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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|India\|Punjab}}~~
	*[[Guru Granth Sahib]]		*[[Guru Granth Sahib]]
	*[[List of places named after Guru Angad Dev]]		*[[List of places named after Guru Angad Dev]]

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2022-12-13T11:57:05Z

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:27, 13 December 2022
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	[[Category:1504 births]]		[[Category:1504 births]]
	[[Category:Punjabi people]]		[[Category:Punjabi people]]
	[[Category:Punjab]]		[[Category:Punjab (India)]]
	[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]		[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]

>C.Fred: euphemisms, honorifics

2021-07-02T02:39:21Z

euphemisms, honorifics

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{{Short description|The second Sikh Guru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Guru Angad<br>ਗੁਰੂ ਅੰਗਦ
| image = Guru_Angad_Devi_from_a_painting_at_Baoli_Sahib-Goindwal.jpg
| alt = Guru Angad image from 1770
| caption = Fresco of the second Sikh Guru at [[Goindval]]
| birth_name = Bhai Lehna
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|df=yes|31 March 1504}}
| birth_place = Matte Di Sarai, [[Muktsar]], [[Punjab (region)|Panjab]]
| death_date = {{Death-date and age|df=yes|29 March 1552|March 31, 1504}}
| death_place = [[Khadur Sahib]], [[Tarn Taran district]]<ref>{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|page=20}}</ref>
| known_for = Standardising the [[Gurmukhi]] Script
| predecessor = [[Guru Nanak]]
| successor = [[Guru Amar Das]]
| spouse = [[Mata Khivi]]
| children = Baba Dasu (1521–1598)<br> Baba Dattu (1524–1575)<br> Bibi Amro (1529–1601) <br>Bibi Anokhi (1531–1608)
| parents = Mata Ramo and Baba Pheru Mal
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''Guru Angad''' (31 March 1504 – 29 March 1552;<ref name=eos/> [[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰੂ ਅੰਗਦ, pronunciation: {{IPA-all|gʊɾuː əŋgəd̯ᵊ|}}) was the second of the ten [[Sikh gurus]] of Sikhism. After meeting [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of [[Sikhism]], becoming a Sikh, and serving and working with Guru Nanak for many years, Guru Nanak gave Lehna the name Angad ("my own limb"),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter B.|last2=Beyer|first2=Peter|title=The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|isbn=9781135210991|page=565}}</ref> and chose Angad as the second Sikh Guru.<ref name="Fenech2014p36"/><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18"/><ref name=Shackle_2005>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | pages=xiii–xiv | no-pp=true}}</ref>

After the death of Guru Nanak in 1539, Guru Angad led the Sikh tradition.<ref name=eosamardas>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n163 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> He is remembered in Sikhism for adopting and formalizing the [[Gurmukhi alphabet]].<ref name="Mandair2013p35"/><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18"/> He began the process of compiling the hymns of Guru Nanak and contributed 62 or 63 hymns of his own.<ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18"/> Instead of his own son, he chose his disciple [[Guru Amar Das|Amar Das]] as his [[Hinduism|successor]] and the third Guru of Sikhism.<ref name=eosamardas/><ref name=cole20/>

==Biography==
Guru Angad was born with birth name of Lehna in village of Harike in the [[Punjab]] region.<ref name="Mandair2013p35">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=35–37}}</ref><ref name="Fenech2014p36">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=36}}</ref> He was the son of a small but successful trader named Pheru Mal. His mother's name was Mata Ramo (also known as Mata Sabhirai, Mansa Devi and Daya Kaur).<ref name="eos">{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=Guru Angad |last1=McLeod |first=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi |access-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> Like all the Sikh Gurus, Lehna came from [[Khatri]] caste.<ref>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | page=xv}}</ref>

At age 16, Angad married a Khatri girl named [[Mata Khivi]] in January 1520. They had two sons (Dasu and Datu) and one or two daughters (Amro and Anokhi), depending on the primary sources.<ref name=eos/> The entire family of his father had left their ancestral village in fear of the invasion of [[Babur|Babar]]'s armies. After this the family settled at Khadur Sahib, a village by the [[River Beas]] near what is now [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]].

Before becoming a disciple of Guru Nanak and following the Sikh way of life as Angad, Lehna was a religious teacher and priest who followed the Sanatan dharma.<ref name="Fenech2014p36"/><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18">{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA18 |year=1995|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=18–20}}</ref><ref name=eos/> Bhai Lehna in his late 20s sought out Guru Nanak, became his disciple, and displayed deep and loyal service to his [[Guru]] for about six to seven years in Kartarpur and renounced the Sanatan way of life.<ref name=eos/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sikka|first1=A.S.|title=Complete Poetical Works of Ajit Singh Sikka|date=2003|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distribution|page=951}}</ref>

===Selection as successor===
Several stories in the Sikh tradition describe reasons why Bhai Lehna was chosen by Guru Nanak over his own sons as his choice of successor. One of these stories is about a jug which fell into mud, and Guru Nanak asked his sons to pick it up. Guru Nanak's sons would not pick it up because it was too dirty or menial a task. Then he asked Bhai Lehna, who however picked it out of the mud, washed it clean, and presented it to Guru Nanak full of water.<ref name="Cole 1978 18">{{cite book | last=Cole | first=W. Owen | author2=Sambhi, Piara Singh | year=1978 | title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul | location=London | isbn=0-7100-8842-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/18 18] | no-pp=true | url=https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/18 }}</ref> Guru Nanak touched him and renamed him Angad (from ''Ang'', or part of the body) and named him as his successor and the second Nanak on 7 September 1539.<ref name=eos/><ref name="Fenech2014p22">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=22}}</ref>

After Guru Nanak died on 22 September 1539, Guru Angad unable to bear the separation from Guru Nanak retired into a room in a disciple's house in a state of [[Vairagya]]. [[Baba Buddha]] later discovered him after a long search and requested him to return for Guruship.<ref name=":srigranth83">{{cite web|title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib, ang 83|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&id=3336&Param=83#l3336}}</ref> The [[Gurbani]] uttered at the time ''Die before the one whom you love, to live after he dies is to live a worthless life in this world.''<ref name=":srigranth83" /> was the first hymn in [[Guru Granth Sahib]] by Guru Angad and signifies the pain he felt at the separation from [[Guru Nanak]]. Guru Angad later left Kartarpur for the village of Khadur Sahib (near Goindwal Sahib). Post succession, at one point, very few Sikhs accepted Guru Angad as their leader and while the sons of Guru Nanak claimed to be the successors. Guru Angad focused on the teachings of Nanak, and building the community through charitable works such as [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]].<ref name="Fenech2014p41">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=41–44}}</ref>

===Relationship with the Mughal Empire===
The second [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor of India [[Humayun]] visited Guru Angad at around 1540 after Humayun lost the Battle of Kannauj, and thereby the Mughal throne to [[Sher Shah Suri]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|last2=Fenech|first2=Louis|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780191004124|page=41|edition=First}}</ref> According to Sikh hagiographies, when Humayun arrived in Gurdwara Mal Akhara Sahib at [[Tarn Taran Sahib#Khadur Sahib|Khadur Sahib]] Guru Angad was sitting and teaching children.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ajit |title=Suraj Prakash Granth part 5 ras 4 |date=2005 |isbn=81-7601-685-3 |page=177}}</ref> The failure to greet the Emperor immediately angered Humayun. Humayun lashed out but the Guru reminded him that the time when you needed to fight when you lost your throne you ran away and did not fight and now you want to attack a person engaged in prayer.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Gurpreet|title=Ten Masters|date=2001|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171829460|page=53}}</ref> In the Sikh texts written more than a century after the event, Guru Angad is said to have blessed the emperor, and reassured him that someday he will regain the throne.<ref name="Fenech2014p41"/>

===Death and successor===
Before his death, Guru Angad, following the example set by [[Guru Nanak]], nominated [[Guru Amar Das]] as his successor (The Third Nanak). Amar Das was born into a Hindu family and had been reputed to have gone on some twenty pilgrimages into the [[Himalayas]], to [[Haridwar]] on river Ganges. About 1539, on one such Hindu pilgrimage, he met a ''sadhu'', or ascetic, who asked him why he did not have a [[guru]] (teacher, spiritual counsellor) and Amar Das decided to get one.<ref name=eosamardas/> On his return, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of the Guru Angad who had married his brother's son, singing a hymn by [[Guru Nanak]].<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29"/> Amar Das learnt from her about Guru Angad, and with her help met the second Guru of Sikhism in 1539, adopting Guru Angad as his spiritual Guru, who was much younger than his own age.<ref name=eosamardas/>

Amar Das displayed relentless devotion and service to Guru Angad. Sikh tradition states that he woke up in the early hours to fetch water for Guru Angad's bath, cleaned and cooked for the volunteers with the Guru, as well devoted much time to meditation and prayers in the morning and evening.<ref name=eosamardas/> Guru Angad named Amar Das as his successor in 1552.<ref name=cole20/><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> Guru Angad died on 29 March 1552.<ref name=eos/>

==Influence==
===Gurmukhi script===
[[File:Punjabi Alphabet.jpg|thumb|[[Gurmukhi]] script (partial)]]
Guru Angad is credited in the Sikh tradition with the [[Gurmukhi]] script, which is now the standard writing script for Punjabi language in India,<ref name=shacklexvii>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | pages=xvii–xviii}}</ref> in contrast to Punjabi language in Pakistan where now a Perso-Arabic script called [[Shahmukhi]] is the standard.<ref name="Bright1996p395">{{cite book|author1=Peter T. Daniels|author2=William Bright|title=The World's Writing Systems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507993-7|page=395}}</ref> The original Sikh scriptures and most of the historic Sikh literature have been written in the Gurmukhi script.<ref name=shacklexvii/>

Guru Angad standardized and made improvements to the scripts of the region to create the Gurmukhi script.<ref>{{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Masica |year=1993 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |place= Cambridge, U.K. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indoaryan+languages|page=143}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|page=36}}</ref> Examples of possible forerunners of the script including at least one hymn written in acrostic form by Guru Nanak,<ref name=cole19>{{cite book | last=Cole | first=W. Owen | author2=Sambhi, Piara Singh | year=1978 | title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul | location=London | isbn=0-7100-8842-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/19 19] | no-pp=true | url=https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/19 }}</ref> and its earlier history is yet to be fully determined.<ref name="JainCardona2007p594">{{cite book|author1=Danesh Jain|author2=George Cardona|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ |date=26 July 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|pages=594–596}}</ref>

He also wrote 62 or 63 [[Salok]]s (compositions), which together constitute about one percent of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the primary scripture of Sikhism.<ref>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | page= xviii}}</ref> Rather than contribute hymns, Angad's importance was as a consolidator of Guru Nanak's hymns.<ref name=cole19/> Guru Angad would also supervise the writing down of Nanak's hymns by Bhai Paira Mokha and scrutinize the resulting compilation, preparing the way for a Sikh scripture, as well as the beginning of a vernacular Punjabi literature, as tradition holds that he may have also commissioned an account of Guru Nanak's life from earlier disciples.<ref name=cole19/> The collection of hymns would also be increasingly important for the expanding community.<ref name=cole19/>

===Langar and community work===
Guru Angad is notable for systematizing the institution of [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]] in all Sikh temple premises, where visitors from near and far could get a free simple meal in a communal seating.<ref name="Mandair2013p35"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=319}}</ref> He also set the rules and training method for volunteers (''sevadars'') who operated the kitchen, placing emphasis on treating it as a place of rest and refuge, being always polite and hospitable to all visitors.<ref name="Mandair2013p35"/>

Guru Angad visited other places and centres established by Guru Nanak for the preaching of Sikhism. He established new centres and thus strengthened its base.<ref name="Mandair2013p35"/>

===''Mall Akhara''===
The Guru, being a great patron of wrestling,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=Thomas|title=Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation, Volume 2|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=9781598842432|page=286}}</ref> started a ''Mall [[Akhara]]'' (wrestling arena) system where physical exercises, martial arts, and wrestling was taught as well as health topics such as staying away from tobacco and other toxic substances.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Rajkumar|title=Second Sikh Guru: Shri Guru Angad Sahib Ji|date=2014|publisher=Lulu Press|isbn=9781312189553}}</ref><ref name="Troubador Publishing Ltd">{{cite book|last1=Chowdhry|first1=Mohindra|title=Defence of Europe by Sikh Soldiers in the World Wars|date=2018|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd|location=Leicestershire|isbn=9781789010985|page=48}}</ref> He placed emphasis on keeping the body healthy and excersising daily.<ref name="Troubador Publishing Ltd"/>
He founded many such ''Mall Akharas'' in many villages including a few in [[Khandur]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dogra|first1=R. C.|last2=Mansukhani|first2=Gobind|title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture|date=1995|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=9780706983685|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000dogr/page/18 18]|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000dogr/page/18}}</ref> Typically the wrestling was done after [[Nitnem|daily prayers]] and also included games and light wrestling.<ref name="Calcutta">{{cite journal|author=Sikh Cultural Centre|title=Physical Fitness: Sangati Mal Akhara|journal=The Sikh Review|date=2004|volume=52|issue=1-6; Issues 601-606|page=94}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Punjab}}
*[[Guru Granth Sahib]]
*[[List of places named after Guru Angad Dev]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY (in English) in 10 volumes, especially volume 1 (published by Singh Brothers Amritsar, 2009–2011).
* Sikh Gurus, Their Lives and Teachings, K.S. Duggal

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|The Sikh Religion/Volume 2/Life of Guru Angad, The Second Guru|Life of Guru Angad, The Second Guru}}
*[http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&id=3336&Param=83#l3336 First Gurbani by Guru Angad]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151125142353/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/gurus/nanak2.html sikh-history.com]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Guru Nanak]]
| title = [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]]|years=7 September 1539 – 26 March 1552
| after = [[Guru Amar Das]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Writers of Guru Granth Sahib}}
{{Sikhism|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guru Angad Dev}}
[[Category:Creators of writing systems]]
[[Category:Sikh gurus|Angad]]
[[Category:1552 deaths]]
[[Category:1504 births]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Punjab]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]

Guru Angad - Revision history

RosemaryBrifman: fixed issues

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

212.121.210.249: /* External links */

>C.Fred: euphemisms, honorifics