Green chromide - Revision history

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	The '''green chromide''' (''Etroplus suratensis'') is a species of [[cichlid]] fish that is native to fresh and [[brackish]] water habitats in some parts in [[India]] such as [[Kerala]], [[Goa]], [[Chilika Lake]] in [[Odisha]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. The species was [[Species description\|first described]] by [[Marcus Elieser Bloch]] in 1790.<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase species \| genus = Etroplus \| species = suratensis \| month = July \| year = 2011}}</ref> ~~Other common names include~~ ''~~'pearlspot cichlid''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|author=Abraham, R. \| year = 2011 \| title = ''Etroplus suratensis'' \| journal =~~ [[~~The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species~~]] ~~\| volume = 2011 \| page = e.T172368A6877592 \| doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T172368A6877592.en }}</ref>~~ '''~~banded pearlspot~~''', and '''striped chromide'''.<ref>[http://www.fishbase.org/ComNames/CommonNamesList.php?ID=4681&GenusName=Etroplus&SpeciesName=suratensis&StockCode=4899 Common names of ''Etroplus suratensis''.] FishBase. 2015.</ref> In [[~~Kerala~~]]~~, it is known locally as the~~ ''~~'''karimeen ('''കരിമീൻ''')'''''.In~~ [[~~Tamilnadu~~]]~~,it is known locally as the ''''pappan or pappa('''பப்பான்,பப்ப''')''''~~<ref ~~name=hindu~~>{{cite ~~news~~ \| ~~last~~=~~Basheer~~ \| ~~first~~=~~K.P.M.~~ \| ~~url~~=~~https~~:~~//www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Karimeen-leaps-from-frying-pan-to-State-fish/article16189480.ece~~ \| ~~title~~=~~Karimeen leaps from frying pan to State fish~~ \| ~~newspaper~~=~~The Hindu~~ \| ~~date~~=~~9 July 2010~~ \| ~~access-date~~=~~22 December 2019 }}</ref> In Goa the fish is known as '''''kalundar'''''~~.~~<ref>{{cite web~~ \| ~~url~~=~~https://goodgoanfood~~.~~blogspot~~.~~in/2011/11/local-konkani-names-for-common-fish-in~~.~~html \| title=Good Goan Food: Local (Konkani) names for Common Fish in Goa\| date=2011-11-25~~}}</ref> In Odisha, the local name is '''''kundal'''''(କୁଣ୍ଡଳ ମାଛ). In Sri Lanka this fish is known as ''Mal koraliya'',athu koraliya'' (මල් කොරළියා,අතු කොරළියා).		The '''green chromide''' ('''''Etroplus suratensis''''') is a species of [[cichlid]] fish that is native to fresh and [[brackish]] water habitats in some parts in [[India]] such as [[Kerala]], [[Goa]], [[Chilika Lake]] in [[Odisha]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. The species was [[Species description\|first described]] by [[Marcus Elieser Bloch]] in 1790.<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase species \| genus = Etroplus \| species = suratensis \| month = July \| year = 2011}}</ref> This species and other members of the genus ''[[Etroplus]]'' are relatively closely related to the ''[[Paretroplus]]'' cichlids from [[Madagascar]].<ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00225-2 \|pmid=15012941 \|title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the Malagasy and South Asian cichlids (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) \|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution \|volume=30 \|issue=3 \|pages=599–614 \|year=2004 \|last1=Sparks \|first1=John S. \|bibcode=2004MolPE..30..599S }}</ref>

	~~It has been [[Introduced species\|introduced]] in various parts of the world outside its native range~~,<ref name=":0" /> ~~including~~ [[~~Singapore~~]], ~~where~~ it ~~occurs in~~ [[~~estuary~~\|~~estuaries~~]].<ref>~~[http~~://~~habitatnews~~.~~nus~~.~~edu.sg~~/~~guidebooks~~/~~marinefish~~/~~text~~/~~335~~.~~htm Green Chromide~~.~~] Guide to Common Marine Fishes~~ of ~~Singapore~~.</ref>		Other common names include '''pearlspot cichlid''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|author=Abraham, R. \| year = 2011 \| title = ''Etroplus suratensis'' \| journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] \| volume = 2011 \| page = e.T172368A6877592 \| doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T172368A6877592.en \| doi-access = free }}</ref> '''banded pearlspot''', and '''striped chromide'''.<ref>[http://www.fishbase.org/ComNames/CommonNamesList.php?ID=4681&GenusName=Etroplus&SpeciesName=suratensis&StockCode=4899 Common names of ''Etroplus suratensis''.] FishBase. 2015.</ref> In [[Kerala]], it is known locally as '''''karimeen'''''. In [[Tamil Nadu]], it is known locally as the '''''pappan''''' or '''''pappa'''''.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news \| last=Basheer \| first=K.P.M. \| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Karimeen-leaps-from-frying-pan-to-State-fish/article16189480.ece \| title=Karimeen leaps from frying pan to State fish \| newspaper=The Hindu \| date=9 July 2010 \| access-date=22 December 2019 }}</ref> In [[Goa]], the fish is known as '''''kalundar'''''.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://goodgoanfood.blogspot.in/2011/11/local-konkani-names-for-common-fish-in.html \| title=Good Goan Food: Local (Konkani) names for Common Fish in Goa\| date=2011-11-25}}</ref> In Odisha, the local name is '''''kundal'''''.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Jones \|first1=S. \|last2=Sujansingani \|first2=K. H. \|date=1954 \|title=Fish and Fisheries of the Chilka Lake with Statistics of Fish Catches for the Years 1948-1950\|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/34039/1/34039.pdf \|language=English \|journal=Indian Journal of Fisheries \|volume= \|issue= \|pages=342 \|doi= \|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> In Sri Lanka this fish is known as ''Mal koraliya''.

	~~This species and other members of the genus ''~~[[~~Etroplus~~]]~~'' are relatively closely related to~~ the ''[[~~Paretroplus~~]]~~'' cichlids from~~ [[~~Madagascar~~]].<ref>~~{{cite journal \|doi=10~~.~~1016~~/~~S1055-7903(03)00225-2 \|pmid=15012941 \|title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography~~ of ~~the Malagasy and South Asian cichlids (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) \|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution \|volume=30 \|issue=3 \|pages=599–614 \|year=2004 \|last1=Sparks \|first1=John S~~. }}</ref>		It has been [[Introduced species\|introduced]] in various parts of the world outside its native range,<ref name=":0" /> including [[Singapore]], where it occurs in [[estuary\|estuaries]].<ref>[http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/guidebooks/marinefish/text/335.htm Green Chromide.] Guide to Common Marine Fishes of Singapore.</ref> The [[Government of Kerala]] declared pearlspot as the official fish of [[Kerala]].

	==Habitat and behavior==		==Habitat and behavior==
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	==Relationship with humans==		==Relationship with humans==
	Etroplus suratensis is a popular food fish and it is considered a delicacy.<ref>[https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ANS/erss/uncertainrisk/ERSS-Etroplus-suratensis-FINAL-June2019.pdf ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service''] April 2011.</ref>		Etroplus suratensis is a popular food fish and it is considered a delicacy.<ref>[https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ANS/erss/uncertainrisk/ERSS-Etroplus-suratensis-FINAL-June2019.pdf ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424130312/https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ANS/erss/uncertainrisk/ERSS-Etroplus-suratensis-FINAL-June2019.pdf \|date=2021-04-24 }} April 2011.</ref>

	''Etroplus suratensis'' and ''[[Etroplus maculatus\|E. maculatus]]'' form the main species and the former is dominant among pearl spots in reservoirs of India. They mainly feed on detritus and occupy the same niche as that of ''[[Oreochromis mossambicus]]''. These fishes are ~~very~~ popular ~~food fishes~~ but their biomass is very low in reservoirs compared to other cichlids.<ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.05.020 \|title=Assessment of impacts of invasive fishes on the food web structure and ecosystem properties of a tropical reservoir in India \|journal=Ecological Modelling \|volume=220 \|issue=18 \|pages=2281–2290 \|year=2009 \|last1=Feroz Khan \|first1=M. \|last2=Panikkar \|first2=Preetha }}</ref>		''Etroplus suratensis'' and ''[[Etroplus maculatus\|E. maculatus]]'' form the main species and the former is dominant among pearl spots in reservoirs of India. They mainly feed on detritus and occupy the same niche as that of ''[[Oreochromis mossambicus]]''. These fishes are a popular delicacy but their biomass is very low in reservoirs compared to other cichlids.<ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.05.020 \|title=Assessment of impacts of invasive fishes on the food web structure and ecosystem properties of a tropical reservoir in India \|journal=Ecological Modelling \|volume=220 \|issue=18 \|pages=2281–2290 \|year=2009 \|last1=Feroz Khan \|first1=M. \|last2=Panikkar \|first2=Preetha \|bibcode=2009EcMod.220.2281F }}</ref>

	In 2010 this species was named the official state fish of [[Kerala]]. The following year was declared "The Year of the Karimeen". Karimeen ~~pollichatthu~~, a fried dish, is a delicacy served in restaurants. ~~It is familiar~~ to ~~tourists~~, ~~but because it is very~~ expensive ~~it is not easily accessible~~ to ~~poor folks~~. Production of the species for food is expected to increase in the near future.<ref name=hindu/>		In 2010 this species was named the official state fish of [[Kerala]]. The following year was declared "The Year of the Karimeen". Karimeen pollichathu, a fried dish, is a delicacy served in restaurants. Due to low number of production and high demand, the species have often been expensive to the public.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Something fishy? Despite huge demand, karimeen farming in Kerala in the doldrums \|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/aug/11/something-fishy-despite-huge-demand-karimeen-farming-in-kerala-in-the-doldrums-2182043.html \|access-date=2022-03-09 \|website=The New Indian Express \|date=11 August 2020 }}</ref> Production of the species for food is expected to increase in the near future.<ref name=hindu/>
			==See also==
			*[[Indian Fish Breeds List]]

	==References==		==References==

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2021-09-01T09:57:06Z

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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Etroplus suratensis.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name = ":0"/>
| taxon = Etroplus suratensis
| authority = ([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1790)
}}

The '''green chromide''' (''Etroplus suratensis'') is a species of [[cichlid]] fish that is native to fresh and [[brackish]] water habitats in some parts in [[India]] such as [[Kerala]], [[Goa]], [[Chilika Lake]] in [[Odisha]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. The species was [[Species description|first described]] by [[Marcus Elieser Bloch]] in 1790.<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase species | genus = Etroplus | species = suratensis | month = July | year = 2011}}</ref> Other common names include '''pearlspot cichlid''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Abraham, R. | year = 2011 | title = ''Etroplus suratensis'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2011 | page = e.T172368A6877592 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T172368A6877592.en }}</ref> '''banded pearlspot''', and '''striped chromide'''.<ref>[http://www.fishbase.org/ComNames/CommonNamesList.php?ID=4681&GenusName=Etroplus&SpeciesName=suratensis&StockCode=4899 Common names of ''Etroplus suratensis''.] FishBase. 2015.</ref> In [[Kerala]], it is known locally as the '''''karimeen ('''കരിമീൻ''')'''''.In [[Tamilnadu]],it is known locally as the ''''pappan or pappa('''பப்பான்,பப்ப''')''''<ref name=hindu>{{cite news | last=Basheer | first=K.P.M. | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Karimeen-leaps-from-frying-pan-to-State-fish/article16189480.ece | title=Karimeen leaps from frying pan to State fish | newspaper=The Hindu | date=9 July 2010 | access-date=22 December 2019 }}</ref> In Goa the fish is known as '''''kalundar'''''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://goodgoanfood.blogspot.in/2011/11/local-konkani-names-for-common-fish-in.html | title=Good Goan Food: Local (Konkani) names for Common Fish in Goa| date=2011-11-25}}</ref> In Odisha, the local name is '''''kundal'''''(କୁଣ୍ଡଳ ମାଛ). In Sri Lanka this fish is known as ''Mal koraliya'',athu koraliya'' (මල් කොරළියා,අතු කොරළියා).

It has been [[Introduced species|introduced]] in various parts of the world outside its native range,<ref name=":0" /> including [[Singapore]], where it occurs in [[estuary|estuaries]].<ref>[http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/guidebooks/marinefish/text/335.htm Green Chromide.] Guide to Common Marine Fishes of Singapore.</ref>

This species and other members of the genus ''[[Etroplus]]'' are relatively closely related to the ''[[Paretroplus]]'' cichlids from [[Madagascar]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00225-2 |pmid=15012941 |title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the Malagasy and South Asian cichlids (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=599–614 |year=2004 |last1=Sparks |first1=John S. }}</ref>

==Habitat and behavior==
The green chromide lives in [[brackish water]] habitat types, such as river deltas. It eats mainly aquatic plants, including filamentous [[algae]] and [[diatom]]s, but it consumes the occasional [[mollusk]] and other animal matter. This species engages in attentive parental care in which several adults care for each brood.<ref name=":0" />

==Appearance==
The adult is oval in shape with a short snout. It is grey green with dark barring and a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fin.<ref name=":0" /> It commonly reaches {{cvt|20|cm|in|0}} in length, and the maximum length is twice that.<ref name="fishbase"/>

==Relationship with humans==
Etroplus suratensis is a popular food fish and it is considered a delicacy.<ref>[https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ANS/erss/uncertainrisk/ERSS-Etroplus-suratensis-FINAL-June2019.pdf ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service''] April 2011.</ref>

''Etroplus suratensis'' and ''[[Etroplus maculatus|E. maculatus]]'' form the main species and the former is dominant among pearl spots in reservoirs of India. They mainly feed on detritus and occupy the same niche as that of ''[[Oreochromis mossambicus]]''. These fishes are very popular food fishes but their biomass is very low in reservoirs compared to other cichlids.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.05.020 |title=Assessment of impacts of invasive fishes on the food web structure and ecosystem properties of a tropical reservoir in India |journal=Ecological Modelling |volume=220 |issue=18 |pages=2281–2290 |year=2009 |last1=Feroz Khan |first1=M. |last2=Panikkar |first2=Preetha }}</ref>

In 2010 this species was named the official state fish of [[Kerala]]. The following year was declared "The Year of the Karimeen". Karimeen pollichatthu, a fried dish, is a delicacy served in restaurants. It is familiar to tourists, but because it is very expensive it is not easily accessible to poor folks. Production of the species for food is expected to increase in the near future.<ref name=hindu/>

==References==
{{Commons category|Etroplus suratensis}}
{{Wikispecies|Etroplus suratensis}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213735/http://parisaramahiti.kar.nic.in/fish/f190.htm Pearl-spot.] Fresh water fishes of Karnataka. ENVIS Centre.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1519619}}

[[Category:Etroplus|suratensis]]
[[Category:Fish of South Asia]]
[[Category:Cichlid fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Fish of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1790]]
[[Category:Brackish water organisms]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Marcus Elieser Bloch]]