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{{Short description|Social community of East India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
'''Gopa''' or '''Gop''' or '''Gope''' is a synonym of the [[Yadav]] ([[Ahir]]) caste.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdf_JXMklV0C&q=Gope|title=People of India: Bihar (2 pts.)|date=2008|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-85579-09-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=M. S. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWEiAQAAMAAJ&q=abhir+gopa |title=Social Movements and Social Transformation: A Study of Two Backward Classes Movements in India |date=1987 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-0-8364-2133-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Das1980">{{cite book|author=Madhusudan Das|title=Madhusudan Das, the Legislator: His Speeches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0t21AAAAIAAJ&q=gope+ahir|year=1980|publisher=Pragati Utkal Sangha}}</ref><ref name="Kumar2007">{{cite book|author=Dalip Kumar|title=Rural Development and Social Change: Thoughts of Swami Sahajanand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23eYY4sR3KQC&pg=PA106|year=2007|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-8450-000-4|pages=106–}}</ref> It is generally used as a title by the Ahir caste in the states of [[Bihar]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Santosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVu8CgAAQBAJ&dq=gope+rai+yadav&pg=PT112 |title=Ruled or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar |date=2015-10-09 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-85436-42-0 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]] of East India<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhAwAQAAIAAJ&q=gope+rai|title=People of India: Bihar, including Jharkhand (2 pts)|date=2008|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-7046-303-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=gope+ahir |title=India's Communities |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |language=en}}</ref> and even in [[Terai]] region of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=Sohan Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeUbAAAAIAAJ&q=gope+rai+yadav |title=Rural and Agrarian Social Structure of Nepal |date=1992 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |isbn=978-81-7169-174-6 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Gopa (Ahir)
| kula_daivat = [[Shri Krishna]]
| subdivisions = [[Krishnaut]], [[Majhraut]], [[Sadgop]], Kannaujia, Gauriya etc
| populated_states = [[India]] and [[Nepal]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| languages = Varies depending on region
|classification =
| related =
}}

==Etymology==
The Sanskrit word Gopa,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=James Bradun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDIzAQAAMAAJ&dq=gopa+meaning&pg=PA916|title=The Dynamic Theory of Life and Mind: An Attempt to Show that All Organic Beings are Both Constructed and Operated by the Dynamic Agencies of Their Respective Environments|date=1893|publisher=Housekeeper Press|language=en}}</ref> originally meant only a cowherd; it then came to mean the head of cowpen and lastly the chief of a tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb0FAAAAIAAJ&q=Gopa|title=Humboldt library of science. no. 131 {{!}} pt. 2, 1890|date=1890|publisher=Humboldt Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rogozin|first=Z. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0E-dZx-eMcC&dq=gopa+meaning&pg=PA64|title=Vedic India: As Embodied Principally In The Rigveda|date=2005|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-307-0085-4|language=en}}</ref>

==Origin and history==
===Kingdom===
[[File:Gopegarh Fort.jpg|thumb|Gopegarh in [[Midnapore]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gopegarh Eco Park: Where nature is your only companion|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69131/gopegarh-eco-park-where-nature-is-your-only-companion|access-date=2021-03-09|website=www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/|language=en|archive-date=2022-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224134208/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69131/gopegarh-eco-park-where-nature-is-your-only-companion|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
* [[Gopala Dynasty]] and [[Mahisapala dynasty]] of Nepal, it was established by the Gopa or Abhira.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kAaAAAAYAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA+|title=Nepālī Saṃskr̥ta abhilekhoṃ kā Hindī anuvāda|date=1985|publisher=Īsṭarna Buka Liṅkarsa|language=hi|access-date=2021-03-29|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092624/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4kAaAAAAYAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA+|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Satyal|first=Yajna Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rehKAAAAYAAJ&q=gopal+dynasty+gopas|title=Tourism in Nepal: A Profile|date=1988|publisher=Nath Publishing House|language=en|access-date=2021-03-29|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092642/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rehKAAAAYAAJ&dq=gopal+dynasty&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gopal+dynasty+gopas|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sadgop Dynasty of [[Gopbhum]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bengal (India)|first=West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJm3AAAAIAAJ&q=gopbhum|title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Barddhamān|date=1965|publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers|language=en}}</ref> It had two Sadgop (Gopa) kings, one ruled from [[Amrargar]] and other from Dhekur (also known as Trisasthigar).<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=William L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOZiAAAAMAAJ&q=gopa+king|title=The One-eyed Goddess: A Study of the Manasā Maṅgal|date=1980|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell International|isbn=978-91-22-00408-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&q=Gopbhum|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|date=2002-07-25|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|date=2002-07-25|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|language=en|access-date=2021-03-10|archive-date=2021-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323000943/https://books.google.com/books/about/Land_and_Local_Kingship_in_Eighteenth_Ce.html?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sadgop rulers of [[Midnapore Raj]] and [[Narajole Raj]].
* Sadgop Kings of [[Narayangarh, Paschim Medinipur|Narayangarh]] and Balrampur.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPqHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|title=Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal|date=2004-07-01|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-81-321-0407-0|language=en}}</ref>
* Gopa (Ahir) chieftain and zamindari of [[Murho Estate]], Parasadi Estate, Belwarganj Estate, Ranipatti Estate, Tintanga Estate, Surul Raj, Hadal-Narayanpur Estate, Kalikapura Raj etc. in Bihar and West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A village that symbolises Bihar|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/11spec2.htm|access-date=2021-02-21|website=www.rediff.com|archive-date=2022-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212191951/https://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/11spec2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Murho|url=http://wikimapia.org/15643355/Murho|access-date=2021-02-21|website=wikimapia.org|language=en|archive-date=2019-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509142637/http://wikimapia.org/15643355/Murho|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=This Ancient Rajbari Might Soon Be Listed On The Heritage Tourism Map of Incredible India|url=https://www.whatshot.in/kolkata/the-narajole-rajbari-to-carve-out-a-niche-on-the-heritage-tourism-map-c-16133|access-date=2021-03-08|website=Whats Hot|language=en|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092629/https://www.whatshot.in/kolkata/the-narajole-rajbari-to-carve-out-a-niche-on-the-heritage-tourism-map-c-16133|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Gop Jatiye Mahasabha==
Gop Jatiye Mahasabha was formed by Babu Ras Bihari Lal Mandal in 1911, It was the regional organization of Gope or Ahir caste of Bihar, Bengal & Orissa.<ref>Madhusudan Das (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0t21AAAAIAAJ&q=gope Madhusudan Das, the Legislator: His Speeches.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092628/https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=0t21AAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gope |date=2023-03-17 }} Pragati Utkal Sangha.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ|title=Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics-Google Books|isbn=9780429783951|access-date=14 June 2020|last1=Banerjee|first1=Supurna|last2=Ghosh|first2=Nandini|date=17 September 2018|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092625/https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSceVSL-3C8C|title=Government and Politics in Colonial Bihar, 1921-1937|access-date=14 June 2020|isbn=8170999790|last1=Alam|first1=Jawaid|date=January 2004|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092648/https://books.google.com/books?id=BSceVSL-3C8C|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later, the [[All-India Yadav Mahasabha]] was formed by merging the Gop Jatiye Mahasabha and [[Ahir Yadav Kshatriya Mahasabha|Ahir/Yadav Kshatriya Mahasabha]]. AIYM first National Conference was held in Purnea, Bihar on 17 to 20 April 1924.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Supurna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ|title=Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics|last2=Ghosh|first2=Nandini|date=2018-09-17|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-78395-1|language=en}}</ref>

==Present circumstances==
Gopa or Ahir are mainly a landholding community and they are rich cultivators in Indian state of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bandyopadhyay|first1=Suraj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OIpYyzBTlsC&pg=PA24|title=Models for Social Networks With Statistical Applications|last2=Rao|first2=A. R.|last3=Sinha|first3=Bikas Kumar|last4=Sinha|first4=Bikas K.|date=2011|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-4168-6|language=en|access-date=2021-03-09|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092619/https://books.google.com/books?id=1OIpYyzBTlsC&pg=PA24|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Yadav]]
* [[Ahir]]
* [[Bihari Ahir]]
* [[Sadgop]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Ahir|Yadav]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]

Gopa (caste) - Revision history

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