|issue=1|pages=100|doi=10.1504/ijicbm.2017.085390|issn=1753-0806}}</ref> and A post-colonial perspective towards education in Bharat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Joshi|first=Ankur|last2=Bindlish|first2=Puneet|last3=Verma|first3=Pawan Kumar|date=December 2014|title=A Post-colonial Perspective towards Education in Bharat|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262914552171|journal=Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective|volume=18|issue=4|pages=359–363|doi=10.1177/0972262914552171|issn=0972-2629}}</ref>

== Out of India ==
The Gurukulam system of education is available outside of India as well.
They are known as Gurukula.

=== In Belgium ===
At the [[Jain Culture Center of Antwerp]], children between the ages of 8 till 16 study [[Indian mathematics#Vedic period|Vedic mathematics]], [[Art]], [[Music]], as well as [[Jyotishi|Vedic Astrology, Jyotishi]], [[Sanskrit]] and [[Yoga]].

Children participate in this Gurukula during holiday times at the traditional schools, for a week in October / November, 2 weeks during Easter break, and 1 month during summer break.

==See also==
* [[Acharyakulam]]
* [[Akhara]]
* [[Akshaya Patra Foundation]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Ekal Vidyalaya]]
* [[Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya]]
* [[History of education in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Swaminarayan Gurukul]]
* [[Uchi-deshi]] (a similar system in Japan)
* [[Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram]]
* [[Vidya Bharti]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External link==
*{{commonscatinline}}

[[Category:School types]]
[[Category:Hindu education]]
[[Category:Vedic period]]

Gurukula - Revision history

Providentecopoliten: improved details also and updated info

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