Grand Trunk Road - Revision history

Nagaraj15: fixed details also and cleaned formatting for clarity

2026-03-08T01:42:29Z

fixed details also and cleaned formatting for clarity

CleanupBot: /* top */clean up

2023-10-07T18:51:45Z

top: clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:21, 8 October 2023
Line 25:		Line 25:
	}}		}}
	[[File:Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic)_hilight_19_44.png\|thumb\|In India, GT Road coincides with [[National Highway 19 (India)\|NH 19]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)\|NH 44]] of [[National Highway (India)\|National Highways in India]].]]		[[File:Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic)_hilight_19_44.png\|thumb\|In India, GT Road coincides with [[National Highway 19 (India)\|NH 19]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)\|NH 44]] of [[National Highway (India)\|National Highways in India]].]]
	The '''Grand Trunk Road''' formerly known as ''Uttarapath'', ''Sarak-e-Azam'', ''Badshahi Sarak'', ''Sarak-e-Sher Shah'' is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For at least 2,500 years<ref>UNESCO, [https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/caravanserais-along-grand-trunk-road-pakistan Caravanserais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan]</ref> it has linked [[Central Asia]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It runs roughly {{convert\|2400\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name="theatlantic.com">[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road"]</ref> from [[Teknaf]], [[Bangladesh]] on the border with Myanmar<ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires\|title=A road to empires\|last=Steel\|first=Tim\|date=1 January 2015\|newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms\|title=Cuisine along G T Road\|last=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey\|date=15 September 2015\|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]\|location=Calcutta\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> west to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], passing through [[Chittagong]] and [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, [[Kolkata]], [[Bardhaman]], [[Asansol]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Delhi]], and [[Amritsar]] in India, and [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Peshawar]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road\|title=How to Redraw the World Map\|last=Khanna\|first=Parag\|newspaper=The New York Times\|issn=0362-4331\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web\|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/\|title=Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road\|last=Centre\|first=UNESCO World Heritage\|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre\|language=en\|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>		The '''Grand Trunk Road''' formerly known as ''Uttarapath'', ''Sarak-e-Azam'', ''Badshahi Sarak'', ''Sarak-e-Sher Shah'' is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For at least 2,500 years<ref>UNESCO, [https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/caravanserais-along-grand-trunk-road-pakistan Caravanserais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan]</ref> it has linked [[Central Asia]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It runs roughly {{convert\|2400\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name="theatlantic.com">[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road"]</ref> from [[Teknaf]], [[Bangladesh]] on the border with Myanmar<ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires\|title=A road to empires\|last=Steel\|first=Tim\|date=1 January 2015\|newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms\|title=Cuisine along G T Road\|last=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey\|date=15 September 2015\|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]\|location=Calcutta\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> west to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], passing through [[Chittagong]] and [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, [[Kolkata]], [[Bardhaman]], [[Asansol]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Delhi]], and [[Amritsar]] in India, and [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Peshawar]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web\|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/\|title=Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road\|last=Centre\|first=UNESCO World Heritage\|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre\|language=en\|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road\|title=How to Redraw the World Map\|last=Khanna\|first=Parag\|newspaper=The New York Times\|issn=0362-4331\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref>

	[[Chandragupta Maurya]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] in [[ancient India]], built his highway along this ancient route called [[Uttarapatha]] in the 3rd century BCE,<ref name="Vadime"/> extending it from the mouth of the [[Ganges]] to the north-western frontier of the Empire. Further improvements to this road were made under [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Romila">Romila Thapar, p. 236, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA236&dq=sher+shah+royal+highway+taxila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0oZPtr8jiAhWPbisKHUbJDQkQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20royal%20highway%20taxila&f=false Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300]</ref> The old route was re-aligned by Suri to [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district\|Rohtas]].<ref name="Vadime">Vadime Elisseeff, p. 159-162, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&pg=PA161&dq=sher+shah+suri+maurya+rohtas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0v6muqcPiAhUNX30KHdI5Ae8Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20suri%20maurya%20rohtas&f=false The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce]</ref><ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, p. 234, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA234&dq=sher+shah+highway+peshawar+sonargaon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlrczu4cXiAhXXfysKHRqLCncQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20highway%20peshawar%20sonargaon&f=false A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century]</ref> The Afghan end of the road was rebuilt under [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].<ref name="KMSarkar1927">{{Cite book\|author=K. M. Sarkar\|title=The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab: 1849-1886\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdJbRywbKwC&pg=PA2\|year=1927\|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri\|pages=2–\|id=GGKEY:GQWKH1K79D6}}</ref~~><ref name="Vadime"/~~> The road was considerably rebuilt in the British period between 1833 and 1860.<ref>[[David Arnold (historian)]];		[[Chandragupta Maurya]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] in [[ancient India]], built his highway along this ancient route called [[Uttarapatha]] in the 3rd century BCE,<ref name="Vadime"/> extending it from the mouth of the [[Ganges]] to the north-western frontier of the Empire. Further improvements to this road were made under [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Romila">Romila Thapar, p. 236, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA236&dq=sher+shah+royal+highway+taxila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0oZPtr8jiAhWPbisKHUbJDQkQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20royal%20highway%20taxila&f=false Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300]</ref> The old route was re-aligned by Suri to [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district\|Rohtas]].<ref name="Vadime">Vadime Elisseeff, p. 159-162, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&pg=PA161&dq=sher+shah+suri+maurya+rohtas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0v6muqcPiAhUNX30KHdI5Ae8Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20suri%20maurya%20rohtas&f=false The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce]</ref><ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, p. 234, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA234&dq=sher+shah+highway+peshawar+sonargaon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlrczu4cXiAhXXfysKHRqLCncQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20highway%20peshawar%20sonargaon&f=false A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century]</ref> The Afghan end of the road was rebuilt under [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].<ref name="Vadime"/><ref name="KMSarkar1927">{{Cite book\|author=K. M. Sarkar\|title=The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab: 1849-1886\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdJbRywbKwC&pg=PA2\|year=1927\|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri\|pages=2–\|id=GGKEY:GQWKH1K79D6}}</ref> The road was considerably rebuilt in the British period between 1833 and 1860.<ref>[[David Arnold (historian)]];
	Science, technology, and medicine in colonial India (New Cambr hist India v.III.5)		Science, technology, and medicine in colonial India (New Cambr hist India v.III.5)
	Cambridge University Press, 2000, 234 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=3gk5j2u5AnUC&pg=PA106 p. 106]</ref>		Cambridge University Press, 2000, 234 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=3gk5j2u5AnUC&pg=PA106 p. 106]</ref>

Kamal Guha: Bardhaman added

2023-07-10T14:26:09Z

Bardhaman added

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:56, 10 July 2023
Line 25:		Line 25:
	}}		}}
	[[File:Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic)_hilight_19_44.png\|thumb\|In India, GT Road coincides with [[National Highway 19 (India)\|NH 19]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)\|NH 44]] of [[National Highway (India)\|National Highways in India]].]]		[[File:Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic)_hilight_19_44.png\|thumb\|In India, GT Road coincides with [[National Highway 19 (India)\|NH 19]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)\|NH 44]] of [[National Highway (India)\|National Highways in India]].]]
	The '''Grand Trunk Road''' formerly known as ''Uttarapath'', ''Sarak-e-Azam'', ''Badshahi Sarak'', ''Sarak-e-Sher Shah'' is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For at least 2,500 years<ref>UNESCO, [https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/caravanserais-along-grand-trunk-road-pakistan Caravanserais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan]</ref> it has linked [[Central Asia]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It runs roughly {{convert\|2400\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name="theatlantic.com">[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road"]</ref> from [[Teknaf]], [[Bangladesh]] on the border with Myanmar<ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires\|title=A road to empires\|last=Steel\|first=Tim\|date=1 January 2015\|newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms\|title=Cuisine along G T Road\|last=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey\|date=15 September 2015\|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]\|location=Calcutta\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> west to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], passing through [[Chittagong]] and [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, [[Kolkata]], [[Asansol]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Delhi]], and [[Amritsar]] in India, and [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Peshawar]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road\|title=How to Redraw the World Map\|last=Khanna\|first=Parag\|newspaper=The New York Times\|issn=0362-4331\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web\|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/\|title=Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road\|last=Centre\|first=UNESCO World Heritage\|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre\|language=en\|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>		The '''Grand Trunk Road''' formerly known as ''Uttarapath'', ''Sarak-e-Azam'', ''Badshahi Sarak'', ''Sarak-e-Sher Shah'' is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For at least 2,500 years<ref>UNESCO, [https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/caravanserais-along-grand-trunk-road-pakistan Caravanserais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan]</ref> it has linked [[Central Asia]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It runs roughly {{convert\|2400\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name="theatlantic.com">[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road"]</ref> from [[Teknaf]], [[Bangladesh]] on the border with Myanmar<ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires\|title=A road to empires\|last=Steel\|first=Tim\|date=1 January 2015\|newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms\|title=Cuisine along G T Road\|last=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey\|date=15 September 2015\|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]\|location=Calcutta\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> west to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], passing through [[Chittagong]] and [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, [[Kolkata]], [[Bardhaman]], [[Asansol]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Delhi]], and [[Amritsar]] in India, and [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Peshawar]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road\|title=How to Redraw the World Map\|last=Khanna\|first=Parag\|newspaper=The New York Times\|issn=0362-4331\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web\|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/\|title=Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road\|last=Centre\|first=UNESCO World Heritage\|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre\|language=en\|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>

	[[Chandragupta Maurya]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] in [[ancient India]], built his highway along this ancient route called [[Uttarapatha]] in the 3rd century BCE,<ref name="Vadime"/> extending it from the mouth of the [[Ganges]] to the north-western frontier of the Empire. Further improvements to this road were made under [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Romila">Romila Thapar, p. 236, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA236&dq=sher+shah+royal+highway+taxila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0oZPtr8jiAhWPbisKHUbJDQkQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20royal%20highway%20taxila&f=false Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300]</ref> The old route was re-aligned by Suri to [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district\|Rohtas]].<ref name="Vadime">Vadime Elisseeff, p. 159-162, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&pg=PA161&dq=sher+shah+suri+maurya+rohtas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0v6muqcPiAhUNX30KHdI5Ae8Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20suri%20maurya%20rohtas&f=false The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce]</ref><ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, p. 234, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA234&dq=sher+shah+highway+peshawar+sonargaon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlrczu4cXiAhXXfysKHRqLCncQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20highway%20peshawar%20sonargaon&f=false A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century]</ref> The Afghan end of the road was rebuilt under [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].<ref name="KMSarkar1927">{{Cite book\|author=K. M. Sarkar\|title=The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab: 1849-1886\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdJbRywbKwC&pg=PA2\|year=1927\|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri\|pages=2–\|id=GGKEY:GQWKH1K79D6}}</ref><ref name="Vadime"/> The road was considerably rebuilt in the British period between 1833 and 1860.<ref>[[David Arnold (historian)]];		[[Chandragupta Maurya]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] in [[ancient India]], built his highway along this ancient route called [[Uttarapatha]] in the 3rd century BCE,<ref name="Vadime"/> extending it from the mouth of the [[Ganges]] to the north-western frontier of the Empire. Further improvements to this road were made under [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Romila">Romila Thapar, p. 236, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA236&dq=sher+shah+royal+highway+taxila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0oZPtr8jiAhWPbisKHUbJDQkQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20royal%20highway%20taxila&f=false Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300]</ref> The old route was re-aligned by Suri to [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district\|Rohtas]].<ref name="Vadime">Vadime Elisseeff, p. 159-162, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&pg=PA161&dq=sher+shah+suri+maurya+rohtas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0v6muqcPiAhUNX30KHdI5Ae8Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20suri%20maurya%20rohtas&f=false The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce]</ref><ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, p. 234, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA234&dq=sher+shah+highway+peshawar+sonargaon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlrczu4cXiAhXXfysKHRqLCncQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20highway%20peshawar%20sonargaon&f=false A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century]</ref> The Afghan end of the road was rebuilt under [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].<ref name="KMSarkar1927">{{Cite book\|author=K. M. Sarkar\|title=The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab: 1849-1886\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdJbRywbKwC&pg=PA2\|year=1927\|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri\|pages=2–\|id=GGKEY:GQWKH1K79D6}}</ref><ref name="Vadime"/> The road was considerably rebuilt in the British period between 1833 and 1860.<ref>[[David Arnold (historian)]];

Kamal Guha: Asansol added

2023-06-29T06:03:32Z

Asansol added

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:33, 29 June 2023
Line 25:		Line 25:
	}}		}}
	[[File:Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic)_hilight_19_44.png\|thumb\|In India, GT Road coincides with [[National Highway 19 (India)\|NH 19]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)\|NH 44]] of [[National Highway (India)\|National Highways in India]].]]		[[File:Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic)_hilight_19_44.png\|thumb\|In India, GT Road coincides with [[National Highway 19 (India)\|NH 19]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)\|NH 44]] of [[National Highway (India)\|National Highways in India]].]]
	The '''Grand Trunk Road''' formerly known as ''Uttarapath'', ''Sarak-e-Azam'', ''Badshahi Sarak'', ''Sarak-e-Sher Shah'' is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For at least 2,500 years<ref>UNESCO, [https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/caravanserais-along-grand-trunk-road-pakistan Caravanserais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan]</ref> it has linked [[Central Asia]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It runs roughly {{convert\|2400\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name="theatlantic.com">[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road"]</ref> from [[Teknaf]], [[Bangladesh]] on the border with Myanmar<ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires\|title=A road to empires\|last=Steel\|first=Tim\|date=1 January 2015\|newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms\|title=Cuisine along G T Road\|last=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey\|date=15 September 2015\|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]\|location=Calcutta\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> west to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], passing through [[Chittagong]] and [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, [[Kolkata]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Delhi]], and [[Amritsar]] in India, and [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Peshawar]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road\|title=How to Redraw the World Map\|last=Khanna\|first=Parag\|newspaper=The New York Times\|issn=0362-4331\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web\|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/\|title=Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road\|last=Centre\|first=UNESCO World Heritage\|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre\|language=en\|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>		The '''Grand Trunk Road''' formerly known as ''Uttarapath'', ''Sarak-e-Azam'', ''Badshahi Sarak'', ''Sarak-e-Sher Shah'' is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For at least 2,500 years<ref>UNESCO, [https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/caravanserais-along-grand-trunk-road-pakistan Caravanserais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan]</ref> it has linked [[Central Asia]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It runs roughly {{convert\|2400\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name="theatlantic.com">[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road"]</ref> from [[Teknaf]], [[Bangladesh]] on the border with Myanmar<ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires\|title=A road to empires\|last=Steel\|first=Tim\|date=1 January 2015\|newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms\|title=Cuisine along G T Road\|last=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey\|date=15 September 2015\|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]\|location=Calcutta\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> west to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], passing through [[Chittagong]] and [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, [[Kolkata]], [[Asansol]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Delhi]], and [[Amritsar]] in India, and [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Peshawar]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road\|title=How to Redraw the World Map\|last=Khanna\|first=Parag\|newspaper=The New York Times\|issn=0362-4331\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web\|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/\|title=Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road\|last=Centre\|first=UNESCO World Heritage\|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre\|language=en\|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>

	[[Chandragupta Maurya]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] in [[ancient India]], built his highway along this ancient route called [[Uttarapatha]] in the 3rd century BCE,<ref name="Vadime"/> extending it from the mouth of the [[Ganges]] to the north-western frontier of the Empire. Further improvements to this road were made under [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Romila">Romila Thapar, p. 236, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA236&dq=sher+shah+royal+highway+taxila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0oZPtr8jiAhWPbisKHUbJDQkQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20royal%20highway%20taxila&f=false Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300]</ref> The old route was re-aligned by Suri to [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district\|Rohtas]].<ref name="Vadime">Vadime Elisseeff, p. 159-162, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&pg=PA161&dq=sher+shah+suri+maurya+rohtas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0v6muqcPiAhUNX30KHdI5Ae8Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20suri%20maurya%20rohtas&f=false The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce]</ref><ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, p. 234, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA234&dq=sher+shah+highway+peshawar+sonargaon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlrczu4cXiAhXXfysKHRqLCncQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20highway%20peshawar%20sonargaon&f=false A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century]</ref> The Afghan end of the road was rebuilt under [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].<ref name="KMSarkar1927">{{Cite book\|author=K. M. Sarkar\|title=The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab: 1849-1886\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdJbRywbKwC&pg=PA2\|year=1927\|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri\|pages=2–\|id=GGKEY:GQWKH1K79D6}}</ref><ref name="Vadime"/> The road was considerably rebuilt in the British period between 1833 and 1860.<ref>[[David Arnold (historian)]];		[[Chandragupta Maurya]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] in [[ancient India]], built his highway along this ancient route called [[Uttarapatha]] in the 3rd century BCE,<ref name="Vadime"/> extending it from the mouth of the [[Ganges]] to the north-western frontier of the Empire. Further improvements to this road were made under [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Romila">Romila Thapar, p. 236, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA236&dq=sher+shah+royal+highway+taxila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0oZPtr8jiAhWPbisKHUbJDQkQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20royal%20highway%20taxila&f=false Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300]</ref> The old route was re-aligned by Suri to [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district\|Rohtas]].<ref name="Vadime">Vadime Elisseeff, p. 159-162, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&pg=PA161&dq=sher+shah+suri+maurya+rohtas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0v6muqcPiAhUNX30KHdI5Ae8Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20suri%20maurya%20rohtas&f=false The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce]</ref><ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, p. 234, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA234&dq=sher+shah+highway+peshawar+sonargaon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlrczu4cXiAhXXfysKHRqLCncQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20highway%20peshawar%20sonargaon&f=false A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century]</ref> The Afghan end of the road was rebuilt under [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].<ref name="KMSarkar1927">{{Cite book\|author=K. M. Sarkar\|title=The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab: 1849-1886\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdJbRywbKwC&pg=PA2\|year=1927\|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri\|pages=2–\|id=GGKEY:GQWKH1K79D6}}</ref><ref name="Vadime"/> The road was considerably rebuilt in the British period between 1833 and 1860.<ref>[[David Arnold (historian)]];

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-06-20T14:16:02Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:46, 20 June 2022
Line 25:		Line 25:
	}}		}}
	[[File:Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic)_hilight_19_44.png\|thumb\|In India, GT Road coincides with [[National Highway 19 (India)\|NH 19]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)\|NH 44]] of [[National Highway (India)\|National Highways in India]].]]		[[File:Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic)_hilight_19_44.png\|thumb\|In India, GT Road coincides with [[National Highway 19 (India)\|NH 19]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)\|NH 44]] of [[National Highway (India)\|National Highways in India]].]]
	The '''Grand Trunk Road''' formerly known as ''Uttarapath'', ''Sarak-e-Azam'', ''Badshahi Sarak'', ''Sarak-e-Sher Shah'' is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For at least 2,500 years,<ref>UNESCO, [https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/caravanserais-along-grand-trunk-road-pakistan Caravanserais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan]</ref> it has linked [[Central Asia]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It runs roughly {{convert\|2400\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name="theatlantic.com">[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road"]</ref> from [[Teknaf]], [[Bangladesh]] on the border with Myanmar<ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires\|title=A road to empires\|last=Steel\|first=Tim\|date=1 January 2015\|newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms\|title=Cuisine along G T Road\|last=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey\|date=15 September 2015\|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]\|location=Calcutta\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> west to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], passing through [[Chittagong]] and [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, [[Kolkata]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Delhi]], and [[Amritsar]] in India, and [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Peshawar]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road\|title=How to Redraw the World Map\|last=Khanna\|first=Parag\|newspaper=The New York Times\|issn=0362-4331\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web\|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/\|title=Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road\|last=Centre\|first=UNESCO World Heritage\|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre\|language=en\|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>		The '''Grand Trunk Road''' formerly known as ''Uttarapath'', ''Sarak-e-Azam'', ''Badshahi Sarak'', ''Sarak-e-Sher Shah'' is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For at least 2,500 years<ref>UNESCO, [https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/caravanserais-along-grand-trunk-road-pakistan Caravanserais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan]</ref> it has linked [[Central Asia]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It runs roughly {{convert\|2400\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name="theatlantic.com">[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road"]</ref> from [[Teknaf]], [[Bangladesh]] on the border with Myanmar<ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires\|title=A road to empires\|last=Steel\|first=Tim\|date=1 January 2015\|newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms\|title=Cuisine along G T Road\|last=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey\|date=15 September 2015\|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]\|location=Calcutta\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> west to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], passing through [[Chittagong]] and [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, [[Kolkata]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Delhi]], and [[Amritsar]] in India, and [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Peshawar]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road\|title=How to Redraw the World Map\|last=Khanna\|first=Parag\|newspaper=The New York Times\|issn=0362-4331\|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web\|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/\|title=Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road\|last=Centre\|first=UNESCO World Heritage\|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre\|language=en\|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>

	[[Chandragupta Maurya]] of the [[~~Mauryan~~ Empire]] in [[ancient India]], built his highway along this ancient route called [[Uttarapatha]] in the 3rd century BCE,<ref name="Vadime"/> extending it from the mouth of the [[Ganges]] to the north-western frontier of the Empire. Further improvements to this road were made under [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Romila">Romila Thapar, p. 236, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA236&dq=sher+shah+royal+highway+taxila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0oZPtr8jiAhWPbisKHUbJDQkQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20royal%20highway%20taxila&f=false Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300]</ref> The old route was re-aligned by Suri to [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district\|Rohtas]].<ref name="Vadime">Vadime Elisseeff, p. 159-162, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&pg=PA161&dq=sher+shah+suri+maurya+rohtas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0v6muqcPiAhUNX30KHdI5Ae8Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20suri%20maurya%20rohtas&f=false The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce]</ref><ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, p. 234, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA234&dq=sher+shah+highway+peshawar+sonargaon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlrczu4cXiAhXXfysKHRqLCncQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20highway%20peshawar%20sonargaon&f=false A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century]</ref> The Afghan end of the road was rebuilt under [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].<ref name="KMSarkar1927">{{Cite book\|author=K. M. Sarkar\|title=The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab: 1849-1886\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdJbRywbKwC&pg=PA2\|year=1927\|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri\|pages=2–\|id=GGKEY:GQWKH1K79D6}}</ref><ref name="Vadime"/> The road was considerably rebuilt in the British period between 1833 and 1860.<ref>[[David Arnold (historian)]];		[[Chandragupta Maurya]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] in [[ancient India]], built his highway along this ancient route called [[Uttarapatha]] in the 3rd century BCE,<ref name="Vadime"/> extending it from the mouth of the [[Ganges]] to the north-western frontier of the Empire. Further improvements to this road were made under [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Romila">Romila Thapar, p. 236, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA236&dq=sher+shah+royal+highway+taxila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0oZPtr8jiAhWPbisKHUbJDQkQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20royal%20highway%20taxila&f=false Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300]</ref> The old route was re-aligned by Suri to [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district\|Rohtas]].<ref name="Vadime">Vadime Elisseeff, p. 159-162, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&pg=PA161&dq=sher+shah+suri+maurya+rohtas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0v6muqcPiAhUNX30KHdI5Ae8Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20suri%20maurya%20rohtas&f=false The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce]</ref><ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, p. 234, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA234&dq=sher+shah+highway+peshawar+sonargaon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlrczu4cXiAhXXfysKHRqLCncQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20highway%20peshawar%20sonargaon&f=false A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century]</ref> The Afghan end of the road was rebuilt under [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].<ref name="KMSarkar1927">{{Cite book\|author=K. M. Sarkar\|title=The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab: 1849-1886\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdJbRywbKwC&pg=PA2\|year=1927\|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri\|pages=2–\|id=GGKEY:GQWKH1K79D6}}</ref><ref name="Vadime"/> The road was considerably rebuilt in the British period between 1833 and 1860.<ref>[[David Arnold (historian)]];
	Science, technology, and medicine in colonial India (New Cambr hist India v.III.5)		Science, technology, and medicine in colonial India (New Cambr hist India v.III.5)
	Cambridge University Press, 2000, 234 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=3gk5j2u5AnUC&pg=PA106 p. 106]</ref>		Cambridge University Press, 2000, 234 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=3gk5j2u5AnUC&pg=PA106 p. 106]</ref>
Line 33:		Line 33:
	The road coincides with current [[N1 (Bangladesh)\|N1]], [[Feni District\|Feni]],([[Chittagong]] to [[Dhaka]]), [[N4 (Bangladesh)\|N4 & N405]] (Dhaka to [[Sirajganj]]), [[N5 (Bangladesh)\|N507]] (Sirajganj to [[Natore]]) and [[N6 (Bangladesh)\|N6]] (Natore to [[Rajshahi\|Rajshai]] towards [[Purnia\|Purnea]] in India) in [[Bangladesh]]; [[National Highway 12 (India)\|NH 12]] ([[Purnea]] to [[Bakkhali]] ), [[National Highway 27 (India)\|NH 27]] ([[Purnea]] to [[Patna]]), [[National Highway 19 (India)\|NH 19]] ([[Kolkata]] to [[Agra]]), [[National Highway 44 (India)\|NH 44]] ([[Agra]] to [[Jalandhar]] via [[New Delhi]], [[Sonipat]], [[Panipat]], [[Ambala]] and [[Ludhiana]]) and [[National Highway 3 (India)\|NH 3]] ([[Jalandhar]] to [[Attari]], [[Amritsar]] in India towards [[Lahore]] in [[Pakistan]]) via [[Wagah]]; [[N-5 National Highway\|N-5]] ([[Lahore]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Gujrat, Pakistan\|Gujrat]], [[Lalamusa]], [[Jhelum]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Peshawar]] and [[Khyber Pass]] towards [[Jalalabad]] in Afghanistan) in Pakistan and [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)\|AH1]] ([[Torkham, Pakistan\|Torkham]]-[[Jalalabad]] to [[Kabul]]) to Gazani in Afghanistan.		The road coincides with current [[N1 (Bangladesh)\|N1]], [[Feni District\|Feni]],([[Chittagong]] to [[Dhaka]]), [[N4 (Bangladesh)\|N4 & N405]] (Dhaka to [[Sirajganj]]), [[N5 (Bangladesh)\|N507]] (Sirajganj to [[Natore]]) and [[N6 (Bangladesh)\|N6]] (Natore to [[Rajshahi\|Rajshai]] towards [[Purnia\|Purnea]] in India) in [[Bangladesh]]; [[National Highway 12 (India)\|NH 12]] ([[Purnea]] to [[Bakkhali]] ), [[National Highway 27 (India)\|NH 27]] ([[Purnea]] to [[Patna]]), [[National Highway 19 (India)\|NH 19]] ([[Kolkata]] to [[Agra]]), [[National Highway 44 (India)\|NH 44]] ([[Agra]] to [[Jalandhar]] via [[New Delhi]], [[Sonipat]], [[Panipat]], [[Ambala]] and [[Ludhiana]]) and [[National Highway 3 (India)\|NH 3]] ([[Jalandhar]] to [[Attari]], [[Amritsar]] in India towards [[Lahore]] in [[Pakistan]]) via [[Wagah]]; [[N-5 National Highway\|N-5]] ([[Lahore]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Gujrat, Pakistan\|Gujrat]], [[Lalamusa]], [[Jhelum]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Peshawar]] and [[Khyber Pass]] towards [[Jalalabad]] in Afghanistan) in Pakistan and [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)\|AH1]] ([[Torkham, Pakistan\|Torkham]]-[[Jalalabad]] to [[Kabul]]) to Gazani in Afghanistan.

	Over the centuries, the road acted as one of the major trade routes in the region and facilitated both travel and postal communication. The Grand Trunk Road is still used for transportation in present-day Indian subcontinent, where parts of the road have been widened and included in the national highway system.<ref name="raghubir">{{cite book \|last1=Singh \|first1=Raghubir \|year=1995 \|title=The Grand Trunk Road: A Passage Through India \|url=https://archive.org/details/grandtrunkroadpa00sing \|url-access=registration \|publisher=Aperture Books \|edition=First}}</ref>		Over the centuries, the road acted as one of the major trade routes in the region and facilitated both travel and postal communication. The Grand Trunk Road is still used for transportation in present-day Indian subcontinent, where parts of the road have been widened and included in the national highway system.<ref name="raghubir">{{cite book \|last1=Singh \|first1=Raghubir \|year=1995 \|title=The Grand Trunk Road: A Passage Through India \|url=https://archive.org/details/grandtrunkroadpa00sing \|url-access=registration \|publisher=Aperture Books \|isbn=9780893816445 \|edition=First}}</ref>

	== History ==		== History ==
Line 39:		Line 39:

	=== Ancient times ===		=== Ancient times ===
	The [[Buddhist texts\|Buddhist literature]] and [[Indian epic poetry\|Indian epics]] such as [[Mahabharata]] provide the existence of Grand Trunk road even before the [[~~Mauryan~~ Empire]] and was called [[Uttarapatha\|Uttarpatha]] or the "Northern road". The road connected the eastern region of [[India]] with [[Central Asia]] and [[Ancient Greece]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sanjeev\|first=Sanyal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uv_iDQAAQBAJ\|title=Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography\|pages=72–73,103\|date=2012-11-15\|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited\|isbn=9788184756715\|language=en}}</ref>		The [[Buddhist texts\|Buddhist literature]] and [[Indian epic poetry\|Indian epics]] such as [[Mahabharata]] provide the existence of Grand Trunk road even before the [[Maurya Empire]] and was called [[Uttarapatha\|Uttarpatha]] or the "Northern road". The road connected the eastern region of [[India]] with [[Central Asia]] and [[Ancient Greece]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sanjeev\|first=Sanyal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uv_iDQAAQBAJ\|title=Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography\|pages=72–73,103\|date=2012-11-15\|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited\|isbn=9788184756715\|language=en}}</ref>

	=== Mauryan Empire ===		=== Mauryan Empire ===
	The precursor of the modern Grand Trunk road was built by the emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and was based on the Persian [[Royal Road]]<ref>Benjamin Walker, p. 69, [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8J2RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT69&dq=chandragupta+grand+trunk+road&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOop-Rn8PiAhUPWysKHZxdCggQ6AEIRDAF#v=onepage&q=chandragupta%20grand%20trunk%20road&f=false Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. In Two Volumes. Volume II M-Z]</ref> (more accurately, its eastern stretch, the [[Great Khurasan Road]] that ran from Media to Bactria). During the time of the [[Mauryan Empire]] in the 3rd century BCE, overland trade between [[India]] and several parts of [[Western Asia]] and [[Bactria]] world went through the cities of the north-west, primarily [[Taxila (ancient)\|Takshashila]] and [[Purushapura]] modern-day [[Peshawar]] (in present-day in [[Pakistan]]). Takshashila was well connected by roads with other parts of the Mauryan Empire. The Mauryas had maintained this very ancient highway from Takshashila to [[Patliputra]] (present-day [[Patna]] in India). [[Chandragupta Maurya]] had a whole army of officials overseeing the maintenance of this road as told by the Greek diplomat [[Megasthenes]] who spent fifteen years at the Mauryan court. Constructed in eight stages, this road is said to have connected the cities of [[Peshawar\|Purushapura]], [[Taxila\|Takshashila]], [[Hastinapur]]a, [[Kannauj\|Kanyakubja]], [[Allahabad\|Prayag]], [[Patliputra]] and [[Tamralipta]], a distance of around {{convert\|2600\|km}}.<ref name="KMSarkar1927"/>		The precursor of the modern Grand Trunk road was built by the emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and was based on the Persian [[Royal Road]]<ref>Benjamin Walker, p. 69, [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8J2RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT69&dq=chandragupta+grand+trunk+road&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOop-Rn8PiAhUPWysKHZxdCggQ6AEIRDAF#v=onepage&q=chandragupta%20grand%20trunk%20road&f=false Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. In Two Volumes. Volume II M-Z]</ref> (more accurately, its eastern stretch, the [[Great Khurasan Road]] that ran from Media to Bactria). During the time of the [[Mauryan Empire]] in the 3rd century BCE, overland trade between [[India]] and several parts of [[Western Asia]] and [[Bactria]] world went through the cities of the north-west, primarily [[Taxila (ancient)\|Takshashila]] and [[Purushapura]] modern-day [[Peshawar]] (in present-day in [[Pakistan]]). Takshashila was well connected by roads with other parts of the Mauryan Empire. The Mauryas had maintained this very ancient highway from Takshashila to [[Patliputra]] (present-day [[Patna]] in India). [[Chandragupta Maurya]] had a whole army of officials overseeing the maintenance of this road as told by the Greek diplomat [[Megasthenes]] who spent fifteen years at the Mauryan court. Constructed in eight stages, this road is said to have connected the cities of [[Peshawar\|Purushapura]], [[Taxila\|Takshashila]], [[Hastinapur]]a, [[Kannauj\|Kanyakubja]], [[Allahabad\|Prayag]], [[Patliputra]] and [[Tamralipta]], a distance of around {{convert\|2600\|km}}.<ref name="KMSarkar1927"/>

	The route of Chandragupta was built over the ancient "[[Uttarapatha]]" or the Northern Road, which had been mentioned by [[Pāṇini]]. The emperor [[Ashoka]] had it recorded in his [[Edicts of Ashoka\|edict]] about having trees planted, wells built at every half [[Kos (unit)\|kos]] and many "nimisdhayas", which is often translated as rest-houses along the [[Thoroughfare\|route]] for the travelers. The emperor [[Kanishka]] is also known to have controlled the Uttarapatha.<ref name="Vadime"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2020/04/20/grand-trunk-road-since-pre-mahabharata-times-here-are-evidences/\|title=Grand Trunk Road since Pre Mahabharata Times; Here are Evidences}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/uttarapatha-or-grand-trunk-road-the-silk-route-of-india-one-of-the-oldest-roads-of-asia-1629969852-1\|title=Grand Trunk Road: Uttarapatha, The Silk Route of India}}</ref>		The route of Chandragupta was built over the ancient "[[Uttarapatha]]" or the Northern Road, which had been mentioned by [[Pāṇini]]. The emperor [[Ashoka]] had it recorded in his [[Edicts of Ashoka\|edict]] about having trees planted, wells built at every half [[Kos (unit)\|kos]] and many "nimisdhayas", which is often translated as rest-houses along the [[Thoroughfare\|route]] for the travelers. The emperor [[Kanishka]] is also known to have controlled the Uttarapatha.<ref name="Vadime"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2020/04/20/grand-trunk-road-since-pre-mahabharata-times-here-are-evidences/\|title=Grand Trunk Road since Pre Mahabharata Times; Here are Evidences\|date=20 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/uttarapatha-or-grand-trunk-road-the-silk-route-of-india-one-of-the-oldest-roads-of-asia-1629969852-1\|title=Grand Trunk Road: Uttarapatha, The Silk Route of India\|date=26 August 2021 }}</ref>

	=== ~~Sur~~ and Mughal Empires ===		=== Suri and Mughal Empires ===
	[[Sher Shah Suri]], the medieval ruler of the [[Sur Empire]], took to rebuilding Chandragupta's Royal Road in the 16th century. The old route was further rerouted at [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district\|Rohtas]] and its breadth increased. [[Fruit trees]] and [[shade trees]] were planted. At every 2 kos, a [[Caravanserai\|sarai]] was built, the number of [[Kos Minar\|kos minars]] and [[Stepwell\|baolis]] increased. Gardens were also built alongside some sections of the highway. Those who stopped at the sarai were provided food for free. His son [[Islam Shah Suri]] constructed an additional sarai in-between every sarai originally built by Sher Shah Suri on the road toward Bengal. More sarais were built under the [[Mughals]]. [[Jahangir]] under his reign issued a decree that all sarais be built of burnt brick and stone. [[Broad-leaved tree]]s were planted in the stretch between Lahore and Agra and he built bridges over all water bodies that were situated on the path of the highways.<ref name="Vadime"/><ref name="Romila"/> The route was referred to as "Sadak-e-Azam" by Suri, and "Badshahi Sadak" during Mughals.<ref>Anu Kapur, p. 84, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ApCKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84&dq=sadak+e+azam+sher+shah&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOw-6Vr8PiAhXZfSsKHS8CBIgQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=sadak%20e%20azam%20sher%20shah&f=false Mapping Place Names of India]</ref>		[[Sher Shah Suri]], the medieval ruler of the [[Sur Empire]], took to rebuilding Chandragupta's Royal Road in the 16th century. The old route was further rerouted at [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district\|Rohtas]] and its breadth increased. [[Fruit trees]] and [[shade trees]] were planted. At every 2 kos, a [[Caravanserai\|sarai]] was built, the number of [[Kos Minar\|kos minars]] and [[Stepwell\|baolis]] increased. Gardens were also built alongside some sections of the highway. Those who stopped at the sarai were provided food for free. His son [[Islam Shah Suri]] constructed an additional sarai in-between every sarai originally built by Sher Shah Suri on the road toward Bengal. More sarais were built under the [[Mughals]]. [[Jahangir]] under his reign issued a decree that all sarais be built of burnt brick and stone. [[Broad-leaved tree]]s were planted in the stretch between Lahore and Agra and he built bridges over all water bodies that were situated on the path of the highways.<ref name="Vadime"/><ref name="Romila"/> The route was referred to as "Sadak-e-Azam" by Suri, and "Badshahi Sadak" during Mughals.<ref>Anu Kapur, p. 84, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ApCKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84&dq=sadak+e+azam+sher+shah&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOw-6Vr8PiAhXZfSsKHS8CBIgQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=sadak%20e%20azam%20sher%20shah&f=false Mapping Place Names of India]</ref>

Line 81:		Line 81:
	* [[Roman roads]]		* [[Roman roads]]
	* [[Via Regia]]		* [[Via Regia]]
	* [[Silk ~~route~~]] – ancient Sino-Indo-European route		* [[Silk Road]] – ancient Sino-Indo-European route
	* [[Via Maris]] ('''International Trunk Road''') – modern name of main ancient international route between Egypt and Mesopotamia		* [[Via Maris]] ('''International Trunk Road''') – modern name of main ancient international route between Egypt and Mesopotamia
	{{div col end}}		{{div col end}}

ImportMaster: robot: Import article using Special:Import

2022-05-04T16:14:45Z

robot: Import article using Special:Import

New page

{{Short description|Road between Afghanistan and Bangladesh, through Pakistan and India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox road
| name = Grand Trunk Road
| header_type = historic
| alternate_name = Uttarapath, Sadak-e-Azam, Badshahi Sadak{{efn|The road was known as ''[[Uttarapatha]]'' during the [[maurya Empire|Mauryan]] period (4th – 2nd Century BCE), ''Sadak-e-Azam'' or ''Shah Rah-e-Azam'' (The Great Road) during [[Sur Empire|Suri]] period (1540-1556 CE), as ''Badshahi Sadak'' (King's Road) during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period and as ''Grand Trunk Road'' or ''Long Walk'' during the [[British Raj|British]] period.<ref name="UNESCO"/>}}
| cities = [[Cox's Bazar]], [[Chittagong]], [[Feni District|Feni]], [[Comilla]], [[Narayanganj]], [[Dhaka]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Howrah]], [[Lahore]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Peshawar]], [[Jalalabad]], [[Kabul]], [[Kolkata]], [[Durgapur]], [[Varanasi]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Kanpur]], [[Agra]], [[Mathura]], [[Aligarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Sonipat]], [[Panipat]], [[Karnal]], [[Kurukshetra]], [[Ambala]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Amritsar]]
| image =
| time_period = 3rd century BCE-present
| length_km = 2400
| length_mi = 1500
| length_ref = <ref name="theatlantic.com">[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road"]</ref>
| length_notes =
| established = before 322 BCE
| formed =
| history = [[Mahajanapadas]], [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]], [[Sur Empire|Sur]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[British Raj|British]] Empires
| known_for =
| status = Currently functional
| significance = [[History of the Indian subcontinent]] and [[Outline of South Asian history|South Asian history]]
| direction_a = East
| terminus_a = original terminus was [[Teknaf]], [[Bangladesh]] but after the partition of India the road was terminated in [[Kolkata]]
| direction_b = West
| terminus_b = [[Kabul]], I Gazani in [[Afghanistan]] ,
}}
[[File:Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic)_hilight_19_44.png|thumb|In India, GT Road coincides with [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] of [[National Highway (India)|National Highways in India]].]]
The '''Grand Trunk Road''' formerly known as ''Uttarapath'', ''Sarak-e-Azam'', ''Badshahi Sarak'', ''Sarak-e-Sher Shah'' is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For at least 2,500 years,<ref>UNESCO, [https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/caravanserais-along-grand-trunk-road-pakistan Caravanserais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan]</ref> it has linked [[Central Asia]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It runs roughly {{convert|2400|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="theatlantic.com">[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road"]</ref> from [[Teknaf]], [[Bangladesh]] on the border with Myanmar<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires|title=A road to empires|last=Steel|first=Tim|date=1 January 2015|newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms|title=Cuisine along G T Road|last=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey|date=15 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Calcutta|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> west to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], passing through [[Chittagong]] and [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, [[Kolkata]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Delhi]], and [[Amritsar]] in India, and [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Peshawar]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road|title=How to Redraw the World Map|last=Khanna|first=Parag|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/|title=Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>

[[Chandragupta Maurya]] of the [[Mauryan Empire]] in [[ancient India]], built his highway along this ancient route called [[Uttarapatha]] in the 3rd century BCE,<ref name="Vadime"/> extending it from the mouth of the [[Ganges]] to the north-western frontier of the Empire. Further improvements to this road were made under [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Romila">Romila Thapar, p. 236, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA236&dq=sher+shah+royal+highway+taxila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0oZPtr8jiAhWPbisKHUbJDQkQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20royal%20highway%20taxila&f=false Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300]</ref> The old route was re-aligned by Suri to [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]].<ref name="Vadime">Vadime Elisseeff, p. 159-162, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&pg=PA161&dq=sher+shah+suri+maurya+rohtas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0v6muqcPiAhUNX30KHdI5Ae8Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20suri%20maurya%20rohtas&f=false The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce]</ref><ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, p. 234, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA234&dq=sher+shah+highway+peshawar+sonargaon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlrczu4cXiAhXXfysKHRqLCncQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=sher%20shah%20highway%20peshawar%20sonargaon&f=false A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century]</ref> The Afghan end of the road was rebuilt under [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].<ref name="KMSarkar1927">{{Cite book|author=K. M. Sarkar|title=The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab: 1849-1886|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdJbRywbKwC&pg=PA2|year=1927|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|pages=2–|id=GGKEY:GQWKH1K79D6}}</ref><ref name="Vadime"/> The road was considerably rebuilt in the British period between 1833 and 1860.<ref>[[David Arnold (historian)]];
Science, technology, and medicine in colonial India (New Cambr hist India v.III.5)
Cambridge University Press, 2000, 234 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=3gk5j2u5AnUC&pg=PA106 p. 106]</ref>

The road coincides with current [[N1 (Bangladesh)|N1]], [[Feni District|Feni]],([[Chittagong]] to [[Dhaka]]), [[N4 (Bangladesh)|N4 & N405]] (Dhaka to [[Sirajganj]]), [[N5 (Bangladesh)|N507]] (Sirajganj to [[Natore]]) and [[N6 (Bangladesh)|N6]] (Natore to [[Rajshahi|Rajshai]] towards [[Purnia|Purnea]] in India) in [[Bangladesh]]; [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] ([[Purnea]] to [[Bakkhali]] ), [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]] ([[Purnea]] to [[Patna]]), [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] ([[Kolkata]] to [[Agra]]), [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] ([[Agra]] to [[Jalandhar]] via [[New Delhi]], [[Sonipat]], [[Panipat]], [[Ambala]] and [[Ludhiana]]) and [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH 3]] ([[Jalandhar]] to [[Attari]], [[Amritsar]] in India towards [[Lahore]] in [[Pakistan]]) via [[Wagah]]; [[N-5 National Highway|N-5]] ([[Lahore]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], [[Lalamusa]], [[Jhelum]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Peshawar]] and [[Khyber Pass]] towards [[Jalalabad]] in Afghanistan) in Pakistan and [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)|AH1]] ([[Torkham, Pakistan|Torkham]]-[[Jalalabad]] to [[Kabul]]) to Gazani in Afghanistan.

Over the centuries, the road acted as one of the major trade routes in the region and facilitated both travel and postal communication. The Grand Trunk Road is still used for transportation in present-day Indian subcontinent, where parts of the road have been widened and included in the national highway system.<ref name="raghubir">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Raghubir |year=1995 |title=The Grand Trunk Road: A Passage Through India |url=https://archive.org/details/grandtrunkroadpa00sing |url-access=registration |publisher=Aperture Books |edition=First}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Uttarapatha}}

=== Ancient times ===
The [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist literature]] and [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]] such as [[Mahabharata]] provide the existence of Grand Trunk road even before the [[Mauryan Empire]] and was called [[Uttarapatha|Uttarpatha]] or the "Northern road". The road connected the eastern region of [[India]] with [[Central Asia]] and [[Ancient Greece]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sanjeev|first=Sanyal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uv_iDQAAQBAJ|title=Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography|pages=72–73,103|date=2012-11-15|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=9788184756715|language=en}}</ref>

=== Mauryan Empire ===
The precursor of the modern Grand Trunk road was built by the emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and was based on the Persian [[Royal Road]]<ref>Benjamin Walker, p. 69, [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8J2RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT69&dq=chandragupta+grand+trunk+road&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOop-Rn8PiAhUPWysKHZxdCggQ6AEIRDAF#v=onepage&q=chandragupta%20grand%20trunk%20road&f=false Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. In Two Volumes. Volume II M-Z]</ref> (more accurately, its eastern stretch, the [[Great Khurasan Road]] that ran from Media to Bactria). During the time of the [[Mauryan Empire]] in the 3rd century BCE, overland trade between [[India]] and several parts of [[Western Asia]] and [[Bactria]] world went through the cities of the north-west, primarily [[Taxila (ancient)|Takshashila]] and [[Purushapura]] modern-day [[Peshawar]] (in present-day in [[Pakistan]]). Takshashila was well connected by roads with other parts of the Mauryan Empire. The Mauryas had maintained this very ancient highway from Takshashila to [[Patliputra]] (present-day [[Patna]] in India). [[Chandragupta Maurya]] had a whole army of officials overseeing the maintenance of this road as told by the Greek diplomat [[Megasthenes]] who spent fifteen years at the Mauryan court. Constructed in eight stages, this road is said to have connected the cities of [[Peshawar|Purushapura]], [[Taxila|Takshashila]], [[Hastinapur]]a, [[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]], [[Allahabad|Prayag]], [[Patliputra]] and [[Tamralipta]], a distance of around {{convert|2600|km}}.<ref name="KMSarkar1927"/>

The route of Chandragupta was built over the ancient "[[Uttarapatha]]" or the Northern Road, which had been mentioned by [[Pāṇini]]. The emperor [[Ashoka]] had it recorded in his [[Edicts of Ashoka|edict]] about having trees planted, wells built at every half [[Kos (unit)|kos]] and many "nimisdhayas", which is often translated as rest-houses along the [[Thoroughfare|route]] for the travelers. The emperor [[Kanishka]] is also known to have controlled the Uttarapatha.<ref name="Vadime"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2020/04/20/grand-trunk-road-since-pre-mahabharata-times-here-are-evidences/|title=Grand Trunk Road since Pre Mahabharata Times; Here are Evidences}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/uttarapatha-or-grand-trunk-road-the-silk-route-of-india-one-of-the-oldest-roads-of-asia-1629969852-1|title=Grand Trunk Road: Uttarapatha, The Silk Route of India}}</ref>

=== Sur and Mughal Empires ===
[[Sher Shah Suri]], the medieval ruler of the [[Sur Empire]], took to rebuilding Chandragupta's Royal Road in the 16th century. The old route was further rerouted at [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]] and its breadth increased. [[Fruit trees]] and [[shade trees]] were planted. At every 2 kos, a [[Caravanserai|sarai]] was built, the number of [[Kos Minar|kos minars]] and [[Stepwell|baolis]] increased. Gardens were also built alongside some sections of the highway. Those who stopped at the sarai were provided food for free. His son [[Islam Shah Suri]] constructed an additional sarai in-between every sarai originally built by Sher Shah Suri on the road toward Bengal. More sarais were built under the [[Mughals]]. [[Jahangir]] under his reign issued a decree that all sarais be built of burnt brick and stone. [[Broad-leaved tree]]s were planted in the stretch between Lahore and Agra and he built bridges over all water bodies that were situated on the path of the highways.<ref name="Vadime"/><ref name="Romila"/> The route was referred to as "Sadak-e-Azam" by Suri, and "Badshahi Sadak" during Mughals.<ref>Anu Kapur, p. 84, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ApCKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84&dq=sadak+e+azam+sher+shah&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOw-6Vr8PiAhXZfSsKHS8CBIgQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=sadak%20e%20azam%20sher%20shah&f=false Mapping Place Names of India]</ref>

=== British Empire ===
[[File:GTRoad Ambala.jpg|thumb|A scene from the [[Ambala]] cantonment in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].]]
In the 1830s the East India Company started a program of metalled road construction, for both commercial and administrative purposes. The road, now named the Grand Trunk Road, from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], through [[Delhi]], to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]] was rebuilt at a cost of £1000/mile.

The road is mentioned in a number of literary works including those of Foster and Rudyard Kipling. Kipling described the road as: "Look! Look again! and [[Chamar|chumars]], bankers and tinkers, barbers and [[Bania (caste)|bunnias]], pilgrims – and potters – all the world going and coming. It is to me as a river from which I am withdrawn like a log after a flood. And truly the Grand Trunk Road is a wonderful spectacle. It runs straight, bearing without crowding India's traffic for fifteen hundred miles – such a river of life as nowhere else exists in the world."<ref>A description of the road by Kipling, found both in his letters and in [http://www.firstworldwar.com/poetsandprose/texts/Rudyard%20Kipling%20-%20Kim.txt the novel ''Kim''].</ref>

=== Republic of India ===
The ensemble of historic sites along the road in India was submitted to the [[List of World Heritage Sites in India#Tentative list of Heritage sites|tentative list]] of [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] in 2015, under the title ''"Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road"''.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

{{anchor|GT road belt}}
[[Psephology|Psephologists]] sometimes refer to the area around the GT Road as the ''"GT Road belt"'' it is also known as Gujarat road sometimes within the context of elections. For example, during the [[elections in Haryana]] the area on either side of the GT Road from [[Ambala]] to [[Sonipat]], which has 28 legislative assembly constituencies where there is no dominance of one caste or community, is referred to as the ''"GT road belt of Haryana"''.<ref name=GTr1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/bjp-on-a-strong-footing-in-northern-districts/story-IyOgq3jDxR12VL2SYsaT3I.html BJP on a strong footing in northern districts], Hindustan Times, 30 March 2016.</ref><ref name=pse1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-assembly-elections-bjp-counts-on-strategy/articleshow/71461872.cms Haryana assembly elections: BJP counts on strategy], Times of India, 6 October 2019.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Kos minar,tirawadi,karnal.JPG|Mughal era Kos Minar along GT road at [[Sonipat]], [[India]]
File:7518uttar pradesh09-ghaziabad09-grand trunk road09-1200.jpg|Grand Trunk Road in Uttarpradesh, India
File:GTRoadBarkatha.jpg|GT Road near [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]], [[India]]
File:G.T road towards Burdwan from Hooghly 07.jpg|Grand Trunk Road towards Burdwan from Hooghly.
File:University of Engineering and Technology on Grand Trunk Road in Lahore.jpg|GT Road in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]].
File:Jhelum River Bridge.JPG|GT Road above the [[Jhelum River|River Jhelum]], [[Pakistan]].
File:Original GT Road between Margalla and kala Chitta.JPG|Original GT Road passing through [[Margalla Hills]] to [[Kala Chitta Range]], [[Pakistan]].
File:Nekka Margalla.JPG|Newly realigned GT Road passing by the westernmost point of [[Margalla Hills]] to [[Kala Chitta Range]], [[Pakistan]].
File:Gridlock on the Kabul Jalalabad Highway (5300814706).jpg|[[Kabul–Jalalabad Road]], [[Afghanistan]], is westernmost stretch of the GT Road.
File:Jalalabad Road 2.jpg|Mountain pass on the Kabul–Jalalabad Road, [[Afghanistan]].
File:Gujranwala GT Road Overcast.jpg|grand trunk road '''Gujranwala'''
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=90em}}
* [[Royal Road]]
* [[Roman roads]]
* [[Via Regia]]
* [[Silk route]] – ancient Sino-Indo-European route
* [[Via Maris]] ('''International Trunk Road''') – modern name of main ancient international route between Egypt and Mesopotamia
{{div col end}}

===Modern roads in Asia===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[AH1]], or Asian Highway 1 – the longest route of the Asian Highway Network, running from Japan to Turkey
* [[Asian Highway Network]] (AH) aka the Great Asian Highway - project to improve the highway systems in Asia

:'''Afghanistan'''
* [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)]] – {{cvt|2,200|km}} circular road network inside Afghanistan

:'''Pakistan'''
* [[National Highways of Pakistan]], all government highways
* [[Motorways of Pakistan]] – network of major expressways

:'''India'''
* [[National highways in India]] – network of government-managed highways
* [[Expressways in India]] – the highest class of roads in the Indian road network
* [[Golden Quadrilateral]] – highway network connecting major centres of northern, western, southern and eastern India
* [[National Highways Development Project]] – a project to upgrade and widen major highways in India
* [[National Highways Authority of India]]
{{div col end}}

== References and notes ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* Farooque, Abdul Khair Muhammad (1977), ''Roads and Communications in Mughal India.'' Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli.
* Weller, Anthony (1997), ''Days and Nights on the Grand Trunk Road: Calcutta to Khyber''. Marlowe & Company.
* [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling, Rudyard]] (1901), ''[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]''. Considered one of Kipling's finest works, it is set mostly along the Grand Trunk Road. Free e-texts are available, for instance [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2226 here].
* {{cite book |title=Historical routes of north west Indian Subcontinent, Lahore to Delhi, 1550s–1850s A.D |author=Usha Masson Luther|author2=Moonis Raza | publisher=Sagar Publications|year=1990}}
* {{cite journal |last=Arden |first=Harvey |date=May 1990 |title=Along the Grand Trunk Road |journal=National Geographic |volume=177 |issue=5 |pages=118–38}}
* {{cite book |last=Mozammel |first=Md Muktadir Arif |year=2012 |chapter=Grand Trunk Road |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Grand_Trunk_Road |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* {{cite journal |last=Tayler |first=Jeffrey |date=November 1999 |title=India's Grand Trunk Road |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ |journal=The Atlantic Monthly |volume=284 |issue=5 |pages=42–48}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160611061444/http://www.nhai.org/ National Highway Authority of India]
* [http://www.nha.gov.pk/ National Highway Authority of Pakistan]
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126395475 NPR: Along the Grand Trunk Road]

{{Trade route 2}}
{{Highways in India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|27.337|N|79.064|E|type:road_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:AH1]]
[[Category:Roads in Asia]]
[[Category:Roads in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Roads in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Roads in India]]
[[Category:Roads in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ancient roads and tracks]]
[[Category:Trade routes]]
[[Category:Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Sur Empire]]
[[Category:British India]]
[[Category:History of transport in India]]
[[Category:History of transport in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Roads in Delhi]]
[[Category:Roads in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Roads in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Roads in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Roads in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Roads in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Kabul]]
[[Category:Transport in Lahore]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in India]]
[[Category:History of transport in Uttar Pradesh]]