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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts
| image = File:Death of Sultan Bahadur in front of Diu against the Portuguese 1537 Akbar Nama end of 16th century.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Mughal miniature depicting the death of [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat]] in Diu.
| partof = [[Portuguese-Ottoman wars]]
| date = 1508–1573 <br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=1508|year2=1573}})
| place = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| result =
*Establishment of [[Fort Diu|Portuguese Diu]]
*[[Treaty of Bassein (1534)]]
*Establishment of [[Fort Vasai|Portuguese Bassein]]
*Establishment of Portuguese Daman
| combatant1 = {{flag|Portuguese Empire|1521}}
| combatant2 = {{plainlist |
*[[Sultanate of Gujarat]]
*'''Supported by:'''
*[[Mamluk Sultanate]]
*[[Calicut (kingdom)|Kingdom of Calicut]]
*{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Ottoman Empire]]
}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist |
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1495}} [[Lourenço de Almeida|Dom Lourenço de Almeida]]{{KIA}}
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1485}} [[Francisco de Almeida|Dom Francisco de Almeida]]
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1521}} [[Nuno da Cunha]]
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1521}} [[António da Silveira]]
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1521}} Dom João de Mascarenhas
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1521}} [[João de Castro|Dom João de Castro]]
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1521}} [[Jorge de Meneses Baroche]]
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist |
*[[Malik Ayyaz]]
*[[Khoja Zufar]]{{KIA}}
*[[Mustafa Bayram]]
*[[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]]{{KIA}}
*[[Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat]]
*{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Hadım Suleiman Pasha|Suleiman Pasha]]
}}
}}
{{Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean}}
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

'''Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts''' refers to the armed engagements between the [[Portuguese Empire]] and the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultanate of Gujarat]], in India, that took place from 1508 until Gujarat was annexed by the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1573.

==Context==
When [[Vasco da Gama]] made landfall in India in 1498, the Sultanate of Gujarat was one of the main commercial and maritime powers of India and the [[Indian Ocean]]. The region marketed various textiles, indigo, sugar and other commodities which were in high demand in Asia and Europe.<ref name=nadri/> The geopgraphy of central and southern Gujarat was particularly well suited for the production of valuable cash-crops like cotton and [[indigo]].<ref name=nadri>Ghulam A. Nadri: "[https://books.google.com/books?id=L2OeBQAAQBAJ&dq=tom%C3%A9%20pires%20cambay%20stretches%20its%20arms&pg=PA87 The Dynamics of Port-Hinterland Relationships in Eighteenth-Century Gujarat]" in ''Hinterlands and Commodities: Place, Space, Time and the Political Economic Development of Asia over the Long Eighteenth Century'', BRILL, 2014, p. 87.</ref>

A large number of Gujarati merchants lived in east-Africa in [[Malindi]] but also in [[Mombasa]] which was hostile to the Portuguese.<ref name=roy-lorge/> It was the influence of powerful Gujarati merchant elites that caused sultan [[Mahmud Shah of Malacca]] in the Malay peninsula to turn on the Portuguese when they reached that city in 1509. Malacca was the chief center of Gujarati trade overseas, 1000 merchants settled there in the fifteenth century and about 4000 to 5000 visited the city yearly to trade. They were compared to Venetians and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] for their skill in trade and navigation.<ref name=roy-lorge>K. S. Matthew: "Indo-Portuguese battles" in Kaushik Roy, Peter Lorge: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&dq=tom%C3%A9%20pires%20cambay%20stretches%20its%20arms&pg=PA167 Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 1870]'' Routledge, 2014, p. 167.</ref>

The Portuguese diplomat and apothecary [[Tomé Pires]] commented that:

{{cquote|Cambay chiefly stretches out two arms, with her right arm she reaches towards [[Aden]] and with the other towards Malacca.<ref name=roy-lorge/>}}

Portugal sought to participate in the Indian Ocean trade and was first brought into conflict with Gujarat when the Gujarati governor of Diu [[Malik Ayyaz]] joined a [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]]-[[Calicut (kingdom)|Calicut]]-[[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] coalition to drive the Portuguese out of India in 1508.

==Course of hostilities==
===Battle of Chaul, 1508===
{{main|Battle of Chaul}}

The Battle of Chaul was a naval battle between a Portuguese fleet commanded by Dom Lourenço de Almeida and an [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Egyptian Mamluk]] fleet allied to a Gujarati fleet in 1508 in the harbour of [[Chaul]] in [[India]]. The battle ended in a Muslim victory. This was the first Portuguese defeat at sea in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="Padfield">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ACI-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62 ''Tide of Empires: 1481–1654'' Peter Padfield p.62''ff'']</ref>

===Battle of Diu, 1509===
{{main|Battle of Diu}}

After the Battle of Chaul in 1508, an allied Mamluk-Gujarati-Calicut force had assembled a fleet in Diu to drive the Portuguese out of India. They were confronted by a Portuguese fleet under the command of the viceroy of India Dom Francisco de Almeida.

Portuguese victory was critical: the great Muslim alliance was soundly defeated, easing the Portuguese strategy of controlling the [[Indian Ocean]] to route trade down the [[Cape of Good Hope]], circumventing the historical [[spice trade]] controlled by the [[Arab]]s and the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] through the [[Red Sea]] and [[Persian Gulf]]. After the battle, the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] rapidly captured several key ports in the Indian Ocean including [[Goa]], [[Colombo]], [[Malacca]] and [[Ormus|Ormuz]]. Losses crippled the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] and the [[Gujarat Sultanate]].

The Battle of Diu was a [[battle of annihilation]] similar to the [[Battle of Lepanto]] and the [[Battle of Trafalgar]], and one of the most important in world [[naval history]], for it marks the beginning of European dominance over Asian seas that would last until the [[Second World War]].<ref>Saturnino Monteiro (2011), ''Portuguese Sea Battles Volume I – The First World Sea Power'' p. 273</ref>

===Battles of Chaul and Dabul, 1517===

In 1517, a Portuguese fleet of 7 oarships under the command of João de Monroi defeated a fleet of 15 Gujarati oarships from Diu near [[Chaul]], contracted by the lord of [[Mahim]] to attack Portuguese shipping. Later that same year, Monroi defeated another fleet of 14 oarships near Dabul thanks to superior artillery.<ref>K. S. Matthew: "[https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&dq=tom%C3%A9%20pires%20cambay%20stretches%20its%20arms&pg=PA176 Indo-Portuguese battles]" in Kaushik Roy, Peter Lorge: ''Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 1870'', Routledge, 2014, p. 176.</ref>

===Battle of Chaul 1521===
[[File:Códice Casanatense Gujarati Lascarins.jpg|thumb|Portuguese watercolour sketch of a Gujarati warrior.]]
When the Portuguese began construction of a fortress in Chaul with the consent of the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar]], the governor of Diu Malik Issack dispatched 40-50 oarships under the leadership of Aga Mohammed to prevent its construction. The Portuguese governor of India [[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]] mobilized three [[Galleon|galleons]], a [[caravel]] and three [[Galley|galleys]] under the command of Dom Aleixo de Meneses and after a long-drawn combat of artillery in November 1521, Aga Mohammed retreated in disgrace.<ref>Roy, Lorge, 2014, pp. 176-177.</ref>

===Gujarat campaign, 1531===
{{main|Siege of Diu (1531)}}
[[File:Die Portugiesenzeit (Strandes) 131.jpg|thumb|The Portuguese governor of India Nuno da Cunha, sketched by [[Gaspar Correia]].]]
In 1531, the Portuguese governor of India Nuno da Cunha assembled a large armada of up to 400 ships and 30,000 men to capture the island of Diu.

They engaged roughly 800 enemy soldiers at Siyâl Bet island and killed them all.<ref>Monteiro (1991), p.205</ref> The Portuguese suffered 9<ref>Frederick Charles Denvers: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iRxBAQAAMAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Frederick%20Charles%20Danvers%22&pg=PA401 The Portuguese in India]'', W.H. Allen & Company, 1894, p. 401.</ref> or 17 killed and 120 wounded.<ref>Monteiro (1991), p.205</ref> They then sailed for Diu, but the Muslim alliance defeated them and killed 14.<ref>Monteiro, 1991, p.209</ref> The victory was partly the result of Ottoman firepower over the Portuguese deployed by [[Mustafa bayram|Mustafa Bayram]], an Ottoman expert.<ref>Guns for the sultan: military power and the weapons industry in the Ottoman Empire, Gábor Ágoston, page 194, 2005</ref>

Although Diu was successfully defended, victory was short-lived: Diu was blockaded and the Portuguese armada was diverted towards more exposed Gujarati cities.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iRxBAQAAMAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Frederick%20Charles%20Danvers%22&pg=PA403 Denvers, 1894, p.403.]</ref> [[Ghogha]], [[Surat]], [[Mangrol, Gujarat|Mangrol]], Somnath, [[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Tarapur, Gujarat|Tarapur]], Kelva, Mahim, [[Valsad|Bulsar]], Agashi, Patam, Pate, and many other settlements were assaulted and sacked, some never recovering from the attacks.<ref>Pearson, Michael Naylor (1976). Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century. University of California Press, pg. 76</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iRxBAQAAMAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Frederick%20Charles%20Danvers%22&pg=PA402 Denvers 1894, p.402-404]</ref><ref name="gazeteer">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=I7wMAAAAIAAJ&dq=nuno%20da%20cunha%20diu&pg=PA451 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency]'', Volume 13, Government Central Press, 1882, p.451</ref>

In 1534, [[Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat]] signed [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|a peace treaty]] with Governor Nuno da Cunha, granting the Portuguese the territory of [[Vasai|Bassein]], including Bombay. In 1535, the Portuguese were allowed to construct a fortress at Diu.
===Siege of Diu, 1538===
{{main|Siege of Diu (1538)}}
The Sultan of Gujarat [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] who was under threat from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Humayun]], granting Diu to the Portuguese in exchange for assistance against the Mughals and protection should the realm fall.<ref name="İnalcik"/> The Portuguese seized the stronghold of [[Gogala]] (Bender-i Türk) near the city,<ref name="İnalcik"/> and built the [[Diu Fort]]. Once the threat from Humayun was removed, Bahadur tried to negotiate the withdrawal of the Portuguese but on 13 February 1537 he drowned during the negotiations in unclear circumstances, both sides blaming the other for the tragedy.<ref name="Percival 14">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14 ''The Cambridge history of the British Empire, Volume 2'' by Arthur Percival Newton p.14]</ref>
[[File:The Portuguese Fortress of Diu in the mid-16th century.png|thumb|16th century sketch of the Portuguese fortress of Diu sketched by [[Gaspar Correia]].]]

Bahadur Shah had appealed to the Ottomans to expel the Portuguese, which led to the 1538 expedition.<ref name="İnalcik">''An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire'' by Halil İnalcik p.324''ff'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ovg_RQlklU4C&pg=PA326]</ref> An army of the Sultanate of Gujarat under [[Khoja Zufar]] aided by an Ottoman fleet led by the Ottoman governor of Egypt [[Hadım Suleiman Pasha]], attempted to capture Diu in 1538 but the Portuguese under the command of captain António da Silveira resisted the four months long siege.

===Siege of Bassein, 1538===
While Diu was besieged, Gujarat sieged [[Fort Vasai|Bassein]]. The commander of Bassein Ruy Lourenço de Távora dispatched a distress call to the governor, who sent him a galleon and four barques with 400 soldiers in reinforcements under the command of Tristão de Ataíde. Upon arriving, the Portuguese attacked the Gujarati army and forced them to withdraw to a neighbouring island, where they were surrounded and destroyed. Upon being known of the defeat at Diu, the Gujaratis discontinued their attacks against the Portuguese.<ref>Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India'', W. H. Allen & Co., p. 437.</ref>

===Siege of Diu, 1546===
{{main|Siege of Diu (1546)}}
[[File:Painel de D. João de Castro, Patrono do IPE, exposto na Sala D. João de Castro.png|thumb|The Portuguese governor of India Dom João de Castro.]]
After the failed siege of 1538, the Gujarati general [[Khoja Zufar]] besieged Diu again in an attempt to recapture the island. The siege lasted seven months from 20 April 1546 to 10 November 1546.<ref name="TonyJaques_Dictionary">{{cite book
| title = Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century
| volume = 1 (A-E)
| editor = Tony Jaques
| publisher = Greenwood
| year = 2007
| isbn = 978-0-313-33537-2
| page = 304
}}</ref>

The siege ended when a Portuguese fleet under Governor [[João de Castro]] arrived and routed the attackers.<ref name="TonyJaques_Dictionary"/>

Khoja Zufar and his son Muharram Rumi Khan were both killed during the siege.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Firearms: a global history to 1700
| url = https://archive.org/details/firearmsglobalhi1700chas
| url-access = limited
| author = Kenneth Warren Chase
| edition = illustrated
| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
| year = 2003
| isbn = 978-0-521-82274-9
| page = [https://archive.org/details/firearmsglobalhi1700chas/page/n154 136]
}}</ref>

===Sack of Bharuch 1547===
{{main|Battle of Bharuch}}

After Diu was sieged for the second time by the Sultanate of Gujarat, the Portuguese governor of India dispatched Jorge de Meneses with a force of 10 oarships and 600 men to blockade the coast of Gujarat and capture any ship carrying supplies.<ref name=danvers478-479>Frederick Charles Danvers: The Portuguese in India volume I, A.D. 1481-1571, .H. Allen & Company, limited, 1894, pp. 478-479.</ref> Having acquired information from fishermen of two captured vessels that nearby [[Bharuch]] was poorly protected, he conducted a daring night-time raid against the city, successfully assaulting it and sacking it.<ref name=danvers478-479/> Meneses and his men afterwards attacked the neighbouring towns and coastal populations.<ref>Diogo do Couto: ''Décadas da Ásia'', 1736 ed. book IV, pp. 715-716.</ref> In the aftermath, Jorge de Meneses added ''Baroche'' to his name in remembrance of the exploit.<ref name=danvers478-479/>

===Portuguese conquest of Daman===
{{main|Portuguese conquest of Daman}}

[[Daman, India|Daman]] was captured by the Portuguese governor of India Dom [[Constantino of Braganza|Constantino de Bragança]] in order to reinforce the security of [[Fort Vasai|Bassein]].<ref name=danvers512-513>Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India: Being a History of the Rise and Decline of their Eastern Empire'', volume I, W. H. Allen & Co. Limited, 1894, pp. 512-513.</ref> The lord of Daman whom the Portuguese identified as Cid Bofetá had mobilized 4000 men to defend his territory, however he abandoned the city and retreated further inland upon the arrival of the Portuguese armada, numbering about 100 ships and 3000 soldiers.<ref name=danvers512-513/> Cid Bofetá was then routed by António Moniz Barreto, who attacked his camp in a night-time raid with 500 men, while Dom Pedro de Almeida later captured nearby [[Valsad]] with 150 horse and 150 foot.<ref name=danvers512-513/>

==Aftermath==
After the acquisition of Bassein in 1534 and Diu in 1535, Portuguese grip on navigation in the [[Gulf of Khambhat|Gulf of Khambat]] became even tighter with the capture of Daman, making it increasingly difficult for merchant ships to travel without a [[cartaz]], and the invicibility of Portuguese fleets ultimately caused the Gujaratis to accept the system.<ref>K. M. Mathew: ''History of Portuguese Navigation in India'', Mittal Publications, 1988, p. 137.</ref> Control of the Gulf by the Portuguese navy was therefore complete.<ref>Clive Ponting: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xSt_94gk19AC&dq=conquest%20of%20daman%201559&pg=PA522 World History: A New Perspective]'', Random House, 2008, p. 522.</ref> Bahadur Shah successors struggled with civil-war, until eventually Gujarat was annexed by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in 1573.

Daman and Diu would remain in Portuguese possession for 402 years, until 1961.
==See also==
*[[Portuguese India]]
*[[Mamluk-Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1538-1560)]]
*[[Acehnese-Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Sinhalese-Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Malay-Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Fort São Jerónimo]]
*[[Fort of Daman]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Warfare of the early modern period]]
[[Category:Wars involving Portugal]]
[[Category:History of Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Gujarat Sultanate]]
[[Category:Maritime history of India]]
[[Category:16th century in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:16th century in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of Portugal]]

Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article