Greco-Bactrian Empire - Revision history

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clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:00, 24 November 2023
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	The '''Greco-Bactrian Kingdom''' or simply '''Greco-Bactria'''<ref>[https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/ The Ancient Greco-Bactrian kingdom and Hellenistic Afghanistan] ''Brewminate'', {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924155537/https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/\|date=2021-09-24}} - ''Matthew A. McIntosh''</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Mairs \|first=Rachel \|title=Bactrian or Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom \|url=https://www.academia.edu/23031604 \|journal=The Encyclopedia of Empire \|year=2016 \|pages=1–4}}</ref>{{Efn\|'Greco-Bactrian Kingdom', 'Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom' and 'Greco-Bactria' are names applied by historians. The actual historical name of the state is unknown, but probably related to the ruling dynasties, which see.}} was a [[Hellenistic period\|Hellenistic-era]] [[Ancient Greece\|Greek]] state,<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Cribb \|first=Joe \|date=2005 \|title=The Greek Kingdom of Bactria, its coinage and its collapse \|url=https://www.academia.edu/3026258 \|journal=Afghanistan Ancien Carrefour Entre Lʼest et Lʼouest \|pages=1 \|via=[[Academia.edu\|Academia]]}}</ref> and along with the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]], the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world in [[Central Asia]] and the [[~~Indian subcontinent\|~~Indian subcontinent]]. It was founded in 256 BC by the Seleucid satrap [[Diodotus I\|Diodotus I Soter]] and lasted until its fall {{circa\|120}} BC with some cities still controlled by Greek kings such as [[Hermaeus \|Hermaeus Soter]] (90-70 BC) in what is today Kabul. It was ruled by the [[Diodotid dynasty]] and the rival [[Euthydemid dynasty]].		The '''Greco-Bactrian Kingdom''' or simply '''Greco-Bactria'''<ref>[https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/ The Ancient Greco-Bactrian kingdom and Hellenistic Afghanistan] ''Brewminate'', {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924155537/https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/\|date=2021-09-24}} - ''Matthew A. McIntosh''</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Mairs \|first=Rachel \|title=Bactrian or Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom \|url=https://www.academia.edu/23031604 \|journal=The Encyclopedia of Empire \|year=2016 \|pages=1–4}}</ref>{{Efn\|'Greco-Bactrian Kingdom', 'Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom' and 'Greco-Bactria' are names applied by historians. The actual historical name of the state is unknown, but probably related to the ruling dynasties, which see.}} was a [[Hellenistic period\|Hellenistic-era]] [[Ancient Greece\|Greek]] state,<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Cribb \|first=Joe \|date=2005 \|title=The Greek Kingdom of Bactria, its coinage and its collapse \|url=https://www.academia.edu/3026258 \|journal=Afghanistan Ancien Carrefour Entre Lʼest et Lʼouest \|pages=1 \|via=[[Academia.edu\|Academia]]}}</ref> and along with the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]], the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world in [[Central Asia]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It was founded in 256 BC by the Seleucid satrap [[Diodotus I\|Diodotus I Soter]] and lasted until its fall {{circa\|120}} BC with some cities still controlled by Greek kings such as [[Hermaeus \|Hermaeus Soter]] (90-70 BC) in what is today Kabul. It was ruled by the [[Diodotid dynasty]] and the rival [[Euthydemid dynasty]].

	It covered much of present-day [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Turkmenistan]], and some parts of [[Iran]] and [[Pakistan]]. An extension further east, with military campaigns and settlements, had most likely reached the borders of the [[Qin (state)\|Qin State]] in 230 BC.<ref>Lucas, Christopoulos. Dionysian Rituals and the Golden Zeus of China. Sino-Platonic Papers 326.</ref><ref>Strabo, Geography 11.11.1</ref> The capitals of [[Ai-Khanoum\|Ai-Khanum]] and [[Balkh\|Bactra]] were among the largest and richest cities of antiquity; indeed, Bactria was itself known as the ''land of a thousand golden cities''. The Indo-Greek Kingdoms, as Bactrian successor states, would last until 10 AD.<ref>Doumanis, Nicholas. (16 Dec 2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vuEcBQAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+180+bc+established&pg=PA64 ''A History of Greece'']{{Dead link\|date=November 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} Palgrave Macmillan {{ISBN\|978-1137013675}} p 64</ref><ref>[[Christoph Baumer\|Baumer, Christoph]]. (11 Dec 2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&q=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks ''The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145809/https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&dq=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s \|date=2022-11-19 }} Vol. '''1''' I.B. Tauris, {{ISBN\|978-1780760605}} p 289</ref><ref>Kaushik Roy. ( 28 July 2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&pg=PT34 ''Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145817/https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwjYyoSrwvLIAhVCgA8KHQhgC-g#v=onepage&q=indo-greek%20kingdom%20invaded%20india&f=false \|date=2022-11-19 }}. Routledge, {{ISBN\|978-1317321279}}</ref>		It covered much of present-day [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Turkmenistan]], and some parts of [[Iran]] and [[Pakistan]]. An extension further east, with military campaigns and settlements, had most likely reached the borders of the [[Qin (state)\|Qin State]] in 230 BC.<ref>Lucas, Christopoulos. Dionysian Rituals and the Golden Zeus of China. Sino-Platonic Papers 326.</ref><ref>Strabo, Geography 11.11.1</ref> The capitals of [[Ai-Khanoum\|Ai-Khanum]] and [[Balkh\|Bactra]] were among the largest and richest cities of antiquity; indeed, Bactria was itself known as the ''land of a thousand golden cities''. The Indo-Greek Kingdoms, as Bactrian successor states, would last until 10 AD.<ref>Doumanis, Nicholas. (16 Dec 2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vuEcBQAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+180+bc+established&pg=PA64 ''A History of Greece'']{{Dead link\|date=November 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} Palgrave Macmillan {{ISBN\|978-1137013675}} p 64</ref><ref>[[Christoph Baumer\|Baumer, Christoph]]. (11 Dec 2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&q=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks ''The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145809/https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&dq=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s \|date=2022-11-19 }} Vol. '''1''' I.B. Tauris, {{ISBN\|978-1780760605}} p 289</ref><ref>Kaushik Roy. ( 28 July 2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&pg=PT34 ''Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145817/https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwjYyoSrwvLIAhVCgA8KHQhgC-g#v=onepage&q=indo-greek%20kingdom%20invaded%20india&f=false \|date=2022-11-19 }}. Routledge, {{ISBN\|978-1317321279}}</ref>
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	{{Quote \| ... for if he did not yield to this demand, neither of them would be safe: Seeing that great hordes of Nomads were close at hand, who were a danger to both; and that if they admitted them into the country, it would certainly be utterly barbarised.<ref name="Polybius 11.34"/>}}		{{Quote \| ... for if he did not yield to this demand, neither of them would be safe: Seeing that great hordes of Nomads were close at hand, who were a danger to both; and that if they admitted them into the country, it would certainly be utterly barbarised.<ref name="Polybius 11.34"/>}}

	In an inscription found in the [[Kulab, Tajikistan\|Kuliab]] area of [[Tajikistan]], in eastern Greco-Bactria, and dated to 200–195 BC,<ref name="SW">Shane Wallace [https://www.academia.edu/25638818 Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112215954/https://www.academia.edu/25638818 \|date=2020-01-12 }} p.206</ref> a Greek by the name of Heliodotos, dedicating a fire altar to [[Hestia]], mentions Euthydemus as the greatest of all kings, and his son [[Demetrius I of Bactria\|Demetrius I]] as "Demetrios Kalinikos" "Demetrius the Glorious Conqueror":<ref>[[Osmund Bopearachchi]], [https://www.academia.edu/22821570 Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060357/https://www.academia.edu/22821570/Some_observations_on_the_chronology_of_the_early_Kushans \|date=2021-03-08 }}, p.48</ref~~><ref name="SW"/~~>		In an inscription found in the [[Kulab, Tajikistan\|Kuliab]] area of [[Tajikistan]], in eastern Greco-Bactria, and dated to 200–195 BC,<ref name="SW">Shane Wallace [https://www.academia.edu/25638818 Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112215954/https://www.academia.edu/25638818 \|date=2020-01-12 }} p.206</ref> a Greek by the name of Heliodotos, dedicating a fire altar to [[Hestia]], mentions Euthydemus as the greatest of all kings, and his son [[Demetrius I of Bactria\|Demetrius I]] as "Demetrios Kalinikos" "Demetrius the Glorious Conqueror":<ref name="SW"/><ref>[[Osmund Bopearachchi]], [https://www.academia.edu/22821570 Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060357/https://www.academia.edu/22821570/Some_observations_on_the_chronology_of_the_early_Kushans \|date=2021-03-08 }}, p.48</ref>
	{{clear}}		{{clear}}
	{\| class="wikitable centre"		{\| class="wikitable centre"
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	===[[Euthydemid dynasty]]===		===[[Euthydemid dynasty]]===
	[[File:Menander I Drachm, Sear7604.jpg\|alt=Silver drachm of Menander I\|thumb\|Silver drachm of Menander I, dated circa 160–145 BC. Obverse: {{lang\|grc-x-hellen\|ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ}} ('of King Menander the Saviour'), heroic bust of Menander, viewed from behind, head turned to left; Reverse: Athena standing right, brandishing thunderbolt and holding aegis, Karosthi legend around, monogram in field to left.<ref> Coin reference: Sear 7604{{full citation\|date=January 2022}}</ref>]]		[[File:Menander I Drachm, Sear7604.jpg\|alt=Silver drachm of Menander I\|thumb\|Silver drachm of Menander I, dated circa 160–145 BC. Obverse: {{lang\|grc-x-hellen\|ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ}} ('of King Menander the Saviour'), heroic bust of Menander, viewed from behind, head turned to left; Reverse: Athena standing right, brandishing thunderbolt and holding aegis, Karosthi legend around, monogram in field to left.<ref>Coin reference: Sear 7604{{full citation\|date=January 2022}}</ref>]]
	*'''[[Euthydemus I]]''' (reigned {{circa\|225-200}} BC)		*'''[[Euthydemus I]]''' (reigned {{circa\|225-200}} BC)
	*'''[[Demetrius I of Bactria\|Demetrius I]]''' (r. {{circa\|200–180}} BC), invaded and conquered India, establishing the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom\|Indo Greek Kingdom]].		*'''[[Demetrius I of Bactria\|Demetrius I]]''' (r. {{circa\|200–180}} BC), invaded and conquered India, establishing the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom\|Indo Greek Kingdom]].

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* Contacts with the Indian subcontinent (250–180 BC) */Providing reference map for Rock Edict No.13. Extracted from en-wiki.

2023-11-21T15:04:55Z

Contacts with the Indian subcontinent (250–180 BC): Providing reference map for Rock Edict No.13. Extracted from en-wiki.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:34, 21 November 2023
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	<blockquote>The conquest by [[Dharma]] has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred [[yojana]]s (4,000 miles) away, where the Greek king [[Antiochus II Theos\|Antiochos]] rules, beyond there where the four kings named [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus\|Ptolemy]], [[Antigonus II Gonatas\|Antigonos]], [[Magas of Cyrene\|Magas]] and [[Alexander II of Epirus\|Alexander]] rule, likewise in the south among the [[Chola]]s, the [[Pandya]]s, and as far as [[Tamraparni]]. ([[Edicts of Ashoka]], 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika).</blockquote>		<blockquote>The conquest by [[Dharma]] has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred [[yojana]]s (4,000 miles) away, where the Greek king [[Antiochus II Theos\|Antiochos]] rules, beyond there where the four kings named [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus\|Ptolemy]], [[Antigonus II Gonatas\|Antigonos]], [[Magas of Cyrene\|Magas]] and [[Alexander II of Epirus\|Alexander]] rule, likewise in the south among the [[Chola]]s, the [[Pandya]]s, and as far as [[Tamraparni]]. ([[Edicts of Ashoka]], 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika).</blockquote>

			[[File:Territories conquered by the Dharma according to Ashoka.jpg\|thumb\|Territories "conquered by the Dhamma" according to [[Major Rock Edicts\|Major Rock Edict No.13]] of Ashoka (260–218 BCE).{{sfn\|Kosmin\|2014\|p=57}}<ref name=ME368>Thomas Mc Evilly "The shape of ancient thought", Allworth Press, New York, 2002, p.368</ref>]]

	Some of the Greek populations that had remained in northwestern India apparently converted to Buddhism:		Some of the Greek populations that had remained in northwestern India apparently converted to Buddhism:

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* Contacts with the Han Empire */No need of map here, referenced map already provided above.

2023-11-21T15:00:06Z

Contacts with the Han Empire: No need of map here, referenced map already provided above.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:30, 21 November 2023
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	<blockquote>"When I was in Bactria ([[Daxia]])", Zhang Qian reported, "I saw bamboo canes from Qiong and cloth made in the province of Shu (territories of southwestern China). When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles, they replied, "Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu (India)." (''[[Shiji]]'' 123, [[Sima Qian]], trans. Burton Watson).</blockquote>		<blockquote>"When I was in Bactria ([[Daxia]])", Zhang Qian reported, "I saw bamboo canes from Qiong and cloth made in the province of Shu (territories of southwestern China). When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles, they replied, "Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu (India)." (''[[Shiji]]'' 123, [[Sima Qian]], trans. Burton Watson).</blockquote>
	~~[[File:World in 200 BCE.png\|thumb\|270px\|Map of the world in 200 BC showing the [[Han dynasty]], the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, the [[Maurya Empire]] and the [[Yuezhi]] (Kushans)]]~~
	The purpose of Zhang Qian's journey was to look for civilizations on the steppe that the Han could ally with against the Xiongnu. Upon his return, Zhang Qian informed the Chinese emperor Han [[Emperor Wu of Han China\|Wudi]] of the level of sophistication of the urban civilizations of Ferghana, Bactria and Parthia, who became interested in developing commercial relationships with them:		The purpose of Zhang Qian's journey was to look for civilizations on the steppe that the Han could ally with against the Xiongnu. Upon his return, Zhang Qian informed the Chinese emperor Han [[Emperor Wu of Han China\|Wudi]] of the level of sophistication of the urban civilizations of Ferghana, Bactria and Parthia, who became interested in developing commercial relationships with them:

Bharatwiki Socrates: Adding another Greecian Satrapian provinces map(300 BCE). However sadly Paropamisadae Province missing in this map . I don't find any other perfect map on wiki common. Maybe in future I update the map naming.

2023-11-21T14:54:06Z

Adding another Greecian Satrapian provinces map(300 BCE). However sadly Paropamisadae Province missing in this map . I don't find any other perfect map on wiki common. Maybe in future I update the map naming.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:24, 21 November 2023
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	It covered much of present-day [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Turkmenistan]], and some parts of [[Iran]] and [[Pakistan]]. An extension further east, with military campaigns and settlements, had most likely reached the borders of the [[Qin (state)\|Qin State]] in 230 BC.<ref>Lucas, Christopoulos. Dionysian Rituals and the Golden Zeus of China. Sino-Platonic Papers 326.</ref><ref>Strabo, Geography 11.11.1</ref> The capitals of [[Ai-Khanoum\|Ai-Khanum]] and [[Balkh\|Bactra]] were among the largest and richest cities of antiquity; indeed, Bactria was itself known as the ''land of a thousand golden cities''. The Indo-Greek Kingdoms, as Bactrian successor states, would last until 10 AD.<ref>Doumanis, Nicholas. (16 Dec 2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vuEcBQAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+180+bc+established&pg=PA64 ''A History of Greece'']{{Dead link\|date=November 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} Palgrave Macmillan {{ISBN\|978-1137013675}} p 64</ref><ref>[[Christoph Baumer\|Baumer, Christoph]]. (11 Dec 2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&q=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks ''The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145809/https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&dq=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s \|date=2022-11-19 }} Vol. '''1''' I.B. Tauris, {{ISBN\|978-1780760605}} p 289</ref><ref>Kaushik Roy. ( 28 July 2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&pg=PT34 ''Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145817/https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwjYyoSrwvLIAhVCgA8KHQhgC-g#v=onepage&q=indo-greek%20kingdom%20invaded%20india&f=false \|date=2022-11-19 }}. Routledge, {{ISBN\|978-1317321279}}</ref>		It covered much of present-day [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Turkmenistan]], and some parts of [[Iran]] and [[Pakistan]]. An extension further east, with military campaigns and settlements, had most likely reached the borders of the [[Qin (state)\|Qin State]] in 230 BC.<ref>Lucas, Christopoulos. Dionysian Rituals and the Golden Zeus of China. Sino-Platonic Papers 326.</ref><ref>Strabo, Geography 11.11.1</ref> The capitals of [[Ai-Khanoum\|Ai-Khanum]] and [[Balkh\|Bactra]] were among the largest and richest cities of antiquity; indeed, Bactria was itself known as the ''land of a thousand golden cities''. The Indo-Greek Kingdoms, as Bactrian successor states, would last until 10 AD.<ref>Doumanis, Nicholas. (16 Dec 2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vuEcBQAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+180+bc+established&pg=PA64 ''A History of Greece'']{{Dead link\|date=November 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} Palgrave Macmillan {{ISBN\|978-1137013675}} p 64</ref><ref>[[Christoph Baumer\|Baumer, Christoph]]. (11 Dec 2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&q=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks ''The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145809/https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&dq=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s \|date=2022-11-19 }} Vol. '''1''' I.B. Tauris, {{ISBN\|978-1780760605}} p 289</ref><ref>Kaushik Roy. ( 28 July 2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&pg=PT34 ''Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145817/https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwjYyoSrwvLIAhVCgA8KHQhgC-g#v=onepage&q=indo-greek%20kingdom%20invaded%20india&f=false \|date=2022-11-19 }}. Routledge, {{ISBN\|978-1317321279}}</ref>

			[[File:SakastanMap.jpg\|thumb\|Satrapian Provinces 300 BCE]]

	==History==		==History==

Bharatwiki Socrates: Created page with "{{Infobox country | native_name = {{native name|xbc|Βάχλο}}
| conventional_long_name = Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | common_name = Bactro-Greek Kingdom | era = Antiquity | status = | event_start = | year_start = 256 BC | date_start = | event1 = | date_event1 = | event_end = | year_end = c. 120 BC..."

2023-11-21T07:13:06Z

Created page with "{{Infobox country | native_name = {{native name|xbc|Βάχλο}}<br /> | conventional_long_name = Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | common_name = Bactro-Greek Kingdom | era = Antiquity | status = | event_start = | year_start = 256 BC | date_start = | event1 = | date_event1 = | event_end = | year_end = c. 120 BC..."

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	The '''Greco-Bactrian Kingdom''' or simply '''Greco-Bactria'''<ref>[https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/ The Ancient Greco-Bactrian kingdom and Hellenistic Afghanistan] ''Brewminate'', {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924155537/https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/\|date=2021-09-24}} - ''Matthew A. McIntosh''</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Mairs \|first=Rachel \|title=Bactrian or Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom \|url=https://www.academia.edu/23031604 \|journal=The Encyclopedia of Empire \|year=2016 \|pages=1–4}}</ref>{{Efn\|'Greco-Bactrian Kingdom', 'Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom' and 'Greco-Bactria' are names applied by historians. The actual historical name of the state is unknown, but probably related to the ruling dynasties, which see.}} was a [[Hellenistic period\|Hellenistic-era]] [[Ancient Greece\|Greek]] state,<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Cribb \|first=Joe \|date=2005 \|title=The Greek Kingdom of Bactria, its coinage and its collapse \|url=https://www.academia.edu/3026258 \|journal=Afghanistan Ancien Carrefour Entre Lʼest et Lʼouest \|pages=1 \|via=[[Academia.edu\|Academia]]}}</ref> and along with the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]], the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world in [[Central Asia]] and the [[~~Indian subcontinent\|~~Indian subcontinent]]. It was founded in 256 BC by the Seleucid satrap [[Diodotus I\|Diodotus I Soter]] and lasted until its fall {{circa\|120}} BC with some cities still controlled by Greek kings such as [[Hermaeus \|Hermaeus Soter]] (90-70 BC) in what is today Kabul. It was ruled by the [[Diodotid dynasty]] and the rival [[Euthydemid dynasty]].		The '''Greco-Bactrian Kingdom''' or simply '''Greco-Bactria'''<ref>[https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/ The Ancient Greco-Bactrian kingdom and Hellenistic Afghanistan] ''Brewminate'', {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924155537/https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/\|date=2021-09-24}} - ''Matthew A. McIntosh''</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Mairs \|first=Rachel \|title=Bactrian or Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom \|url=https://www.academia.edu/23031604 \|journal=The Encyclopedia of Empire \|year=2016 \|pages=1–4}}</ref>{{Efn\|'Greco-Bactrian Kingdom', 'Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom' and 'Greco-Bactria' are names applied by historians. The actual historical name of the state is unknown, but probably related to the ruling dynasties, which see.}} was a [[Hellenistic period\|Hellenistic-era]] [[Ancient Greece\|Greek]] state,<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Cribb \|first=Joe \|date=2005 \|title=The Greek Kingdom of Bactria, its coinage and its collapse \|url=https://www.academia.edu/3026258 \|journal=Afghanistan Ancien Carrefour Entre Lʼest et Lʼouest \|pages=1 \|via=[[Academia.edu\|Academia]]}}</ref> and along with the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]], the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world in [[Central Asia]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It was founded in 256 BC by the Seleucid satrap [[Diodotus I\|Diodotus I Soter]] and lasted until its fall {{circa\|120}} BC with some cities still controlled by Greek kings such as [[Hermaeus \|Hermaeus Soter]] (90-70 BC) in what is today Kabul. It was ruled by the [[Diodotid dynasty]] and the rival [[Euthydemid dynasty]].

	It covered much of present-day [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Turkmenistan]], and some parts of [[Iran]] and [[Pakistan]]. An extension further east, with military campaigns and settlements, had most likely reached the borders of the [[Qin (state)\|Qin State]] in 230 BC.<ref>Lucas, Christopoulos. Dionysian Rituals and the Golden Zeus of China. Sino-Platonic Papers 326.</ref><ref>Strabo, Geography 11.11.1</ref> The capitals of [[Ai-Khanoum\|Ai-Khanum]] and [[Balkh\|Bactra]] were among the largest and richest cities of antiquity; indeed, Bactria was itself known as the ''land of a thousand golden cities''. The Indo-Greek Kingdoms, as Bactrian successor states, would last until 10 AD.<ref>Doumanis, Nicholas. (16 Dec 2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vuEcBQAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+180+bc+established&pg=PA64 ''A History of Greece'']{{Dead link\|date=November 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} Palgrave Macmillan {{ISBN\|978-1137013675}} p 64</ref><ref>[[Christoph Baumer\|Baumer, Christoph]]. (11 Dec 2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&q=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks ''The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145809/https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&dq=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s \|date=2022-11-19 }} Vol. '''1''' I.B. Tauris, {{ISBN\|978-1780760605}} p 289</ref><ref>Kaushik Roy. ( 28 July 2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&pg=PT34 ''Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145817/https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwjYyoSrwvLIAhVCgA8KHQhgC-g#v=onepage&q=indo-greek%20kingdom%20invaded%20india&f=false \|date=2022-11-19 }}. Routledge, {{ISBN\|978-1317321279}}</ref>		It covered much of present-day [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Turkmenistan]], and some parts of [[Iran]] and [[Pakistan]]. An extension further east, with military campaigns and settlements, had most likely reached the borders of the [[Qin (state)\|Qin State]] in 230 BC.<ref>Lucas, Christopoulos. Dionysian Rituals and the Golden Zeus of China. Sino-Platonic Papers 326.</ref><ref>Strabo, Geography 11.11.1</ref> The capitals of [[Ai-Khanoum\|Ai-Khanum]] and [[Balkh\|Bactra]] were among the largest and richest cities of antiquity; indeed, Bactria was itself known as the ''land of a thousand golden cities''. The Indo-Greek Kingdoms, as Bactrian successor states, would last until 10 AD.<ref>Doumanis, Nicholas. (16 Dec 2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vuEcBQAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+180+bc+established&pg=PA64 ''A History of Greece'']{{Dead link\|date=November 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} Palgrave Macmillan {{ISBN\|978-1137013675}} p 64</ref><ref>[[Christoph Baumer\|Baumer, Christoph]]. (11 Dec 2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&q=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks ''The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145809/https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&dq=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s \|date=2022-11-19 }} Vol. '''1''' I.B. Tauris, {{ISBN\|978-1780760605}} p 289</ref><ref>Kaushik Roy. ( 28 July 2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&pg=PT34 ''Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145817/https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwjYyoSrwvLIAhVCgA8KHQhgC-g#v=onepage&q=indo-greek%20kingdom%20invaded%20india&f=false \|date=2022-11-19 }}. Routledge, {{ISBN\|978-1317321279}}</ref>
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	{{Quote \| ... for if he did not yield to this demand, neither of them would be safe: Seeing that great hordes of Nomads were close at hand, who were a danger to both; and that if they admitted them into the country, it would certainly be utterly barbarised.<ref name="Polybius 11.34"/>}}		{{Quote \| ... for if he did not yield to this demand, neither of them would be safe: Seeing that great hordes of Nomads were close at hand, who were a danger to both; and that if they admitted them into the country, it would certainly be utterly barbarised.<ref name="Polybius 11.34"/>}}

	In an inscription found in the [[Kulab, Tajikistan\|Kuliab]] area of [[Tajikistan]], in eastern Greco-Bactria, and dated to 200–195 BC,<ref name="SW">Shane Wallace [https://www.academia.edu/25638818 Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112215954/https://www.academia.edu/25638818 \|date=2020-01-12 }} p.206</ref> a Greek by the name of Heliodotos, dedicating a fire altar to [[Hestia]], mentions Euthydemus as the greatest of all kings, and his son [[Demetrius I of Bactria\|Demetrius I]] as "Demetrios Kalinikos" "Demetrius the Glorious Conqueror":<ref>[[Osmund Bopearachchi]], [https://www.academia.edu/22821570 Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060357/https://www.academia.edu/22821570/Some_observations_on_the_chronology_of_the_early_Kushans \|date=2021-03-08 }}, p.48</ref~~><ref name="SW"/~~>		In an inscription found in the [[Kulab, Tajikistan\|Kuliab]] area of [[Tajikistan]], in eastern Greco-Bactria, and dated to 200–195 BC,<ref name="SW">Shane Wallace [https://www.academia.edu/25638818 Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112215954/https://www.academia.edu/25638818 \|date=2020-01-12 }} p.206</ref> a Greek by the name of Heliodotos, dedicating a fire altar to [[Hestia]], mentions Euthydemus as the greatest of all kings, and his son [[Demetrius I of Bactria\|Demetrius I]] as "Demetrios Kalinikos" "Demetrius the Glorious Conqueror":<ref name="SW"/><ref>[[Osmund Bopearachchi]], [https://www.academia.edu/22821570 Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060357/https://www.academia.edu/22821570/Some_observations_on_the_chronology_of_the_early_Kushans \|date=2021-03-08 }}, p.48</ref>
	{{clear}}		{{clear}}
	{\| class="wikitable centre"		{\| class="wikitable centre"
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	===[[Euthydemid dynasty]]===		===[[Euthydemid dynasty]]===
	[[File:Menander I Drachm, Sear7604.jpg\|alt=Silver drachm of Menander I\|thumb\|Silver drachm of Menander I, dated circa 160–145 BC. Obverse: {{lang\|grc-x-hellen\|ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ}} ('of King Menander the Saviour'), heroic bust of Menander, viewed from behind, head turned to left; Reverse: Athena standing right, brandishing thunderbolt and holding aegis, Karosthi legend around, monogram in field to left.<ref> Coin reference: Sear 7604{{full citation\|date=January 2022}}</ref>]]		[[File:Menander I Drachm, Sear7604.jpg\|alt=Silver drachm of Menander I\|thumb\|Silver drachm of Menander I, dated circa 160–145 BC. Obverse: {{lang\|grc-x-hellen\|ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ}} ('of King Menander the Saviour'), heroic bust of Menander, viewed from behind, head turned to left; Reverse: Athena standing right, brandishing thunderbolt and holding aegis, Karosthi legend around, monogram in field to left.<ref>Coin reference: Sear 7604{{full citation\|date=January 2022}}</ref>]]
	*'''[[Euthydemus I]]''' (reigned {{circa\|225-200}} BC)		*'''[[Euthydemus I]]''' (reigned {{circa\|225-200}} BC)
	*'''[[Demetrius I of Bactria\|Demetrius I]]''' (r. {{circa\|200–180}} BC), invaded and conquered India, establishing the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom\|Indo Greek Kingdom]].		*'''[[Demetrius I of Bactria\|Demetrius I]]''' (r. {{circa\|200–180}} BC), invaded and conquered India, establishing the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom\|Indo Greek Kingdom]].