Gupta Empire - Revision history

LouieWebb342: add information for accuracy and updated info as per guidelines

2026-03-26T14:10:36Z

add information for accuracy and updated info as per guidelines

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:40, 26 March 2026
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	{{Short description\|Ancient Indian empire (c. 3rd century CE – 575 CE)}}		{{Short description\|Ancient Indian empire (c. 3rd century CE – 575 CE)}}
			{{protection padlock\|small=yes}}
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2025}}
			{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2025}}
	{{Infobox country		{{Infobox country
	\| conventional_long_name = Gupta Empire		\| conventional_long_name = Gupta Empire
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	}}		}}
	\| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]] (literary and academic)<br />[[Prakrit]] (vernacular)		\| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]] (literary and academic)<br />[[Prakrit]] (vernacular)
	\| religion = {{unbulleted list\|[[Vaishnavism\| ~~Vaishnav~~ Hinduism]] (official)<ref name="GuptaReligion">'''Gupta's patronized sects'''		\| religion = {{unbulleted list\|[[Vaishnavism\| Vaishnava Hinduism]] (official)<ref name="GuptaReligion">'''Gupta's patronized sects'''
	*Hinduism [Vaishnavism] :		*Hinduism [Vaishnavism] :
	**{{Cite book \|last=Sharma \|first=Tej Ram \|url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/112/mode/1up \|title=Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions \|date=1978 \|location=Delhi \|publisher=Concept \|page=112 \|quote=An indication of the leaning of the Gupta kings towards Vaisnavism is clear from the Garuda emblem of the Guptas. The Gupta monarchs also used the title 'Paramabhāgavata' i.e.; the devout devotee of Visnu, in their imperial records.}}		**{{Cite book \|last=Sharma \|first=Tej Ram \|url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/112/mode/1up \|title=Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions \|date=1978 \|location=Delhi \|publisher=Concept \|page=112 \|quote=An indication of the leaning of the Gupta kings towards Vaisnavism is clear from the Garuda emblem of the Guptas. The Gupta monarchs also used the title 'Paramabhāgavata' i.e.; the devout devotee of Visnu, in their imperial records.}}
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	\| stat_year3 = 5th century		\| stat_year3 = 5th century
	}}		}}
	The '''Gupta Empire''' was an Indian empire during the classical period of the [[Indian subcontinent]] which existed from the mid 3rd century to mid 6th century CE. At its ~~zenith~~, the dynasty ruled over an empire that spanned much of the northern Indian subcontinent.<ref name=gd>{{Cite web \|date=29 October 2009 \|title=Gupta Dynasty \|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/Gupta_Dynasty.html \|access-date=30 November 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029013809/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/Gupta_Dynasty.html \|archive-date=29 October 2009 \|quote="The dynasty controlled an empire stretching across north India at its peak in the 5th century."}}</ref> This period has been considered as the [[Golden Age of India]] by some historians,<ref>N. Jayapalan, ''History of India'', Vol. I, (Atlantic Publishers, 2001), 130.</ref> although this characterisation has been disputed by others.{{#tag:ref\|According to [[D. N. Jha]], caste distinctions became more entrenched and rigid during this time, as prosperity and the favour of the law accrued the top of the social scale, while the lower orders were degraded further.<ref>{{Cite book \|title=Ancient India in Historical Outline \|last=Jha \|first=D.N. \|publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors \|year=2002 \|isbn=978-81-7304-285-0 \|location=Delhi \|pages=149–73}}</ref>\|group=note}}<ref>{{harvnb\|Pletcher\|2011\|p=90}}: "Historians once regarded the Gupta period (c.320–540) as the classical age of India [...] It was also thought to have been an age of material prosperity, particularly among the urban elite [...] Some of these assumptions have been questioned by more-extensive studies of the post-Mauryan, pre-Gupta period. Archaeological evidence from the earlier [[Kushan Empire\|Kushan]] levels suggests greater material prosperity, to such a degree that some historians argue for an urban decline in the Gupta period."</ref>{{sfn\|Stein\|2010\|p=86-87}} The ruling dynasty of the empire was founded by [[Gupta (king)\|Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=V.D \|first=Mahajan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=sri+gupta&pg=PA360 \|title=Ancient India \|publisher=S. Chand Publishing \|isbn=978-93-5253-132-5 \|language=en}}</ref>		The '''Gupta Empire''' was an Indian empire during the classical period of the [[Indian subcontinent]] which existed from the mid 3rd century to mid 6th century CE. At its peak, the dynasty ruled over an empire that spanned much of the northern Indian subcontinent.<ref name=gd>{{Cite web \|date=29 October 2009 \|title=Gupta Dynasty \|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/Gupta_Dynasty.html \|access-date=30 November 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029013809/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/Gupta_Dynasty.html \|archive-date=29 October 2009 \|quote="The dynasty controlled an empire stretching across north India at its peak in the 5th century."}}</ref> This period has been considered as the [[Golden Age of India]] by some historians,<ref>N. Jayapalan, ''History of India'', Vol. I, (Atlantic Publishers, 2001), 130.</ref> although this characterisation has been disputed by others.{{#tag:ref\|According to [[D. N. Jha]], caste distinctions became more entrenched and rigid during this time, as prosperity and the favour of the law accrued the top of the social scale, while the lower orders were degraded further.<ref>{{Cite book \|title=Ancient India in Historical Outline \|last=Jha \|first=D.N. \|publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors \|year=2002 \|isbn=978-81-7304-285-0 \|location=Delhi \|pages=149–73}}</ref>\|group=note}}<ref>{{harvnb\|Pletcher\|2011\|p=90}}: "Historians once regarded the Gupta period (c.320–540) as the classical age of India [...] It was also thought to have been an age of material prosperity, particularly among the urban elite [...] Some of these assumptions have been questioned by more-extensive studies of the post-Mauryan, pre-Gupta period. Archaeological evidence from the earlier [[Kushan Empire\|Kushan]] levels suggests greater material prosperity, to such a degree that some historians argue for an urban decline in the Gupta period."</ref>{{sfn\|Stein\|2010\|p=86-87}} The ruling dynasty of the empire was founded by [[Gupta (king)\|Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=V.D \|first=Mahajan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=sri+gupta&pg=PA360 \|title=Ancient India \|publisher=S. Chand Publishing \|isbn=978-93-5253-132-5 \|language=en}}</ref>

	The high points of ~~this~~ period are the great cultural developments which took place primarily during the reigns of [[Samudragupta]], [[Chandragupta II]] and [[Kumaragupta I]]. Many [[Hinduism\|Hindu]] [[Hindu epics\|epics]] and [[Hindu literature\|literary]] sources, such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]'', were canonised during this period.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249590/Gupta-dynasty Gupta dynasty (Indian dynasty)] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330100325/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249590/Gupta-dynasty \|date=30 March 2010 }}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2011.</ref> The Gupta period produced scholars such as [[Kalidasa]],<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/151 \|title=India: A history \|last=Keay \|first=John \|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press \|year=2000 \|isbn=978-0-87113-800-2 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/151 151–52] \|quote=Kalidasa wrote ... with excellence which, by unanimous consent, justifies the inevitable comparisons with Shakespeare ... When and where Kalidasa lived remains a mystery. He acknowledges no links with the Guptas; he may not even have coincided with them ... but the poet's vivid awareness of the terrain of the entire subcontinent argues strongly for a Guptan provenance. \|author-link=John Keay }}</ref> [[Aryabhata]], [[Varahamihira]] and [[Vatsyayana]], who made significant advancements in many academic fields.{{sfn\|Vidya Dhar Mahajan\|1990\|p=540}}<ref name="Keay">{{harvnb\|Keay\|2000\|p=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/132 132]\|ps=: "The great era of all that is deemed classical in Indian literature, art and science was now dawning. It was this crescendo of creativity and scholarship, as much as ... political achievements of the Guptas, which would make their age so golden."}}</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/285248/1960/The-Gupta-empire-at-the-end-of-the-4th-century Gupta dynasty: empire in 4th century] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330103811/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/285248/1960/The-Gupta-empire-at-the-end-of-the-4th-century \|date=30 March 2010 }}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2011.</ref> [[History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent\|Science]] and political administration reached new heights during the [[Gupta era]].<ref name="Keay"/> The period, sometimes described as ''[[Pax Gupta]]'', gave rise to achievements in architecture, sculpture, and painting that "set standards of form and taste [that] determined the whole subsequent course of art, not only in [[Indian subcontinent\|India]] but far beyond her borders".{{sfn\|J.C. Harle\|1994\|p=87}} Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established the region as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in India and [[Southeast Asia]].{{citation needed\|date=December 2024}} The [[Puranas]], earlier long poems on a variety of subjects, are also thought to have been committed to written texts around this period.{{sfn\|J.C. Harle\|1994\|p=87}}<ref name="Dikshitar 1993">{{Cite book\|last=Dikshitar\|first=V. R. Ramachandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KP_DTtd6kJEC&pg=PA199\|title=The Gupta Polity\|date=1993\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-1024-2\|language=en\|access-date=1 July 2020\|archive-date=2 August 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802225920/https://books.google.com/books?id=KP_DTtd6kJEC&pg=PA199\|url-status=live}}</ref> Hinduism was followed by the rulers and the Brahmins flourished in the Gupta empire but the Guptas were tolerant towards people of other faiths as well.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Sen \|first1=Sailendra Nath \|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=indus \|publisher=New Age International \|year=1999 \|orig-year=First published 1988 \|edition=2nd \|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 \|page=227 \|access-date=30 August 2020 \|archive-date=7 May 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507000807/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization/Wk4_ICH_g1EC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=indus \|url-status=live}}</ref>		The high points of the period are the great cultural developments which took place primarily during the reigns of [[Samudragupta]], [[Chandragupta II]] and [[Kumaragupta I]]. Many [[Hinduism\|Hindu]] [[Hindu epics\|epics]] and [[Hindu literature\|literary]] sources, such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]'', were canonised during this period.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249590/Gupta-dynasty Gupta dynasty (Indian dynasty)] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330100325/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249590/Gupta-dynasty \|date=30 March 2010 }}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2011.</ref> The Gupta period produced scholars such as [[Kalidasa]],<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/151 \|title=India: A history \|last=Keay \|first=John \|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press \|year=2000 \|isbn=978-0-87113-800-2 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/151 151–52] \|quote=Kalidasa wrote ... with excellence which, by unanimous consent, justifies the inevitable comparisons with Shakespeare ... When and where Kalidasa lived remains a mystery. He acknowledges no links with the Guptas; he may not even have coincided with them ... but the poet's vivid awareness of the terrain of the entire subcontinent argues strongly for a Guptan provenance. \|author-link=John Keay }}</ref> [[Aryabhata]], [[Varahamihira]] and [[Vatsyayana]], who made significant advancements in many academic fields.{{sfn\|Vidya Dhar Mahajan\|1990\|p=540}}<ref name="Keay">{{harvnb\|Keay\|2000\|p=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/132 132]\|ps=: "The great era of all that is deemed classical in Indian literature, art and science was now dawning. It was this crescendo of creativity and scholarship, as much as ... political achievements of the Guptas, which would make their age so golden."}}</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/285248/1960/The-Gupta-empire-at-the-end-of-the-4th-century Gupta dynasty: empire in 4th century] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330103811/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/285248/1960/The-Gupta-empire-at-the-end-of-the-4th-century \|date=30 March 2010 }}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2011.</ref> [[History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent\|Science]] and political administration reached new heights during the [[Gupta era]].<ref name="Keay"/> The period, sometimes described as ''[[Pax Gupta]]'', gave rise to achievements in architecture, sculpture, and painting that "set standards of form and taste [that] determined the whole subsequent course of art, not only in [[Indian subcontinent\|India]] but far beyond her borders".{{sfn\|J.C. Harle\|1994\|p=87}} Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established the region as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in India and [[Southeast Asia]].{{citation needed\|date=December 2024}} The [[Puranas]], earlier long poems on a variety of subjects, are also thought to have been committed to written texts around this period.{{sfn\|J.C. Harle\|1994\|p=87}}<ref name="Dikshitar 1993">{{Cite book\|last=Dikshitar\|first=V. R. Ramachandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KP_DTtd6kJEC&pg=PA199\|title=The Gupta Polity\|date=1993\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-1024-2\|language=en\|access-date=1 July 2020\|archive-date=2 August 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802225920/https://books.google.com/books?id=KP_DTtd6kJEC&pg=PA199\|url-status=live}}</ref> Hinduism was followed by the rulers and the Brahmins flourished in the Gupta empire but the Guptas were tolerant towards people of other faiths as well.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Sen \|first1=Sailendra Nath \|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=indus \|publisher=New Age International \|year=1999 \|orig-year=First published 1988 \|edition=2nd \|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 \|page=227 \|access-date=30 August 2020 \|archive-date=7 May 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507000807/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization/Wk4_ICH_g1EC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=indus \|url-status=live}}</ref>

	The empire eventually died out because of factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories, as well as the invasion by the [[Huna people]]s ([[Kidarites]] and [[Alchon Huns]]) from [[Central Asia]].{{sfn\|Ashvini Agrawal\|1989\|pp=264–69}}<ref name="Rene">{{Cite book \|title=The Empire of the Steppes \|last=Grousset \|first=Rene \|publisher=Rutgers University Press \|year=1970 \|isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/69 69] \|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/69 }}</ref> After the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms.		The empire eventually died out because of factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories, as well as the invasion by the [[Huna people]]s ([[Kidarites]] and [[Alchon Huns]]) from [[Central Asia]].{{sfn\|Ashvini Agrawal\|1989\|pp=264–69}}<ref name="Rene">{{Cite book \|title=The Empire of the Steppes \|last=Grousset \|first=Rene \|publisher=Rutgers University Press \|year=1970 \|isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/69 69] \|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/69 }}</ref> After the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms.
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	[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 570s]]		[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 570s]]
	[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]		[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]
	~~[[Category:History of India]]~~
	[[Category:Prayagraj]]		[[Category:Prayagraj]]
	[[Category:Ayodhya]]		[[Category:Ayodhya]]
	[[Category:Ancient Indian dynasties]]		[[Category:Ancient Indian dynasties]]

Bharatwiki Socrates at 02:18, 12 March 2026

2026-03-12T02:18:26Z

Show changes

2405:201:6036:801D:5C0B:881A:3959:B939: /* References */

2024-03-11T08:42:33Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:12, 11 March 2024
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	=== Bibliography ===		=== Bibliography ===
	{{Refbegin}}		{{Refbegin\|30em}}
	* {{cite book \|author=Ashvini Agrawal \|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 \|year=1989 \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass \|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=8 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108040744/https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 \|url-status=live }}		* {{cite book \|author=Ashvini Agrawal \|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 \|year=1989 \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass \|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=8 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108040744/https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 \|url-status=live }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly \|title=The Imperial Guptas and Their Times \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1 \|year=1987 \|publisher=Abhinav \|isbn=978-81-7017-222-2 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=8 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108201608/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1 \|url-status=live }}		* {{cite book \|author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly \|title=The Imperial Guptas and Their Times \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1 \|year=1987 \|publisher=Abhinav \|isbn=978-81-7017-222-2 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=8 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108201608/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1 \|url-status=live }}
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	* {{cite book \|author=J.C. Harle \|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent \|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl \|url-access=registration \|year=1994 \|publisher=Yale University Press \|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 }}		* {{cite book \|author=J.C. Harle \|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent \|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl \|url-access=registration \|year=1994 \|publisher=Yale University Press \|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 }}
	* {{cite book \|author=R.C. Majumdar \|author-link=R. C. Majumdar \|title=A Comprehensive History of India \|volume=3, Part I: A.D. 300-985 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ \|year=1981 \|publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House \|oclc=34008529 \|pages=17–52 }}		* {{cite book \|author=R.C. Majumdar \|author-link=R. C. Majumdar \|title=A Comprehensive History of India \|volume=3, Part I: A.D. 300-985 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ \|year=1981 \|publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House \|oclc=34008529 \|pages=17–52 }}
			* {{cite book \|last1=Michell \|first1=George \|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms \|url=https://archive.org/details/hindutempleintro0000mich \|url-access=registration \|year=1988 \|orig-year=First published 1977 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}
			* {{cite book \|last1=Pletcher \|first1=Kenneth \|title=The History of India \|year=2011 \|publisher= Britannica Educational Publishing \|isbn=978-1-61530-201-7 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdmcAAAAQBAJ}}
			* {{cite book \|last1=Rowland \|first1=Benjamin \|title=The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain \|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo0000rowl_r2z2/page/n5/mode/2up \|url-access=registration \|year=1967 \|orig-year=First published 1953 \|edition=3rd \|publisher=Penguin Books \|isbn=978-0-14-056102-9}}
	* {{cite book \|author=Shankar Goyal \|title=Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ \|year=2001 \|publisher=Book Enclave \|isbn=978-81-87036-66-1 \|access-date=13 December 2018 \|archive-date=11 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111224901/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ \|url-status=live }}		* {{cite book \|author=Shankar Goyal \|title=Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ \|year=2001 \|publisher=Book Enclave \|isbn=978-81-87036-66-1 \|access-date=13 December 2018 \|archive-date=11 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111224901/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ \|url-status=live }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Tej Ram Sharma \|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA50 \|year=1989 \|publisher=Concept \|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=13 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113155014/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA50 \|url-status=live }}		* {{cite book \|author=Tej Ram Sharma \|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA50 \|year=1989 \|publisher=Concept \|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=13 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113155014/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA50 \|url-status=live }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Vidya Dhar Mahajan \|author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan \|year=1990 \|title=A History of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ2UAAAACAAJ \|publisher=State Mutual Book & Periodical Service \|isbn=978-0-7855-1191-5 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110060325/https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ2UAAAACAAJ \|url-status=live }}		* {{cite book \|author=Vidya Dhar Mahajan \|author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan \|year=1990 \|title=A History of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ2UAAAACAAJ \|publisher=State Mutual Book & Periodical Service \|isbn=978-0-7855-1191-5 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110060325/https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ2UAAAACAAJ \|url-status=live }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Upinder Singh \|author-link=Upinder Singh \|title=Political Violence in Ancient India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 \|year=2017 \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|isbn=978-0-674-98128-7 \|access-date=13 December 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110123751/https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 \|url-status=live }}		* {{cite book \|author=Upinder Singh \|author-link=Upinder Singh \|title=Political Violence in Ancient India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 \|year=2017 \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|isbn=978-0-674-98128-7 \|access-date=13 December 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110123751/https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 \|url-status=live }}
			* {{citation\|last=Stein\|first=B.\|author-link=Burton Stein\|editor-last=Arnold\|editor-first=D.\|year=2010 \|title=A History of India\|edition=2nd\|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]\|place=Oxford\|isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC}}
	{{Refend}}		{{Refend}}

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* Religion */Inappropriate, not orthodox.

2023-12-31T04:06:32Z

Religion: Inappropriate, not orthodox.

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:36, 31 December 2023
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	The buddhist "Cina Sanghārāma" was specially built for the use of Chinese monks near Bodhgaya by king Sri-Gupta, an ancestor of the Gupta Emperors.<ref "INDO12=>" Pg.66 The Cina Sanghārāma was specially built for the use of Chinese monks near Bodhgaya by king Sri-Gupta, an ancestor of the Gupta Emperors."{{Cite book\|page=66\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.238415\|title=India and China\|last=Bagchi\|first=Dr Prabodh Chandra\|publisher=China Press Limited, Calcutta}}</ref>		The buddhist "Cina Sanghārāma" was specially built for the use of Chinese monks near Bodhgaya by king Sri-Gupta, an ancestor of the Gupta Emperors.<ref "INDO12=>" Pg.66 The Cina Sanghārāma was specially built for the use of Chinese monks near Bodhgaya by king Sri-Gupta, an ancestor of the Gupta Emperors."{{Cite book\|page=66\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.238415\|title=India and China\|last=Bagchi\|first=Dr Prabodh Chandra\|publisher=China Press Limited, Calcutta}}</ref>
	[[File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath]] from the Gupta era, 5th century CE]]		[[File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath]] from the Gupta era, 5th century CE]]
	The Guptas were traditionally a [[Hindu]] dynasty.<ref name="Singh">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA521 p. 521]</ref> They were ~~orthodox~~ [[Hindus]], and allowed followers of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] to practice their religions.<ref name="Mookerji">The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji [https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133 pp. 133–] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217042651/https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133 \|date=17 December 2019 }}</ref> [[Sanchi]] remained an important centre of Buddhism.<ref name="Mookerji" /> [[Kumaragupta I]] (455 CE) is said to have founded [[Nalanda]].<ref name="Mookerji" /> Modern genetic studies indicate that it was during the Gupta period that Indian caste groups ceased to intermarry (started practicing/enforcing [[endogamy]]).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/\|title=The caste system has left its mark on Indians' genomes\|first=Annalee\|last=Newitz\|date=25 January 2016\|website=Ars Technica\|access-date=8 June 2021\|archive-date=8 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608015347/https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/\|url-status=live}}</ref>		The Guptas were traditionally a [[Hindu]] dynasty.<ref name="Singh">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA521 p. 521]</ref> They were [[Hindus]], and allowed followers of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] to practice their religions.<ref name="Mookerji">The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji [https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133 pp. 133–] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217042651/https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133 \|date=17 December 2019 }}</ref> [[Sanchi]] remained an important centre of Buddhism.<ref name="Mookerji" /> [[Kumaragupta I]] (455 CE) is said to have founded [[Nalanda]].<ref name="Mookerji" /> Modern genetic studies indicate that it was during the Gupta period that Indian caste groups ceased to intermarry (started practicing/enforcing [[endogamy]]).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/\|title=The caste system has left its mark on Indians' genomes\|first=Annalee\|last=Newitz\|date=25 January 2016\|website=Ars Technica\|access-date=8 June 2021\|archive-date=8 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608015347/https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	Some later rulers however seem to have especially promoted [[Buddhism]]. [[Narasimhagupta Baladitya]] ({{Circa\|495}}–?), according to contemporary writer [[Paramartha]], was brought up under the influence of the [[Mahayanist]] philosopher, [[Vasubandhu]].<ref name="Singh" /> He built a [[sangharama]] at [[Nalanda]] and also a {{convert\|300\|feet\|abbr=on}} high [[vihara]] with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the "great Vihara built under the [[Bodhi tree]]". According to the ''[[Manjushrimulakalpa]]'' ({{Circa\|800 CE}}), king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation ([[Dhyāna in Buddhism\|Dhyana]]).<ref name="Singh" /> The Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, "possessed a heart firm in faith".<ref name="sankalia">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ \|title=The University of Nālandā \|last=Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal \|publisher=B.G. Paul & co. \|year=1934 \|isbn=9781014542144 \|author-link=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia \|access-date=27 July 2017 \|archive-date=10 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310231324/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|45}}<ref name="sdutt">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C \|title=Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture \|last=Sukumar Dutt \|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London \|year=1988 \|isbn=978-81-208-0498-2 \|orig-year=First published in 1962 \|access-date=27 July 2017 \|archive-date=10 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310232744/https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|330}}		Some later rulers however seem to have especially promoted [[Buddhism]]. [[Narasimhagupta Baladitya]] ({{Circa\|495}}–?), according to contemporary writer [[Paramartha]], was brought up under the influence of the [[Mahayanist]] philosopher, [[Vasubandhu]].<ref name="Singh" /> He built a [[sangharama]] at [[Nalanda]] and also a {{convert\|300\|feet\|abbr=on}} high [[vihara]] with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the "great Vihara built under the [[Bodhi tree]]". According to the ''[[Manjushrimulakalpa]]'' ({{Circa\|800 CE}}), king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation ([[Dhyāna in Buddhism\|Dhyana]]).<ref name="Singh" /> The Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, "possessed a heart firm in faith".<ref name="sankalia">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ \|title=The University of Nālandā \|last=Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal \|publisher=B.G. Paul & co. \|year=1934 \|isbn=9781014542144 \|author-link=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia \|access-date=27 July 2017 \|archive-date=10 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310231324/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|45}}<ref name="sdutt">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C \|title=Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture \|last=Sukumar Dutt \|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London \|year=1988 \|isbn=978-81-208-0498-2 \|orig-year=First published in 1962 \|access-date=27 July 2017 \|archive-date=10 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310232744/https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|330}}

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* Religion */Addition of Citation from " India and China." pg. 66.

2023-12-31T04:04:50Z

Religion: Addition of Citation from " India and China." pg. 66.

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:34, 31 December 2023
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	==Religion==		==Religion==
			The buddhist "Cina Sanghārāma" was specially built for the use of Chinese monks near Bodhgaya by king Sri-Gupta, an ancestor of the Gupta Emperors.<ref "INDO12=>" Pg.66 The Cina Sanghārāma was specially built for the use of Chinese monks near Bodhgaya by king Sri-Gupta, an ancestor of the Gupta Emperors."{{Cite book\|page=66\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.238415\|title=India and China\|last=Bagchi\|first=Dr Prabodh Chandra\|publisher=China Press Limited, Calcutta}}</ref>
	[[File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath]] from the Gupta era, 5th century CE]]		[[File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath]] from the Gupta era, 5th century CE]]
	The Guptas were traditionally a [[Hindu]] dynasty.<ref name="Singh">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA521 p. 521]</ref> They were orthodox [[Hindus]], and allowed followers of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] to practice their religions.<ref name="Mookerji">The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji [https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133 pp. 133–] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217042651/https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133 \|date=17 December 2019 }}</ref> [[Sanchi]] remained an important centre of Buddhism.<ref name="Mookerji" /> [[Kumaragupta I]] (455 CE) is said to have founded [[Nalanda]].<ref name="Mookerji" /> Modern genetic studies indicate that it was during the Gupta period that Indian caste groups ceased to intermarry (started practicing/enforcing [[endogamy]]).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/\|title=The caste system has left its mark on Indians' genomes\|first=Annalee\|last=Newitz\|date=25 January 2016\|website=Ars Technica\|access-date=8 June 2021\|archive-date=8 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608015347/https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/\|url-status=live}}</ref>		The Guptas were traditionally a [[Hindu]] dynasty.<ref name="Singh">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA521 p. 521]</ref> They were orthodox [[Hindus]], and allowed followers of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] to practice their religions.<ref name="Mookerji">The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji [https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133 pp. 133–] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217042651/https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133 \|date=17 December 2019 }}</ref> [[Sanchi]] remained an important centre of Buddhism.<ref name="Mookerji" /> [[Kumaragupta I]] (455 CE) is said to have founded [[Nalanda]].<ref name="Mookerji" /> Modern genetic studies indicate that it was during the Gupta period that Indian caste groups ceased to intermarry (started practicing/enforcing [[endogamy]]).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/\|title=The caste system has left its mark on Indians' genomes\|first=Annalee\|last=Newitz\|date=25 January 2016\|website=Ars Technica\|access-date=8 June 2021\|archive-date=8 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608015347/https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/\|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* Chandragupta II's campaigns against foreign tribes */

2023-12-18T02:57:05Z

Chandragupta II's campaigns against foreign tribes

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:27, 18 December 2023
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	The 4th century [[Sanskrit]] poet [[Kalidasa]] credits Chandragupta Vikramaditya with conquering about twenty-one kingdoms, both in and outside India. After finishing his campaign in East and West India, Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) proceeded northwards, subjugated the [[Parasika]]s, then the [[Huna people\|Hunas]] and the [[Kambojas]] tribes located in the west and east [[Oxus]] valleys respectively. Thereafter, the king proceeded into the [[Himalaya]] mountains to reduce the mountain tribes of the [[Kinnara Kingdom\|Kinnaras]], [[Kiratas]], as well as India proper.<ref name="Raghu Vamsa v 4.60–75" />{{npsn\|date=August 2016}} In one of his works Kalidasa also credits him with the removal of the [[Saka]]s from the country. He wrote 'Wasn't it Vikramaditya who drove the Sakas out from the lovely city of Ujjain?'.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Wolpert\|first=Stanley\|title=India\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1993}}</ref>		The 4th century [[Sanskrit]] poet [[Kalidasa]] credits Chandragupta Vikramaditya with conquering about twenty-one kingdoms, both in and outside India. After finishing his campaign in East and West India, Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) proceeded northwards, subjugated the [[Parasika]]s, then the [[Huna people\|Hunas]] and the [[Kambojas]] tribes located in the west and east [[Oxus]] valleys respectively. Thereafter, the king proceeded into the [[Himalaya]] mountains to reduce the mountain tribes of the [[Kinnara Kingdom\|Kinnaras]], [[Kiratas]], as well as India proper.<ref name="Raghu Vamsa v 4.60–75" />{{npsn\|date=August 2016}} In one of his works Kalidasa also credits him with the removal of the [[Saka]]s from the country. He wrote 'Wasn't it Vikramaditya who drove the Sakas out from the lovely city of Ujjain?'.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Wolpert\|first=Stanley\|title=India\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1993}}</ref>

	The ''Brihatkathamanjari'' of the [[Kashmir]]i writer [[Kshemendra]] states, King Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) had "unburdened the sacred earth of the [[Barbarian]]s like the Sakas, [[Mleccha]]s, [[Kambojas]], [[Yavana]]s, [[Tushara Kingdom\|Tusharas]], [[Persians\|Parasikas]], [[Huna people\|Hunas]], and others, by annihilating these sinful Mlecchas completely".<ref>ata shrivikramadityo helya nirjitakhilah Mlechchana Kamboja. Yavanan neechan Hunan Sabarbran Tushara. Parsikaanshcha tayakatacharan vishrankhalan hatya bhrubhangamatreyanah bhuvo bharamavarayate (Brahata Katha, 10/1/285-86, Kshmendra).</ref>{{npsn\|date=August 2016}}<ref>Kathasritsagara 18.1.76–78</ref><ref>Cf:"In the story contained in Kathasarit-sagara, king Vikarmaditya is said to have destroyed all the barbarous tribes such as the Kambojas, Yavanas, Hunas, Tokharas and the, National Council of Teachers of English Committee on Recreational Reading – Sanskrit language.</ref>{{unreliable source?\|date=~~August 2016~~}}		The ''Brihatkathamanjari'' of the [[Kashmir]]i writer [[Kshemendra]] states, King Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) had "unburdened the sacred earth of the [[Barbarian]]s like the Sakas, [[Mleccha]]s, [[Kambojas]], [[Yavana]]s, [[Tushara Kingdom\|Tusharas]], [[Persians\|Parasikas]], [[Huna people\|Hunas]], and others, by annihilating these sinful Mlecchas completely".<ref>ata shrivikramadityo helya nirjitakhilah Mlechchana Kamboja. Yavanan neechan Hunan Sabarbran Tushara. Parsikaanshcha tayakatacharan vishrankhalan hatya bhrubhangamatreyanah bhuvo bharamavarayate (Brahata Katha, 10/1/285-86, Kshmendra).</ref>{{npsn\|date=August 2016}}<ref>Kathasritsagara 18.1.76–78</ref><ref>Cf:"In the story contained in Kathasarit-sagara, king Vikarmaditya is said to have destroyed all the barbarous tribes such as the Kambojas, Yavanas, Hunas, Tokharas and the, National Council of Teachers of English Committee on Recreational Reading – Sanskrit language.</ref>{{unreliable source?\|date=December 2023}}

	====Faxian====		====Faxian====

CleanupBot: /* Art and architecture */clean up

2023-11-24T05:21:24Z

Art and architecture: clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:51, 24 November 2023
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	{{Main\|Gupta art}}		{{Main\|Gupta art}}
	<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="200">		<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="200">
	Sanchi_temple_17.jpg\|A [[tetrastyle]] [[prostyle]] [[Gupta period]] temple at [[Sanchi]] besides the Apsidal hall with [[Maurya]] foundation, an example of [[Buddhist architecture]] and [[Hindu architecture]].<ref>Harle, 111; </ref>{{verification failed\|date=March 2023}}<ref>Rowland, 219-220; Michell (1988), 94</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=March 2023}} 5th century CE.		Sanchi_temple_17.jpg\|A [[tetrastyle]] [[prostyle]] [[Gupta period]] temple at [[Sanchi]] besides the Apsidal hall with [[Maurya]] foundation, an example of [[Buddhist architecture]] and [[Hindu architecture]].<ref>Harle, 111;</ref>{{verification failed\|date=March 2023}}<ref>Rowland, 219-220; Michell (1988), 94</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=March 2023}} 5th century CE.
	Mahabodhitemple.jpg\|The current structure of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] dates to the Gupta era, 5th century CE. Marking the location where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment.		Mahabodhitemple.jpg\|The current structure of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] dates to the Gupta era, 5th century CE. Marking the location where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment.
	Deogarh01.jpg\|[[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh\|Dashavatara Temple]] is a Vishnu Hindu temple built during the Gupta period.		Deogarh01.jpg\|[[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh\|Dashavatara Temple]] is a Vishnu Hindu temple built during the Gupta period.

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* Religion */Adding Gupta's inscription of Sarnath.

2023-11-23T12:12:39Z

Religion: Adding Gupta's inscription of Sarnath.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:42, 23 November 2023
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	Some later rulers however seem to have especially promoted [[Buddhism]]. [[Narasimhagupta Baladitya]] ({{Circa\|495}}–?), according to contemporary writer [[Paramartha]], was brought up under the influence of the [[Mahayanist]] philosopher, [[Vasubandhu]].<ref name="Singh" /> He built a [[sangharama]] at [[Nalanda]] and also a {{convert\|300\|feet\|abbr=on}} high [[vihara]] with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the "great Vihara built under the [[Bodhi tree]]". According to the ''[[Manjushrimulakalpa]]'' ({{Circa\|800 CE}}), king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation ([[Dhyāna in Buddhism\|Dhyana]]).<ref name="Singh" /> The Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, "possessed a heart firm in faith".<ref name="sankalia">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ \|title=The University of Nālandā \|last=Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal \|publisher=B.G. Paul & co. \|year=1934 \|isbn=9781014542144 \|author-link=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia \|access-date=27 July 2017 \|archive-date=10 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310231324/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|45}}<ref name="sdutt">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C \|title=Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture \|last=Sukumar Dutt \|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London \|year=1988 \|isbn=978-81-208-0498-2 \|orig-year=First published in 1962 \|access-date=27 July 2017 \|archive-date=10 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310232744/https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|330}}		Some later rulers however seem to have especially promoted [[Buddhism]]. [[Narasimhagupta Baladitya]] ({{Circa\|495}}–?), according to contemporary writer [[Paramartha]], was brought up under the influence of the [[Mahayanist]] philosopher, [[Vasubandhu]].<ref name="Singh" /> He built a [[sangharama]] at [[Nalanda]] and also a {{convert\|300\|feet\|abbr=on}} high [[vihara]] with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the "great Vihara built under the [[Bodhi tree]]". According to the ''[[Manjushrimulakalpa]]'' ({{Circa\|800 CE}}), king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation ([[Dhyāna in Buddhism\|Dhyana]]).<ref name="Singh" /> The Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, "possessed a heart firm in faith".<ref name="sankalia">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ \|title=The University of Nālandā \|last=Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal \|publisher=B.G. Paul & co. \|year=1934 \|isbn=9781014542144 \|author-link=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia \|access-date=27 July 2017 \|archive-date=10 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310231324/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|45}}<ref name="sdutt">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C \|title=Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture \|last=Sukumar Dutt \|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London \|year=1988 \|isbn=978-81-208-0498-2 \|orig-year=First published in 1962 \|access-date=27 July 2017 \|archive-date=10 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310232744/https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|330}}

			A second statue of the standing Buddha found in [[Sarnath]] has a dated inscription (year 157) in the name of Budhagupta. This statue is defaced, but the devotees at the feet of the Buddha are beautifully preserved. The content is partially preserved, but essentially identical to an inscription on the first statue, made by the same donor, allowing for reconstruction.<ref name="XVI"/>

			<gallery>

			File:Buddhist devotee on a statue of Buddha standing inscribed Gift of Abhayamitra in 157 GE (477 CE) in reign of Buddhagupta.jpg\|Buddhist devotee on the second statue of the standing Buddha (fragment), inscribed "Gift of Abhayamitra in 157 in the reign of Buddhagupta" (477 CE). [[Sarnath Museum]].<ref name="vmis.in"/><ref name="Collections-Virtual Museum of Image"/>
			File:Buddha inscription of Budhagupta in the Gupta Era year 157 (second statue).jpg\|Buddha inscription of Budhagupta in the Gupta Era year 157 (second statue), with extrapolationa and English translation.<ref name="XVI">{{cite book\|last1=Sahni\|first1=Daya Ram\|title=Annual Report Of The Archaeological Survey Of India 1914-15\|date=1920\|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35506/page/n252 124] inscription XVI\|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35506}}</ref>
			</gallery>

	==Gupta administration==		==Gupta administration==

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

2023-08-13T23:47:12Z

Removed empty portal template using script

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:17, 14 August 2023
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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	~~{{Portal\|India\|History\|Monarchy}}~~
	{{Part of History of India\|File:Meister_des_Mahâjanaka_Jâtaka_001.jpg}}		{{Part of History of India\|File:Meister_des_Mahâjanaka_Jâtaka_001.jpg}}

WikiDwarfBOT: Cleanup: Source modification. Information added.

2023-07-21T20:33:24Z

Cleanup: Source modification. Information added.

Show changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:12, 11 March 2024
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	=== Bibliography ===		=== Bibliography ===
	{{Refbegin}}		{{Refbegin\|30em}}
	* {{cite book \|author=Ashvini Agrawal \|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 \|year=1989 \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass \|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=8 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108040744/https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 \|url-status=live }}		* {{cite book \|author=Ashvini Agrawal \|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 \|year=1989 \|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass \|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=8 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108040744/https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 \|url-status=live }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly \|title=The Imperial Guptas and Their Times \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1 \|year=1987 \|publisher=Abhinav \|isbn=978-81-7017-222-2 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=8 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108201608/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1 \|url-status=live }}		* {{cite book \|author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly \|title=The Imperial Guptas and Their Times \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1 \|year=1987 \|publisher=Abhinav \|isbn=978-81-7017-222-2 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=8 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108201608/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1 \|url-status=live }}
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	* {{cite book \|author=J.C. Harle \|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent \|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl \|url-access=registration \|year=1994 \|publisher=Yale University Press \|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 }}		* {{cite book \|author=J.C. Harle \|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent \|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl \|url-access=registration \|year=1994 \|publisher=Yale University Press \|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 }}
	* {{cite book \|author=R.C. Majumdar \|author-link=R. C. Majumdar \|title=A Comprehensive History of India \|volume=3, Part I: A.D. 300-985 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ \|year=1981 \|publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House \|oclc=34008529 \|pages=17–52 }}		* {{cite book \|author=R.C. Majumdar \|author-link=R. C. Majumdar \|title=A Comprehensive History of India \|volume=3, Part I: A.D. 300-985 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ \|year=1981 \|publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House \|oclc=34008529 \|pages=17–52 }}
			* {{cite book \|last1=Michell \|first1=George \|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms \|url=https://archive.org/details/hindutempleintro0000mich \|url-access=registration \|year=1988 \|orig-year=First published 1977 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}
			* {{cite book \|last1=Pletcher \|first1=Kenneth \|title=The History of India \|year=2011 \|publisher= Britannica Educational Publishing \|isbn=978-1-61530-201-7 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdmcAAAAQBAJ}}
			* {{cite book \|last1=Rowland \|first1=Benjamin \|title=The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain \|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo0000rowl_r2z2/page/n5/mode/2up \|url-access=registration \|year=1967 \|orig-year=First published 1953 \|edition=3rd \|publisher=Penguin Books \|isbn=978-0-14-056102-9}}
	* {{cite book \|author=Shankar Goyal \|title=Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ \|year=2001 \|publisher=Book Enclave \|isbn=978-81-87036-66-1 \|access-date=13 December 2018 \|archive-date=11 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111224901/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ \|url-status=live }}		* {{cite book \|author=Shankar Goyal \|title=Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ \|year=2001 \|publisher=Book Enclave \|isbn=978-81-87036-66-1 \|access-date=13 December 2018 \|archive-date=11 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111224901/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ \|url-status=live }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Tej Ram Sharma \|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA50 \|year=1989 \|publisher=Concept \|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=13 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113155014/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA50 \|url-status=live }}		* {{cite book \|author=Tej Ram Sharma \|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA50 \|year=1989 \|publisher=Concept \|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=13 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113155014/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA50 \|url-status=live }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Vidya Dhar Mahajan \|author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan \|year=1990 \|title=A History of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ2UAAAACAAJ \|publisher=State Mutual Book & Periodical Service \|isbn=978-0-7855-1191-5 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110060325/https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ2UAAAACAAJ \|url-status=live }}		* {{cite book \|author=Vidya Dhar Mahajan \|author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan \|year=1990 \|title=A History of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ2UAAAACAAJ \|publisher=State Mutual Book & Periodical Service \|isbn=978-0-7855-1191-5 \|access-date=29 August 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110060325/https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ2UAAAACAAJ \|url-status=live }}
	* {{cite book \|author=Upinder Singh \|author-link=Upinder Singh \|title=Political Violence in Ancient India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 \|year=2017 \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|isbn=978-0-674-98128-7 \|access-date=13 December 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110123751/https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 \|url-status=live }}		* {{cite book \|author=Upinder Singh \|author-link=Upinder Singh \|title=Political Violence in Ancient India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 \|year=2017 \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|isbn=978-0-674-98128-7 \|access-date=13 December 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110123751/https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 \|url-status=live }}
			* {{citation\|last=Stein\|first=B.\|author-link=Burton Stein\|editor-last=Arnold\|editor-first=D.\|year=2010 \|title=A History of India\|edition=2nd\|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]\|place=Oxford\|isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC}}
	{{Refend}}		{{Refend}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:36, 31 December 2023
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	The buddhist "Cina Sanghārāma" was specially built for the use of Chinese monks near Bodhgaya by king Sri-Gupta, an ancestor of the Gupta Emperors.<ref "INDO12=>" Pg.66 The Cina Sanghārāma was specially built for the use of Chinese monks near Bodhgaya by king Sri-Gupta, an ancestor of the Gupta Emperors."{{Cite book\|page=66\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.238415\|title=India and China\|last=Bagchi\|first=Dr Prabodh Chandra\|publisher=China Press Limited, Calcutta}}</ref>		The buddhist "Cina Sanghārāma" was specially built for the use of Chinese monks near Bodhgaya by king Sri-Gupta, an ancestor of the Gupta Emperors.<ref "INDO12=>" Pg.66 The Cina Sanghārāma was specially built for the use of Chinese monks near Bodhgaya by king Sri-Gupta, an ancestor of the Gupta Emperors."{{Cite book\|page=66\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.238415\|title=India and China\|last=Bagchi\|first=Dr Prabodh Chandra\|publisher=China Press Limited, Calcutta}}</ref>
	[[File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath]] from the Gupta era, 5th century CE]]		[[File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath]] from the Gupta era, 5th century CE]]
	The Guptas were traditionally a [[Hindu]] dynasty.<ref name="Singh">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA521 p. 521]</ref> They were ~~orthodox~~ [[Hindus]], and allowed followers of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] to practice their religions.<ref name="Mookerji">The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji [https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133 pp. 133–] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217042651/https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133 \|date=17 December 2019 }}</ref> [[Sanchi]] remained an important centre of Buddhism.<ref name="Mookerji" /> [[Kumaragupta I]] (455 CE) is said to have founded [[Nalanda]].<ref name="Mookerji" /> Modern genetic studies indicate that it was during the Gupta period that Indian caste groups ceased to intermarry (started practicing/enforcing [[endogamy]]).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/\|title=The caste system has left its mark on Indians' genomes\|first=Annalee\|last=Newitz\|date=25 January 2016\|website=Ars Technica\|access-date=8 June 2021\|archive-date=8 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608015347/https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/\|url-status=live}}</ref>		The Guptas were traditionally a [[Hindu]] dynasty.<ref name="Singh">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA521 p. 521]</ref> They were [[Hindus]], and allowed followers of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] to practice their religions.<ref name="Mookerji">The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji [https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133 pp. 133–] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217042651/https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133 \|date=17 December 2019 }}</ref> [[Sanchi]] remained an important centre of Buddhism.<ref name="Mookerji" /> [[Kumaragupta I]] (455 CE) is said to have founded [[Nalanda]].<ref name="Mookerji" /> Modern genetic studies indicate that it was during the Gupta period that Indian caste groups ceased to intermarry (started practicing/enforcing [[endogamy]]).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/\|title=The caste system has left its mark on Indians' genomes\|first=Annalee\|last=Newitz\|date=25 January 2016\|website=Ars Technica\|access-date=8 June 2021\|archive-date=8 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608015347/https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	Some later rulers however seem to have especially promoted [[Buddhism]]. [[Narasimhagupta Baladitya]] ({{Circa\|495}}–?), according to contemporary writer [[Paramartha]], was brought up under the influence of the [[Mahayanist]] philosopher, [[Vasubandhu]].<ref name="Singh" /> He built a [[sangharama]] at [[Nalanda]] and also a {{convert\|300\|feet\|abbr=on}} high [[vihara]] with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the "great Vihara built under the [[Bodhi tree]]". According to the ''[[Manjushrimulakalpa]]'' ({{Circa\|800 CE}}), king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation ([[Dhyāna in Buddhism\|Dhyana]]).<ref name="Singh" /> The Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, "possessed a heart firm in faith".<ref name="sankalia">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ \|title=The University of Nālandā \|last=Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal \|publisher=B.G. Paul & co. \|year=1934 \|isbn=9781014542144 \|author-link=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia \|access-date=27 July 2017 \|archive-date=10 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310231324/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|45}}<ref name="sdutt">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C \|title=Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture \|last=Sukumar Dutt \|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London \|year=1988 \|isbn=978-81-208-0498-2 \|orig-year=First published in 1962 \|access-date=27 July 2017 \|archive-date=10 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310232744/https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|330}}		Some later rulers however seem to have especially promoted [[Buddhism]]. [[Narasimhagupta Baladitya]] ({{Circa\|495}}–?), according to contemporary writer [[Paramartha]], was brought up under the influence of the [[Mahayanist]] philosopher, [[Vasubandhu]].<ref name="Singh" /> He built a [[sangharama]] at [[Nalanda]] and also a {{convert\|300\|feet\|abbr=on}} high [[vihara]] with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the "great Vihara built under the [[Bodhi tree]]". According to the ''[[Manjushrimulakalpa]]'' ({{Circa\|800 CE}}), king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation ([[Dhyāna in Buddhism\|Dhyana]]).<ref name="Singh" /> The Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, "possessed a heart firm in faith".<ref name="sankalia">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ \|title=The University of Nālandā \|last=Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal \|publisher=B.G. Paul & co. \|year=1934 \|isbn=9781014542144 \|author-link=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia \|access-date=27 July 2017 \|archive-date=10 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310231324/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|45}}<ref name="sdutt">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C \|title=Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture \|last=Sukumar Dutt \|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London \|year=1988 \|isbn=978-81-208-0498-2 \|orig-year=First published in 1962 \|access-date=27 July 2017 \|archive-date=10 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310232744/https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|330}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:51, 24 November 2023
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	{{Main\|Gupta art}}		{{Main\|Gupta art}}
	<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="200">		<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="200">
	Sanchi_temple_17.jpg\|A [[tetrastyle]] [[prostyle]] [[Gupta period]] temple at [[Sanchi]] besides the Apsidal hall with [[Maurya]] foundation, an example of [[Buddhist architecture]] and [[Hindu architecture]].<ref>Harle, 111; </ref>{{verification failed\|date=March 2023}}<ref>Rowland, 219-220; Michell (1988), 94</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=March 2023}} 5th century CE.		Sanchi_temple_17.jpg\|A [[tetrastyle]] [[prostyle]] [[Gupta period]] temple at [[Sanchi]] besides the Apsidal hall with [[Maurya]] foundation, an example of [[Buddhist architecture]] and [[Hindu architecture]].<ref>Harle, 111;</ref>{{verification failed\|date=March 2023}}<ref>Rowland, 219-220; Michell (1988), 94</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=March 2023}} 5th century CE.
	Mahabodhitemple.jpg\|The current structure of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] dates to the Gupta era, 5th century CE. Marking the location where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment.		Mahabodhitemple.jpg\|The current structure of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] dates to the Gupta era, 5th century CE. Marking the location where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment.
	Deogarh01.jpg\|[[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh\|Dashavatara Temple]] is a Vishnu Hindu temple built during the Gupta period.		Deogarh01.jpg\|[[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh\|Dashavatara Temple]] is a Vishnu Hindu temple built during the Gupta period.