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'''Gulf airlines''' are [[airline]]s based in countries around the [[Persian Gulf]]. Since the establishment of especially [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], [[Qatar Airways]], and [[Etihad Airways]], the three airports in [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]], [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]], and [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], have emerged as hubs and competitors to established airlines in [[Europe]], [[North America]], and [[Asia]]. Particularly on routes from Europe to [[East Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], and [[Australia]], as well as from North America to Asia, new and often attractive offers for air travelers have been introduced. These airlines are characterized by improved onboard services and lower ticket prices.

The offerings of Gulf airlines have significantly reduced the available capacities, especially for major aviation companies like [[Lufthansa]], [[International Airlines Group]], and [[Air France–KLM]] in Europe, as well as for [[Singapore Airlines]], [[Thai Airways International|Thai Airways]], and [[Malaysia Airlines]] in Asia, between both continents. In contrast, Gulf airlines have experienced substantial growth over the past two decades. Meanwhile, the competition for passengers has also extended to North America.

For example, in recent years, the German airline Lufthansa had to permanently remove around 20 flight destinations in the [[Near East|Near]] and [[Far East]] from its offerings due to tougher competition towards Asia. Some of the affected destinations include [[Jinnah International Airport|Karachi]], [[Islam Karimov Tashkent International Airport|Tashkent]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]], [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta]], [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila]], [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur]], [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]], and [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deckstein |first=Dinah |date=2016-07-29 |title=Letzter Aufruf Shenyang |language=de |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/letzter-aufruf-shenyang-a-622e421d-0002-0001-0000-000146047964 |access-date=2023-08-07 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref>

In addition, [[Istanbul]] with [[Turkish Airlines]] and [[Addis Ababa]] with [[Ethiopian Airlines]] have also established themselves as key players near the hubs of Gulf airlines.

== History ==
The states around the Persian Gulf have chosen to establish new aviation hubs and operate their own airlines as part of their search for alternative business models, considering the likely decline in the long run of fossil fuel extraction ([[oil]] and [[natural gas]]), which has been a significant source of revenue for them. Furthermore, the airlines benefit from their geographically advantageous location between Europe and Asia, two of the world's largest economic regions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=Darren |date=2019-01-01 |title=The strategic context of the three major Gulf carriers |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146519306003 |journal=Transportation Research Procedia |series=INAIR 2019 - Global Trends in Aviation |language=en |volume=43 |pages=188–198 |doi=10.1016/j.trpro.2019.12.033 |issn=2352-1465}}</ref>

== Policy ==
The rapid development of Gulf airlines with new hub functions has also prompted the governments in the home countries of affected competing airlines to take action. Particularly in shaping bilateral aviation agreements or defining common competition conditions (often under the term "level playing field"), efforts are made to both delineate the markets and align the conditions.

Western airlines frequently cite the following as hindrances to market access:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shepardson |first=David |last2=Bayoumy |first2=Yara |date=2018-05-11 |title=U.S. and UAE sign pact to resolve airline competition claims |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-airlines-emirates-idUSKBN1IC2BK |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref>

* Unequal market opportunities
* Unequal labor rights
* Suspicions of subsidies for Gulf airlines
* Potential dependence on [[Civil aviation authority|aviation authorities]] in the Persian Gulf

However, the Gulf airlines themselves have refuted or not confirmed these points.

The [[Qatar diplomatic crisis|Qatar blockade]] in 2017 resulted in reduced growth for the Gulf airlines, with Qatar Airways in particular experiencing significant losses.<ref>{{Citation |last=Umar |first=Sharique |title=The 2017 Gulf Crisis and Changes in Qatar’s Economic Landscape |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7796-1_27 |work=Social Change in the Gulf Region: Multidisciplinary Perspectives |pages=457–473 |editor-last=Rahman |editor-first=Md Mizanur |access-date=2023-08-07 |series=Gulf Studies |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-19-7796-1_27 |isbn=978-981-19-7796-1 |last2=Ghurab |first2=Salem |editor2-last=Al-Azm |editor2-first=Amr}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Persian Gulf]]
[[Category:Near East]]
[[Category:Middle East]]
[[Category:Aviation in Asia]]

Gulf airlines - Revision history

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